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IPERTENSIONE
ARTERIOSA
E
RISCHIO
CARDIO RENALE
Giovanni Cerasola

Trani 15 novembre 2013
Percentuale di eventi
cerebrovascolari fatali nel mondo
attribuibili all’ipertensione

51%

Casi di ESRD attribuibili
all’ipertensione
negli Stati Uniti
Altre cause

Diabete (45%)

Percentuale di eventi coronarici
fatali nel mondo attribuibili
all’ipertensione

Ipertensione 29%

45%
http ://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/

USRDS 2012 annual data report
G.Cerasola 2013
Fattori di rischio, danno d’organo subclinico
ed eventi cardiovascolari maggiori
Ipertensione
Dislipidemia
Diabete
Obesità
Fumo
,

FATTORI DI
RISCHIO

Ipertrofia del VS
⇑ IMT e placche
carotidee
⇑ PWV aortica
⇓ I.W.
Lieve ⇑ Creats
o ⇓ GFR o
Microalbuminuria

DANNO D’ORGANO
SUBCLINICO

IMA/Angina
Insufficienza
cardiaca
Morte
improvvisa
Ictus/TIA
Vasculopatia
periferica
Insufficienza
renale
terminale

EVENTI
G.Cerasola 2013
PREVALENZA PERCENTUALE DEI FATTORI DI RISCHIO
ASSOCIATI ALL’IPERTENSIONE ARTERIOSA NEI 2.258
PAZIENTI IPERTESI DELLO STUDIO REDHY
Fumo
Ipertrigliceridemia^
Basso HDLc^^
Ipercolesterolemia*
IGT**
Diabete
^ TG >150 mg/dl; ^^ HDLc < 40 mg/dl; U/< 46 D mg/dl; * Colesterol. totale > 190 mg/dl;
** Alterata glicemia a digiuno: 100-125 mg/dl

G.Cerasola et al. ;Am.J.Hypert.2013 (submitted)
5-Year CVD Risk per 100 People

Multiple CV Risk Factors in Addition to Hypertension
Result in a High CVD Risk
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

BP (mm Hg)
110

44%

120
130

33%

140
150

24%

160

18%

170

12%

180

3%
Reference

6%

+ TC+
+ Male
+ HDL7 mmol/L Smoker 1 mmol/L

+
Diabetes

+ 60
years

Increasing No. of Additional Risk Factors
*Reference=nondiabetic, nonsmoker woman, aged 50 years with total cholesterol (TC)=4.0
mmol/L and HDL-C=1.6 mmol/L.
G.Cerasola 2013

Jackson R et al. Lancet. 2005;365:434-441.
Prevalence of patterns of l eft
ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in
patients with essential hypertension
and normal renal function

Essential hypertensives

LVH prevalence: 32.8%
LVH

Normal LVM
Nardi E, Cerasola G, et al. J Hypertens 2009,27,663
Cerasola G, Nardi E, et al. J Nephrol 2010,121,3422
Adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for the
incidence of total CV events between patients with LVH
regression/persistent normal LVM and those with LVH
persistence/LVH development.
Hazard ratio

Limits

p

Verdecchia 1998

0.180

0.049-0.664

0.010

Devereux 2004

0.580

0.386-0.873

0.009

Muiesan 2007

0.550

0.322-0.938

0.028

Pierdomenico 2008 0.360

0.190-0.681

0.002

Yasuno 2009

1.210

0.620-2.361

0.576

0.542

0.348-0.844

Hazard ratio and 95% CI

0.007

OVERALL

0.1

0.2

0.5

Favors LVH regression/
persistent normal LVM

1

2

Favors LVH
persistence/LV
H development

modificata da: Pierdomenico SD and Cuccurullo F, Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:876-81
G.Cerasola 2013
Analisi di Kaplan-Meier di probabilità cumulativa di un primo evento CV
in 2.232 partecipanti al Framigham Heart Study (età media 63 aa) distinti in
quartili di velocità dell’onda sfigmica (PWV) carotido-femorale (aortica)

Probabilità cumulativa
di eventi CV maggiori

PWV aortica (m/sec)
> 11.8
9.3 - 11.7
7.8 - 9.2

0.20 –
0.15 –

≤ 7.7

0.10 –

HR = 3.4**
(p = 0.008)

