This document provides learning objectives and information about coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome for an adult nursing class. It defines coronary artery disease and describes the progression of atherosclerosis and risk factors. It also explains chronic stable angina, unstable angina, Prinzmetal's angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. The treatment approaches covered include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stents, bypass surgery, and cardiac rehabilitation. Nursing management focuses on health promotion, acute intervention, and home care education.
will help you in understanding myocardial infarction in more detail with its management and therapy with complications and with graphical knowledge you can understand it better and some laboratry test are also included in it .
Ischemic heart disease is caused by a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, usually due to atherosclerotic narrowing of one or more coronary arteries. It results in an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Treatment involves aggressively modifying risk factors, stabilizing plaques, and restoring blood flow through revascularization or pharmacotherapy to balance oxygen supply and demand. Pharmacotherapy includes agents that reduce myocardial oxygen demand such as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, as well as those that increase supply such as nitrates, statins, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Close monitoring is needed to optimize therapy and prevent complications.
The document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD). It begins with an introduction to coronary circulation and the importance of the coronary arteries in delivering blood to the heart muscle. It then discusses atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CAD. CAD is defined as the narrowing of one or more coronary arteries due to atherosclerotic plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to the heart. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical management, and lifestyle changes are summarized. Nursing assessment and management of patients with CAD are also outlined.
1. A myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is caused most often by atherosclerosis and plaque buildup that obstruct coronary arteries.
3. Symptoms include chest pain and other signs of reduced blood supply to the heart. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and blood tests showing cardiac enzyme levels.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death in India. Atherosclerosis underlies most CAD cases. Unstable angina and NSTEMI are types of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by a reduction in oxygen supply to the heart. The clinical presentation of ACS can include chest pain and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and risk stratification. Treatment focuses on anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, and revascularization. Myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures completely blocking a coronary artery. This leads to necrosis of heart muscle cells. Diagnosis of MI requires specific ECG changes and elevated cardiac
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and its main function is to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste. Coronary artery disease, the most common type of heart disease, is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include conditions like high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and lack of exercise. Symptoms of coronary artery disease include chest pain called angina, which occurs when demand for oxygen exceeds supply. Angina is usually relieved by rest. Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery is severely blocked, causing death of heart muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen.
1. Ischaemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, usually due to atherosclerosis limiting blood flow in the coronary arteries.
2. The main types of ischaemic heart disease are stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction (STEMI and NSTEMI), and sudden cardiac death. Clinical presentation and ECG/biomarker findings are used to distinguish these conditions.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers to reduce oxygen demand and increase supply. Revascularization procedures like PCI or CABG may also be used in certain patients.
will help you in understanding myocardial infarction in more detail with its management and therapy with complications and with graphical knowledge you can understand it better and some laboratry test are also included in it .
Ischemic heart disease is caused by a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, usually due to atherosclerotic narrowing of one or more coronary arteries. It results in an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Treatment involves aggressively modifying risk factors, stabilizing plaques, and restoring blood flow through revascularization or pharmacotherapy to balance oxygen supply and demand. Pharmacotherapy includes agents that reduce myocardial oxygen demand such as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, as well as those that increase supply such as nitrates, statins, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Close monitoring is needed to optimize therapy and prevent complications.
The document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD). It begins with an introduction to coronary circulation and the importance of the coronary arteries in delivering blood to the heart muscle. It then discusses atherosclerosis, the primary cause of CAD. CAD is defined as the narrowing of one or more coronary arteries due to atherosclerotic plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to the heart. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical management, and lifestyle changes are summarized. Nursing assessment and management of patients with CAD are also outlined.
1. A myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is caused most often by atherosclerosis and plaque buildup that obstruct coronary arteries.
3. Symptoms include chest pain and other signs of reduced blood supply to the heart. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and blood tests showing cardiac enzyme levels.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death in India. Atherosclerosis underlies most CAD cases. Unstable angina and NSTEMI are types of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by a reduction in oxygen supply to the heart. The clinical presentation of ACS can include chest pain and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and risk stratification. Treatment focuses on anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, and revascularization. Myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures completely blocking a coronary artery. This leads to necrosis of heart muscle cells. Diagnosis of MI requires specific ECG changes and elevated cardiac
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and its main function is to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste. Coronary artery disease, the most common type of heart disease, is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include conditions like high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and lack of exercise. Symptoms of coronary artery disease include chest pain called angina, which occurs when demand for oxygen exceeds supply. Angina is usually relieved by rest. Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery is severely blocked, causing death of heart muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen.
1. Ischaemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, usually due to atherosclerosis limiting blood flow in the coronary arteries.
2. The main types of ischaemic heart disease are stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction (STEMI and NSTEMI), and sudden cardiac death. Clinical presentation and ECG/biomarker findings are used to distinguish these conditions.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers to reduce oxygen demand and increase supply. Revascularization procedures like PCI or CABG may also be used in certain patients.
Cardiomyopathies are structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle that are not explained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlarged heart chambers and poor contraction. Causes include viruses, toxins, inherited factors, and metabolic issues. Treatment focuses on managing heart failure symptoms. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickened heart muscle and outflow tract obstruction. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiff heart muscles and high filling pressures. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy replaces the right ventricle with scar tissue.
1. Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is usually caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms that blocks one of the arteries.
3. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort that may travel to the arm, shoulder, or jaw. Early treatment is critical to reduce damage to the heart.
This document discusses inflammatory disorders of the heart, including infective endocarditis, acute pericarditis, and myocarditis. Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process affecting the heart valves that can have high morbidity and mortality but can be improved with early diagnosis and treatment. Common causative organisms include staphylococci and streptococci. Risk factors include prior heart damage and dental and surgical procedures. Symptoms include fever and heart murmur. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, managing symptoms, providing education and supporting the patient.
This document discusses various types of cardiomyopathies:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by an unknown etiology and results in left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. It is a common cause of heart failure.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle and can lead to outflow obstruction. It is a common cause of sudden death in young athletes.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiff ventricles and impaired ventricular filling due to disorders like amyloidosis. It presents with symptoms of right and left heart failure.
- Other rare types discussed include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and obliterative cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis involves imaging and endomyocardial biopsy
The document discusses coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines these conditions and describes their causes, types, signs and symptoms, management, nursing care, and prevention. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. The main conditions that result from CAD are angina pectoris (chest pain) and MI (heart attack). Angina has stable, unstable, and variant forms. An MI occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked by a clot, causing heart muscle tissue death. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and managing symptoms. Nursing care for patients involves pain management, activity tolerance, and coping with lifestyle changes.
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease ANILKUMAR BR
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Coronary artery disease involves the buildup of plaque in the heart's arteries, reducing blood flow. It is the most common cardiovascular disease and can cause stable or unstable angina, heart attack, and heart failure. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Diagnosis involves ECG, stress tests, imaging, and angiography. Treatment includes medications like nitrates, statins, and ACE inhibitors, as well as surgical procedures like angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, diet, exercise, and weight control also help manage the disease.
This document defines myocardial infarction and provides epidemiological data. It begins by defining myocardial infarction as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia resulting from a blockage in a coronary artery. It then notes that over 735,000 Americans have heart attacks each year. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The pathophysiology involves rupture of an atheromatous plaque leading to thrombus formation and coronary artery occlusion, causing ischemia and eventual cell death.
Myocardial infarction is the medical name of a heart attack. A heart attack is a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, causing tissue damage. This is usually the result of a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries.Symptoms include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back or arms, as well as fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat and anxiety. Women are more likely to have atypical symptoms than men.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation to medication, stents, and bypass surgery.
1) Coronary artery disease, including conditions like atherosclerosis, angina, acute coronary syndrome, and myocardial infarction, involve a reduction in blood flow to the heart muscles.
2) Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries that can restrict blood flow. Myocardial infarction occurs when an artery is completely blocked, killing a section of heart muscle.
3) Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, high cholesterol, and conditions like hypertension and diabetes. Chest pain and other symptoms depend on the specific condition. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, cardiac enzyme tests, and other exams. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, reducing risk factors,
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs when blood supply to the heart is diminished leading to cell damage and death. It is usually caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries from atherosclerotic plaque or a blood clot. Diagnosis involves EKGs, blood tests of cardiac enzymes, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the type and severity of MI but may include medications to break up clots, angioplasty and stenting, or coronary bypass surgery. Complications can affect the heart muscles and blood vessels if not properly treated.
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Viruses are the most common cause, with adenovirus now more prevalent than coxsackievirus. Myocarditis presents with symptoms of heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves EKG, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing arrhythmias and heart failure with medications, while immunosuppression may benefit some forms of myocarditis but not others.
1. Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing death of heart muscle cells. This can permanently damage the heart and disrupt its function.
2. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and feeling weak. Diagnosis is based on elevated cardiac troponin levels, ECG changes, and symptoms consistent with heart attack.
3. Left untreated, a heart attack can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, heart rupture or cardiac arrest. Prompt treatment is crucial to reduce damage to the heart.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium that commonly occurs between ages 20-50. It is usually caused by viral infections but can also be due to other infections, immune reactions, medications, or unknown causes. Diagnosis requires at least two of four criteria - chest pain, pericardial friction rub, ECG changes, or pericardial effusion on echo. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, treating the underlying cause, and preventing complications like cardiac tamponade through NSAIDs, colchicine, steroids, or pericardiocentesis.
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is a common cause of death worldwide.
- Types are classified as STEMI or NSTEMI based on ECG changes. Diagnosis requires cardiac biomarkers and symptoms.
- Pathology involves atherosclerosis causing plaque buildup in arteries leading to blockages and lack of blood flow to heart muscle.
- Treatment depends on presentation but may include medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery. Proper lifestyle also important to control risk factors.