0.05 –
0.00 –
I

I

I

I

0

2

4

6

* Rapporto di rischio IV vs I quartile corretto
per età, sesso ed i classici fattori di rischio CV
° Follow-up mediano 7.8 anni

I

8

Anni°
Mitchell GF et al, Circulation 2010;121:505-511
G.Cerasola 2013
Il danno renale nell’ipertensione arteriosa
Meccanismi Funzionali
e Strutturali
• Ipertensione
glomerulare,iperfiltrazione, stretch
delle cellule endoteliali e mesangiali
• Disfunzione endoteliale ed
alterazione della permselettività della
membrana basale glomerulare
• Micro-macroalbuminuria
•Stress ossidativo e flogosi intrarenale
• Iperplasia cellulare mesangiale e
proliferazione delle cellule muscolari
lisce vascolari
Glomerulosclerosi e Fibrosi tubulointerstiziale - Riduzione del GFR
G.Cerasola 2013

Pressione Arteriosa
Rene normale
REDHY(REnal Dysfunction in HYpertension)
Renal parameters in the 1.856, non diabetics,
essential hypertensive patients

Microalbum
inuria
22.7%

Macroalbuminuria
0.7%
1
Overall albuminuria prevalence: 23.4%
G.Cerasola et al. J.Nephrol. 2008 and J. Human Hypert. 2009
REDHY(REnal Dysfunction in HYpertension)Study
Prevalenza della albuminuria ( > 20 µg/min) in 1.856 soggetti
ipertesi
Soggetti normotesi
(n = 155)

7%

20.3 %

Ipertensione grado 2
(n = 533)

21.9 %

Ipertensione grado 3
(n = 328)

p < 0.001

Ipertensione grado 1
(n = 995)

35.2 %
0%

G.Cerasola, et Al, J. Nephrol 2008;21:368

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %
Left ventricular
hypertrophy (%)

LVMH
(g/m)

155 –
150 –
145 –
140 –
135 –
130 –

Hypertensive
retinopathy (%)

100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0

AER ≤ 11 µg/min
AER 11-20
µg/min
AER > 20 µg/min
137
n=217

38

62

Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction
and cardiovascular complication in
essential hypertension
*

147

142
n=67
45

55

n=99

*

55

45

*
48

57

52

43

G. Cerasola et al,
Journal of Hypertension 1989,7,S332
Journal of Hypertension 1996,14: 915

69

31

* Group A vs Group C: p<0.001

With
LVH
Without
LVH

AER
r
24-h MBP (mmHg) 0.21

p<
0.001

LVMH* (g/m)

0.001

With
* Adjusted for 24-h MBP
retinopathy
Without
retinopathy

0.19
Left ventricular mass index (g/m2)

310
260

r = 0.20
p < 0.001

210
160

Relationship between
albumin excretion rate
(logarithmically
transformed for its
skewed distribution) and
LVM indexed for BSA in
455 essential
hypertensives without
diabetes enrolled in the
REDHY study.
This association
remained statistically
significant

110
60

(β = 0.13; p < 0.05), even
after adjustment for age,
sex, 24-h systolic and
10
diastolic BPs, duration of
-1.5 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 hypertension, BMI,
smoking habit, and GFR.

(Log) Albumin Excretion Rate

Adapted from G.Cerasola et al. Nephrology 2010
Velocità dell’onda sfigmica
carotido-femorale (m/sec)

Relazione univariata tra velocità dell’onda sfigmica
carotido-femorale (PWV) ed escrezione urinaria di
albumina (Log AER) in 140 pazienti ipertesi
22

Predittori indipendenti della PWV

r = 0.41
p < 0.0001

20

β

18

p

16

Età

0.55

< 0.001

14

PAM clinica

0.29

< 0.001

MAU (Log)