This document provides an overview of cor pulmonale, including its objectives, definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and nursing considerations. Cor pulmonale is defined as enlargement of the right ventricle due to lung disease and results in pulmonary hypertension. Common causes include COPD and pulmonary embolism. Symptoms include dyspnea and edema. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment includes oxygen, diuretics, and lung transplantation in severe cases. Nursing focuses on managing symptoms and promoting rest and nutrition.
this is the cronic condition of the heart disease which includes its definition, types, etiology, clinical manestifaction, diagnostic evaluation and management
This document discusses heart arrhythmias, which are irregular or abnormal heartbeats. It defines different types of arrhythmias including tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, and more. It discusses what causes arrhythmias, risk factors, potential symptoms, diagnostic tests used to evaluate arrhythmias like EKGs, and treatment options. Common treatments include medications, medical procedures, lifestyle changes, and in some cases devices like pacemakers.
1. Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium diagnosed using histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria, with an abnormal inflammatory infiltrate defined as ≥14 leucocytes/mm including up to 4 monocytes/mm and ≥7 CD3 positive T-lymphocytes/mm.
2. Causes of myocarditis include infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, and parasites; immune-mediated reactions to drugs, vaccines or transplants; and toxic effects of drugs, heavy metals, and other toxins.
3. Diagnosis involves clinical presentations like chest pain and heart failure, as well as diagnostic criteria including ECG/imaging abnormalities, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and endomyocardial biopsy showing
Coronary artery disease is the most prevalent type of cardiovascular disease and is caused by a buildup of fat and plaque in the coronary arteries. When the arteries are narrowed or blocked, oxygen-rich blood cannot reach the heart muscle, which can lead to angina or heart attack. Risk factors include high blood lipids, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and family history. Diagnostic tests include electrocardiograms, stress tests, imaging scans, and coronary angiography. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like statins, and procedures like angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting.
This document discusses coronary artery disease, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic studies, medical and nursing management. Coronary artery disease is caused by the accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries. It develops in three stages: fatty streak, fibrous plaque, and complicated lesion. Risk factors that increase the risk of the condition include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, age, family history, and stress. The nursing management involves health history, physical examination, developing nursing diagnoses related to symptoms, and providing patient education on diet, stress management, and condition management.
Cardiomyopathies are structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle that are not explained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlarged heart chambers and poor contraction. Causes include viruses, toxins, inherited factors, and metabolic issues. Treatment focuses on managing heart failure symptoms. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickened heart muscle and outflow tract obstruction. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiff heart muscles and high filling pressures. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy replaces the right ventricle with scar tissue.
1. Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is usually caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms that blocks one of the arteries.
3. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort that may travel to the arm, shoulder, or jaw. Early treatment is critical to reduce damage to the heart.
This document discusses inflammatory disorders of the heart, including infective endocarditis, acute pericarditis, and myocarditis. Infective endocarditis is an inflammatory process affecting the heart valves that can have high morbidity and mortality but can be improved with early diagnosis and treatment. Common causative organisms include staphylococci and streptococci. Risk factors include prior heart damage and dental and surgical procedures. Symptoms include fever and heart murmur. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, managing symptoms, providing education and supporting the patient.
This document discusses various types of cardiomyopathies:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by an unknown etiology and results in left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. It is a common cause of heart failure.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle and can lead to outflow obstruction. It is a common cause of sudden death in young athletes.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiff ventricles and impaired ventricular filling due to disorders like amyloidosis. It presents with symptoms of right and left heart failure.
- Other rare types discussed include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and obliterative cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis involves imaging and endomyocardial biopsy
The document discusses coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines these conditions and describes their causes, types, signs and symptoms, management, nursing care, and prevention. Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. The main conditions that result from CAD are angina pectoris (chest pain) and MI (heart attack). Angina has stable, unstable, and variant forms. An MI occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked by a clot, causing heart muscle tissue death. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and managing symptoms. Nursing care for patients involves pain management, activity tolerance, and coping with lifestyle changes.
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease ANILKUMAR BR
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Coronary artery disease involves the buildup of plaque in the heart's arteries, reducing blood flow. It is the most common cardiovascular disease and can cause stable or unstable angina, heart attack, and heart failure. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Diagnosis involves ECG, stress tests, imaging, and angiography. Treatment includes medications like nitrates, statins, and ACE inhibitors, as well as surgical procedures like angioplasty, stenting, and bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, diet, exercise, and weight control also help manage the disease.
This document defines myocardial infarction and provides epidemiological data. It begins by defining myocardial infarction as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia resulting from a blockage in a coronary artery. It then notes that over 735,000 Americans have heart attacks each year. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The pathophysiology involves rupture of an atheromatous plaque leading to thrombus formation and coronary artery occlusion, causing ischemia and eventual cell death.
Myocardial infarction is the medical name of a heart attack. A heart attack is a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, causing tissue damage. This is usually the result of a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries.Symptoms include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back or arms, as well as fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat and anxiety. Women are more likely to have atypical symptoms than men.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation to medication, stents, and bypass surgery.
1) Coronary artery disease, including conditions like atherosclerosis, angina, acute coronary syndrome, and myocardial infarction, involve a reduction in blood flow to the heart muscles.
2) Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries that can restrict blood flow. Myocardial infarction occurs when an artery is completely blocked, killing a section of heart muscle.
3) Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, high cholesterol, and conditions like hypertension and diabetes. Chest pain and other symptoms depend on the specific condition. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, cardiac enzyme tests, and other exams. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, reducing risk factors,
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs when blood supply to the heart is diminished leading to cell damage and death. It is usually caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries from atherosclerotic plaque or a blood clot. Diagnosis involves EKGs, blood tests of cardiac enzymes, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the type and severity of MI but may include medications to break up clots, angioplasty and stenting, or coronary bypass surgery. Complications can affect the heart muscles and blood vessels if not properly treated.
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Viruses are the most common cause, with adenovirus now more prevalent than coxsackievirus. Myocarditis presents with symptoms of heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. Diagnosis involves EKG, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing arrhythmias and heart failure with medications, while immunosuppression may benefit some forms of myocarditis but not others.
1. Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing death of heart muscle cells. This can permanently damage the heart and disrupt its function.
2. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and feeling weak. Diagnosis is based on elevated cardiac troponin levels, ECG changes, and symptoms consistent with heart attack.
3. Left untreated, a heart attack can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, heart rupture or cardiac arrest. Prompt treatment is crucial to reduce damage to the heart.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium that commonly occurs between ages 20-50. It is usually caused by viral infections but can also be due to other infections, immune reactions, medications, or unknown causes. Diagnosis requires at least two of four criteria - chest pain, pericardial friction rub, ECG changes, or pericardial effusion on echo. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, treating the underlying cause, and preventing complications like cardiac tamponade through NSAIDs, colchicine, steroids, or pericardiocentesis.
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is a common cause of death worldwide.
- Types are classified as STEMI or NSTEMI based on ECG changes. Diagnosis requires cardiac biomarkers and symptoms.
- Pathology involves atherosclerosis causing plaque buildup in arteries leading to blockages and lack of blood flow to heart muscle.
- Treatment depends on presentation but may include medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery. Proper lifestyle also important to control risk factors.
This document provides an overview of cor pulmonale, including its objectives, definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and nursing considerations. Cor pulmonale is defined as enlargement of the right ventricle due to lung disease and results in pulmonary hypertension. Common causes include COPD and pulmonary embolism. Symptoms include dyspnea and edema. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment includes oxygen, diuretics, and lung transplantation in severe cases. Nursing focuses on managing symptoms and promoting rest and nutrition.
this is the cronic condition of the heart disease which includes its definition, types, etiology, clinical manestifaction, diagnostic evaluation and management
This document discusses heart arrhythmias, which are irregular or abnormal heartbeats. It defines different types of arrhythmias including tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, and more. It discusses what causes arrhythmias, risk factors, potential symptoms, diagnostic tests used to evaluate arrhythmias like EKGs, and treatment options. Common treatments include medications, medical procedures, lifestyle changes, and in some cases devices like pacemakers.
1. Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium diagnosed using histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria, with an abnormal inflammatory infiltrate defined as ≥14 leucocytes/mm including up to 4 monocytes/mm and ≥7 CD3 positive T-lymphocytes/mm.
2. Causes of myocarditis include infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, and parasites; immune-mediated reactions to drugs, vaccines or transplants; and toxic effects of drugs, heavy metals, and other toxins.
3. Diagnosis involves clinical presentations like chest pain and heart failure, as well as diagnostic criteria including ECG/imaging abnormalities, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and endomyocardial biopsy showing
Coronary artery disease is the most prevalent type of cardiovascular disease and is caused by a buildup of fat and plaque in the coronary arteries. When the arteries are narrowed or blocked, oxygen-rich blood cannot reach the heart muscle, which can lead to angina or heart attack. Risk factors include high blood lipids, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and family history. Diagnostic tests include electrocardiograms, stress tests, imaging scans, and coronary angiography. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like statins, and procedures like angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting.
This document discusses coronary artery disease, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic studies, medical and nursing management. Coronary artery disease is caused by the accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries. It develops in three stages: fatty streak, fibrous plaque, and complicated lesion. Risk factors that increase the risk of the condition include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, age, family history, and stress. The nursing management involves health history, physical examination, developing nursing diagnoses related to symptoms, and providing patient education on diet, stress management, and condition management.
This document summarizes a seminar on coronary artery disease presented by Ms. Umadevi. K. It defines coronary artery disease as a narrowing of the coronary arteries that limits blood supply to the heart muscle. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and family history. Signs and symptoms include chest pain. Diagnosis involves ECGs, cardiac enzymes tests, echocardiograms, stress tests, and angiography. Treatment includes medications, angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery to restore blood flow.