0.2
4

<0.001

hs-CPR

0.15

<0.03

12
10
8
6
4
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

(Log) Escrezione urinaria
di albumina (µg/min)
Mulè G, Cerasola G et al. Am J Hypertens. 2009
Meta-analisi di dati ottenuti da 45
coorti (25 di popolazione generale,
7 ad alto rischio e 13 di soggetti
con CKD) con 1.127.656
partecipanti, 364.344 dei quali con
ipertensione arteriosa.
Rischio (hazard ratio), corretto per vari
fattori confondenti, di mortalità totale
(A) e cardiovascolare (C) .in relazione
ai livelli di rapporto
albuminuria/creatininuria (ACR) in
soggetti con e senza ipertensione.
Il valore di riferimento per l’ ACR è 5
mg/g (rombo). I cerchi rossi e blu
indicano p < 0.05 vs il valore di
riferimento, in tutti i grafici.
Mahmoodi BK et al for the Chronic Kidney Disease
Prognosis Consortium, The Lancet, Available
online 23 September 2012
G.Cerasola 2013
Populationbased sample
of 1.968
subjects
that was
followed
for a median
of 12.8 years.

The cumulative probability (%) and hazard ratios of CV death adjusted for
(mean or ratio) age and gender (A) and SCORE (</ ≥ 5%) (B), according to
the total number of different types of subclinical organ damage. The
different types were: left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerotic plaques,
PWV > 12 m/s, and UACR ≥ 90th percentile.
G.Cerasola 2013

Sehestedt T et al, Eur Heart J (2010) 31 (7): 883
Incidenza di ESRD corretta per età
per 100.000 persone per anno

120
10/
>2

120
10/
<2

110
80/
<1

100
60/
<1

90
40/
<1

84
30/
<1

80
20/
<1

Valori di pressione arteriosa (mmHg)

Incidenza di insufficienza renale cronica terminale (ESRD), in relazione
ai valori pressori ed al sesso, in 316.675 soggetti adulti californiani, senza
patologie renali alla valutazione basale, partecipanti tra il 1964 ed il 1985,
al “Multiphasic Health Checkups” del Kaiser Permanente.
G.Cerasola 2013

Hsu CY et al. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:923-928
Prevalence of CKD in General Population (CARHES Study) (left side)
and in 1.856 Hypertensive Patients (REDHY Study) (right side)

CARHES Study

REDHY Study

General population (8 %)
Stage 1

Essential Hypertension (28.4%)

*

5%

Stage 2
Stage 3

9.6 %
7.5 %

**

18.4%
**

10%

2.3 %

3%

Stage 4

*

8.8 %

0.2 %

Stage 5
0

2

4

6

8

10

De Nicola et al. G. Ital. Nefrol. 2011

* Mild renal dysfunction

0

2

4

6

8

10

12 %

Cerasola G et al, J.Nephrol.2008 and
J. Hum Hypertens 2009

* * Overt renal insufficiency
Pooled relative risks for CV mortality and
ESRD according to eGFR and albuminuria
≥300 mg/g
30-299 mg/g
< 30 mg/g

ACR (Albumin to creatinine ratio)

Cardiovascular mortality

ESRD
1024

Hazard Ratio

16

256

8

64

4

16

2

4

1
1

0.5

0.5
15

30

45

60

75

90

105

eGFR(mL/min/1.73m )
2

G.Cerasola 2013

120

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

eGFR(mL/min/1.73m2)
Levey et al, Kidney Int (e-pub Dec 08 2010)
Richard Bright

Richard Bright
1789-1858

“La nefropatia interessa così tanto l a
circolazione minuta e capillare del
rene, da i mporre al c uore una più
intensa attività per f orzare il sangue
nelle più lontane s uddivisioni del
sistema vasale”
G.Cerasola 201
Prevalence of patterns of l eft ventricular
hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with
essential hypertension and normal renal
function, and in hypertensives with
chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2-5.

Hypertensives
with CKD;stage 2-5

Essential
hypertensives
p<0.0001

LVH prevalence: 32.8%
LVH

LVH prevalence: 47.1%
Normal LVM
Nardi E, Cerasola G, et al. J Hypertens 2009,27,6
Cerasola G, Nardi E, et al. J Nephrol 2010,15.203
Correlations between GFR and left ventricular mass in
455 hypertensive patients free of diabetes and of CHD
150

300
270

r = - 0.26;
p < 0.0001

LVMH2.7 (g/m2.7)

LVMI (g/m2)

240

135

210
180
150
120

r = - 0.28;
p < 0.0001

120
105
90
75
60

90

45

60

30

30
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

15
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
Cerasola G, et al. Nephrology 2010;15:203
Prevalence
of
inappropriate
left
ventricular mass (LVM) in 289 patients
with essential hypertension and normal
renal function (EH) and
in
293
hypertensives with CKD.