The document discusses coronary artery disease and angina. It defines coronary artery disease as a narrowing of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to the heart. It describes the different types of angina like stable angina brought on by exertion and unstable angina, a form of acute coronary syndrome. It provides details on symptoms, classifications of angina severity, and differences between angina and a heart attack.
Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory system where oxygen enters the body through the lungs and diffuses into blood capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries into the lungs. In humans, air is brought into the lungs through the nasal cavity and travels through the trachea into bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the alveoli walls. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen to tissues and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. Smoking damages the lungs by destroying protective cells and tissues, increasing risk of cancer and other respiratory diseases.
This document discusses coronary heart disease (CHD), including its causes, risk factors, treatments, and dietary recommendations for management. The major points are:
1. CHD is caused by atherosclerosis, a slow, progressive buildup of plaque in the artery walls beginning in childhood. Over 58 million Americans have some form of CHD.
2. Major risk factors include age, family history, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity, and abnormal blood lipids like high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, weight management, physical activity, and medication like statins to lower LDL cholesterol levels and manage risk factors. The goal is
This document discusses two diseases related to white blood cells (leukocytes): leukopenia and leukemias. Leukopenia occurs when the bone marrow produces very few white blood cells, leaving the body unprotected from infection. Leukemias are cancers causing uncontrolled production of white blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia - lymphocytic leukemias originating from lymphoid cells, and myelogenous leukemias originating from myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Both diseases can lead to infection and metabolic starvation as abnormal white blood cell counts disrupt the body's balance.
Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. It has no symptoms but increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and other heart and kidney problems. Common causes include smoking, obesity, excessive salt intake, high cholesterol, stress, and lack of physical activity. Managing risk factors through lifestyle changes and medication if needed can help control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
Lezione Magistrale del Prof. Cerasola al congresso di Nefrocardiologia su ipertensione e rischio cardio renale
Trani Nov 2013
Prof. Giovanni Cerasola
Professore di Medicina Interna
Head of the European Society of Hypertension Excellence Centre e Presidente della Società Italiana di NefroCardiologia
Delegato del Rettore per l'attività edilizia ed il potenziamento infrastrutturale del Policlinico Universitario.
Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialistica - Università degli Studi di Palermo
Coronary artery disease results from the development of atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include elevated cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and family history. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and imaging of the arteries. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty and stenting, atherectomy, and coronary artery bypass grafting. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, educating on risk factor management, and supporting recovery.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells become stiff and sticky and form into a sickle shape. This causes blockages in blood vessels, pain crises, and organ damage. It is caused by a mutation that changes hemoglobin in red blood cells. Symptoms include anemia, pain crises, fatigue, infections, and stroke. Treatment focuses on managing pain, preventing infections, treating complications, and sometimes blood transfusions or hydroxyurea. People with sickle cell anemia require lifelong monitoring and treatment.
The document provides guidelines for defining vulnerable plaque and vulnerable patients from the Association for Eradication of Heart Attack. It outlines major and minor histopathological and clinical criteria for vulnerable plaque including active inflammation, thin fibrous cap with large lipid core, endothelial denudation, and stenosis. Potential screening and diagnostic methods are discussed at the plaque, systemic, and blood levels ranging from non-invasive imaging to intravascular techniques. Different types of vulnerable plaque that can cause acute coronary events are also categorized.
The document discusses the role of nutrition in cardiovascular disease. It outlines nutrition guidelines for conditions like hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrition therapy aims to lower total and LDL cholesterol through a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Enteral or parenteral nutrition support may be needed for patients with congestive heart failure or after cardiac surgery to meet increased calorie and protein needs and avoid weight loss. Nutrition also plays a role in managing cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes.
Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction occur when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow to the heart. The document discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic tests, types of angina, and management of acute coronary syndromes including unstable angina, non-ST elevation MI, and ST elevation MI. Treatment focuses on pain relief, oxygenation, reducing cardiac work and complications through medications, thrombolytic therapy if given early, and potentially angioplasty or stenting.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) also known as atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks. The disease is caused by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart, which narrows the lumen of arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart.
hypertension and coronary artery diseasemagdy elmasry
1. The new guidelines recommend treating hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or a history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) aggressively to reduce cardiovascular risk.
2. For stable CAD, the target blood pressure is <140/90 mmHg, or <130/80 mmHg for those at high risk, using a regimen including a beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor or ARB, and diuretic. For ACS, the target is <140/90 mmHg acutely or <130/80 mmHg upon discharge.
3. For heart failure of ischemic origin, treatments shown to improve outcomes - including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and
The document summarizes coronary artery disease and how it relates to the structure and function of the heart. It describes how blood flows through the heart chambers and vessels, how blockages can occur, and conditions like angina and heart attack that can result. It provides information on diagnosing and treating coronary artery disease.
Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, depriving it of oxygen. It can be caused by conditions like atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Treatment aims to improve blood flow and may include medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery. Left untreated, prolonged ischemia can lead to a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary heart disease or coronary artery disease. IHD results from an imbalance between the oxygen supply and demand of the heart muscle. Common clinical manifestations include chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndromes such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction. The document discusses risk factors, pathophysiology involving atherosclerosis and plaque rupture/formation, clinical presentation and diagnosis, and management approaches for stable angina and acute coronary syndromes.
Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. It can lead to chest pain called angina or a heart attack if a complete blockage occurs. Risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests, and angiograms. Treatment includes medications to relieve symptoms and open blocked arteries as well as procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help prevent ischemic heart disease.
Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is inadequate to meet its needs. The leading cause is atherosclerosis which blocks coronary arteries. There are three main types of angina that result from myocardial ischemia: classic angina precipitated by exertion, unstable angina occurring at rest, and variant angina caused by coronary artery spasm. Silent ischemia lacks symptoms but can be diagnosed via stress testing. Treatment aims to increase blood flow by dilating arteries or reduce workload by slowing the heart rate. Pharmacologic therapies include nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and aspirin.
This document provides an overview of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD), including their definition, clinical manifestations, and pathophysiology. CAD/IHD results from an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. It is most commonly caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries. The two main clinical manifestations are: 1) Angina pectoris, which presents as chest pain that occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest, and 2) Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, which is caused by cell death in the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen. MI is a medical emergency and a leading cause of death worldwide.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle. There are several types including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlarged heart chambers and poor systolic function, while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickened heart muscle walls, often asymmetrically involving the septum. Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes stiffening of the heart muscle resulting in diastolic dysfunction. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI are important diagnostic tools to classify and characterize cardiomyopathies. Treatment involves managing symptoms, reducing risk of complications like arrhythmias, and potentially treating underlying causes.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE in medicine and nurses.pptxfmwansagalizye
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD) and angina pectoris. It defines CAD and describes the different types of angina. Risk factors for angina include atherosclerosis, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Signs and symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves ECG, echocardiogram, angiogram, and stress testing. Nursing management focuses on reducing anxiety, preventing pain by balancing activity and rest, and teaching self-care and management of modifiable risk factors.
This document discusses acute coronary syndromes and ischemic heart disease. It begins with an overview of heart anatomy and physiology. It then defines acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction, describing signs and symptoms. Risk factors for ischemic heart disease are outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of nursing assessments, diagnoses, and interventions for patients with acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease, focusing on pain management, improving perfusion, and reducing anxiety through education.
This document summarizes ischemic heart disease and coronary artery disease. It discusses the coronary circulation and arteries, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery diseases including angina and myocardial infarction. It covers causes such as atherosclerosis, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnoses using tests like ECG, treatment including medications, angioplasty, bypass surgery and prevention strategies.
This document provides an overview of cardiomyopathy, specifically focusing on dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It defines cardiomyopathy as a myocardial disorder resulting in structural and functional heart muscle abnormalities without other known cardiac causes. Cardiomyopathies are classified based on anatomy and physiology into dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular types. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlarged, poorly contracting ventricles, while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickened ventricular walls but a non-dilated chamber size. The causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are described in detail.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The most common cause is atherosclerosis leading to decreased blood flow. IHD presents as stable angina, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), or sudden cardiac death. ACS includes ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA). STEMI is diagnosed based on ECG changes and cardiac enzyme levels and requires emergency reperfusion therapy. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Management involves antithrombotic therapy, anti-ischemic drugs, revascularization, and controlling cardiovascular risk factors
Stable ischemic heart disease is typically caused by atherosclerotic plaques narrowing the coronary arteries and reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. It commonly manifests as chronic stable angina or silent ischemia. The goals of treatment are to eliminate chest pain, slow atherosclerosis progression, and prevent complications like heart attack. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, risk factor control through medications, and sometimes revascularization. Pharmacologic options for management include antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and long-acting nitrates.
This document provides objectives and content for an EMS training module covering angina, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and acute stroke. It aims to describe the pathophysiology and presentations of these conditions, including atypical presentations in certain patient populations. Key topics include the development and types of acute MIs, diagnostic tools like electrocardiograms and cardiac markers, differential diagnoses for chest pain, and considerations around diagnosing cardiac conditions in the field.
Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, refers to a group of syndromes caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The most common cause is atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries. Risk factors include age, male sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking. Angina occurs when ischemia is reversible, while a myocardial infarction involves cell death due to prolonged ischemia. Diagnosis involves symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and elevated cardiac enzymes. Chronic ischemic heart disease can lead to heart failure over time due to multifocal scarring.
The document provides information on myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment, nursing management, and patient education. It defines MI as myocardial cell death due to prolonged ischemia. The main cause is sudden blockage of the coronary artery by a blood clot, causing irreversible damage to heart muscle. Clinical manifestations may include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and changes in vital signs. Diagnostic tests include electrocardiogram, cardiac enzymes, and echocardiogram. Treatment focuses on reperfusion, reducing oxygen demand on the heart, and preventing complications. Nursing management involves monitoring for complications, relieving symptoms, promoting perfusion and respiratory function
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Seminar Prepared by :-
Ali Abdulazeem
Shilan Adnan Abdulrahman
Alaa Shamil
Guldan Hameed
Internal Medicine
College of Medicine - University of Kirkuk
1. An acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or heart attack, occurs when blood supply to part of the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and physical inactivity.
3. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, nausea, sweating, shortness of breath, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Diagnosis involves EKGs and blood tests to check for cardiac markers.
This document provides information about myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack. It defines MI as death of heart muscle cells due to lack of oxygen, usually caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries. It lists risk factors for MI such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and family history. It describes the signs and symptoms of MI, diagnostic tests including ECG and cardiac enzymes, types of MI, and treatments including thrombolytics, angioplasty, medications, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks. The nursing management of MI focuses on reducing pain, improving perfusion, preventing complications, health education, and calling for help if symptoms worsen.
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, results from prolonged ischemia due to a blockage in a coronary artery that supplies blood to heart muscle. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and family history. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and symptoms like chest pain. Management focuses on oxygen, pain relief, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, revascularization, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks.
Similar to Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome (20)
Unit 2: Asking - Filling in Medical Report
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Unit 1: Establishing a relationship
With your patient/client first before you start your procedure you should introduce yourself and get to know your patient/client.
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The briefly introduction for you. It will show you how to explain the medical procedure to your patient/client.
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects about 1% of Americans and causes symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. There is no cure, but treatment with medication and therapy can help manage symptoms. The document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including causes, diagnosis, treatment options involving medication, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation, as well as tips for family members on supporting someone with the disorder.
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The document discusses asthma, its symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment. It then presents a case study of a 37-year-old female patient presenting to the emergency room with an asthma exacerbation characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and low oxygen saturation. Nursing assessments for the patient identify ineffective breathing patterns and impaired gas exchange. Interventions like positioning, breathing exercises, rest, hydration, and oxygen therapy are recommended to address these issues and improve the patient's condition.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome
1. Life University
Assignment
Subject: Adult Nursing II
Professor: Sek Sophon
2. Coronary Artery Disease
and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Professor: Sek Sophon
Presented by:
1. Cheng Chanmara
2. Chea Linna
3. Mek Sophy
4. Sopha Sokny
5. Say Chantha
6. Sorm Chanthy
7. Tang Sareth
8. Chou Nimol
9. Sy Sreythin
3. Learning Objectives:
Describe the etiology and pathophysiology of
coronary artery disease, angina, and acute
coronary syndrome.
Identify risk factors for coronary artery
disease and the nursing role in the promotion
of therapeutic lifestyle change in patients at
risk.
Describe clinical manifestations, and
collaborative care and nursing management
of the patients with coronary artery disease
and chronic stable angina.
3
4. Learning Objectives: (cont.)
Describe the clinical manifestations,
complications, diagnosis, and
collaborative care of the patient with
acute coronary syndrome.
Describe the pathophysiology of
myocardial infarction.
Identify commonly used drug therapy in
treating patients with coronary artery
disease and acute coronary syndrome.
4
5. Learning Objectives: (cont.)
Identify key issues to include in the
rehabilitation of patients recovering
from acute coronary syndrome and
coronary revascularization procedures.
Describe the collaborative care of
patients who are at risk for or have
experienced sudden cardiac death.
5
7. Description
Coronary artery disease (CAD; also called
atherosclerotic heart disease) is a type of blood
vessel disorder that is included in the general
category of atherosclerosis (hardening of the
arteries).
7
8. Description (cont.)
It occurs when fatty deposits
called plaque build up inside the
coronary arteries. The coronary
arteries wrap around the heart
and supply it with blood and
oxygen. When plaque builds up,
it narrows the arteries and
reduces the amount of blood that
gets to your heart.
8
9. Etiology
Cause of coronary artery narrowing are:
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
Spasm
Coronary dissection
Aneurysm formation
9
10. Pathophysiology
Progression of Atherosclerosis:
1. Fatty streak:
Injury to intimal
endothelium
Lipid deposits
No obstruction
10
11. 1. Fibrous plaque:
*Plaque and thrombus formation
Protrusion into arterial lumen
Proliferation of smooth muscle cells
Irreversible progression
11
13. By total occlusion it can lead to:
Ischemia
Myocardial infarction
Sudden death
13
14. Collateral circulation
An area of tissue or an organ has
different pathways for blood to reach it.
This is often as a result of
anastamoses.
Branches formed between adjacent
blood vessels.
Collaterals increase in the presence of
chronic ischemia.
14
15. When occlusion occurs slowly over a
long period, there is a greater chance of
adequate collateral circulation
developing.
15
16. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery
Disease
Risk factors can be divided:
Non- modifiable
Age
Sex
Family Hx
Ethnic background
16
18. Clinical expression of coronary disease
Unstable MI
angina
Stable Coronary Heart
Angina failure
Disease
Prinzmetal’s Sudden
Angina death
18
19. Angina
Results when the lack of oxygen supply is
temporary and reversible
Types of Angina
Chronic Stable Angina
Unstable Angina
Prinzmetal’s Angina
19
20. Chronic Stable Angina
Is the most common angina type.
It can also be referred to as exertional
angina, emotional stress, cold weather,
and large meal.
With rest, the angina attack symptoms
generally improve.
20
21. Unstable Angina
Is the second most common angina
type.
This is a dangerous condition that
requires emergency treatment.
Can occur without physical exertion and
is not relieved by rest or medicine.
The condition is caused by blood clots
that partially or totally block a coronary
artery.
21
23. Clinical Manifestations
Angina
Chest pain or discomfort (due to
ischemia)
A strange feeling, pressure, or ache in the
chest
Constrictive, squeezing, heaving, choking,
or suffocating sensation
Indigestion, burning
23
25. Treatment for stable angina
The two general approaches to treat
are:
Invasive therapy
Bypass surgery
Coronary angioplasty
Stents
Non-invasive therapy (medical therapies)
25
26. Bypass Surgery
Bypass surgery is a
surgical procedure
performed to relieve angina
and reduce the risk of death
from coronary artery
disease.
It improve the blood supply
to the coronary circulation
supplying the myocardium.
26
27. Coronary Angioplasty
Coronary angioplasty is a procedure
used to open blocked or narrowed
coronary arteries.
The procedure improves blood flow to
the heart muscle.
27
34. Etiology and Pathophysiology
It occurs when an atherosclerotic
plaque ruptures, fissures or ulcerates
and precipitates thrombus formation.
Alternatively thrombus may break off
from a ruptured plaque and occlude
smaller vessels like coronary arteries.
34
35. Manifestation of Acute coronary
syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is usually
involving with one between:
Myocardial infarction
Unstable angina
35
40. Collaborative Care
Medical Management
Percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)
Pain control: (MONA)
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
40
41. Medical management (cont.)
Nutritional therapy:
Initially patient may be NPO except for sip
of water until stable.
Low salt
Low saturated fat
Low cholesterol diet
Coronary surgical revascularization
Bypass surgery
41
42. Nursing management
Chronic stable angina and Acute coronary
syndrome
Nursing Assessment
Subjective data:
Past health history of CAD, angina, MI, CHF,
hypertension, diabetes, anemia,
hyperlipidemia, lung disease, aortic stenosis
Medications: use of aspirin, nitrate, cholesterol
lowering drug, antihypertension, and vitamin
42
43. Objective data:
General: anxiety, fear, restlessness.
Integumentary: cool, clammy, pale skin
Cardiovascular: tachycardia or bradycardia, BP
43
44. Nursing Diagnosis:
Acute pain related to myocardial ischemia,
radiation of pain to the neck and arms.
Ineffective tissue perfusion (cardiac)
related to myocardial injury.
Anxiety related to perceived threat of
death, pain, possible lifestyle changes as
evidenced by restlessness.
44
45. Planning:
Relief of pain
Preservation of myocardium
Immediate and appropriate treatment
Effective coping with illness associated
anxiety
Participation in a rehabilitation plan
Reduction of risk factors
45
46. Nursing Implementation: Chronic stable angina
Health Promotion: we have to control and change some
behavior such as
Hypertension
Elevated serum lipids
Tobacco use
Physical inactivity
Stressful lifestyle
Obesity
Diabetes
46
47. Acute Intervention: If angina attack occurs
nurse should
Administration of supplemental oxygen
Determination of vital signs
12-leads ECG
Pain relief first with Nitrate
Auscultation of heart sounds
Comfortable positioning of the patient.
47
48. Ambulatory and Home Care:
The patient should be provided information
regarding CAD, angina, precipitation factors for
angina, risk factor reduction, and medications.
Patient teaching can be handle in a variety of
ways.
48
49. Nursing Implementation: Acute coronary syndrome
Acute Intervention include:
Pain assessment and relief
Physiologic monitoring
Promotion of rest and comfort
Alleviation of stress and anxiety
Understanding patient’s emotional and behavioral reaction
Ambulatory and Home Care:
Cardiac Rehabilitation
49
50. Evaluation
The expected outcomes that the patient will
Relief of pain
Preservation of myocardium
Immediate and appropriate treatment
Effective coping with illness associated
anxiety
Participation in a rehabilitation plan
Reduction of risk factors
50
51. Sudden cardiac death
Also called sudden cardiac arrest.
Is an unexpected death due to cardiac
condition
51
52. Etiology and Pathophysiology
In SCD there is an abrupt disruption in
cardiac function, producing an abrupt
loss of cardiac output and cerebral
blood flow.
Occurring in a short time period
(generally within 1 h of symptom onset)
CAD is most common cause of SCD.
52
53. Nursing and Collaborative
Management
Serial analysis of cardiac markers and ECGs
must be obtain and the patient must be
treated
The most common approach to preventing a
recurrent is the use of implantable
cardioverter-difibrillator.
The nurse should attuned to the specific
needs of the patient and the family and teach
them accordingly while providing emotional
support.
53