CKD
CKD

EH
30,5%

P < 0.0001

52,6%

Inappropriate LVM
Nardi E, Cerasola G, et al.J. Hypertens 2009,27,633
G.Cerasola et al. J.Nephrol 2010 ,15,203
Sopravvivenza libera
da eventi (%)

100 –

Persistenza di LVM appropriata

90 –
80 –

Regressione di
LVM inappropriata

70 –
60 –

Sviluppo di LVM inappropriata * $
Persistenza di LVM
inappropriata**$$

50 –
40 –
I

I

I

I

I

I

0

50

100

150

200

250

(Follow-up, mesi)
Sopravvivenza libera da eventi cardiovascolari (metodo di Kaplan-Meier) in
436 ipertesi in relazione alle variazioni della “appropriatezza” della massa
ventricolare sx (LVM), rispetto al carico emodinamico, nel corso del follow-up
(mediana della durata: 108 mesi)
**P<0.0001 vs regressione della LVM inappropriata; $$ <0.001 vs persistenza di LVM appropriata
•P = 0.03 vs regressione della LVM inappropriata; $ = 0.0451 vs persistenza di LVM appropriata
G.Cerasola 2013

Muiesan ML et al Hypertension 2007
MAIN PATTERNS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR
HYPERTROPHY
Concentric
LVH

LVM 
RWT >0.45
LV-EDD<
3.1cm/m2
LVM 
RWT >0.45
LV-EDD >
3.1 cm/m2

Normal LV

LVM 
RWT <0.44
LV-EDD >
3.1 cm/m2

Mixed LVH

Eccentric-Dilatated
G.Cerasola
2013
o

Prevalenza dei diversi pattern di ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra (IVS) nei
pazienti con ipertensione essenziale e normale funzione renale (EH) e nei
pazienti con chronic kidney disease (CKD) ,stratificati secondo il grado di
disfunzione renale.

IVS concentrica

IVS eccentrica

IVS mista

Prevalenza di IVS

P = 0.0001
21.4%

P = 0.027

9.1%
35.%

12.3%
3.3%

41.3%
33.33%

36.7%
46.4%

60%

EH

10.2%

Overall
CKD

38.5%

66.67%

51.3%

52.3%

Stage 2
CKD

Stage 3
CKD

38.6%

Stage 4
CKD

42.9%

Stage 5
CKD

Nardi E, Cerasola G et al., J Hypertens 2009
NO LVH

LVH

Eccentric

Indeterminate
 LVM
ConcenNA
centricity0.67

LVEDV/BSA NA

+
-

% Low EF
3%
NT Pro-BNP(pg/ml) 26.9

2%
30.2

Dilated

Concentric

+
-

Both Tick
and Dilated

Tick
+
+

+
38%***
119.1***

+
+
-

7%
39.0

Modified by Khouri MG et al, Circulation Cardiovasc Imaging 2010 and
Casper N.Bang et al. J.Hypertens. October 2013

+
62%***
247.3***
G.Cerasola 2013
LVH and LV Dysfunction in
CKD
Hypertension
CKD

Pressure overload
Increased
systolic stress

Oxidative stress
Endothelial disfunction
Inflammation and Fibrosis
Activation .

Parallel addition of
new myofibrills
and wall
thickening

Concentric
hypertrophy and
diastolic dysfunction

Anemia
Hyperparathiroidism
and CaxP
Arterial stiffness
Endocrine factors
Other factors

Heart
Failure

Volume overload

Increased
diastolic stress
Series addition of
new sarcomeres
and chamber
enlargement

Eccentric
hypertrophy and
systolic dysfunction
G.Cerasola 2013
Left ventricular hypertrophy vs. chronic
kidney disease
as
predictors
of
cardiovascular events in hypertension
Relative hazards for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality using
the group LVH (-) CKD (-) as a reference for each other.

Follow-up: 6 years
LVH (-)
CKD RF (-)
n = 888

LVH (+)
CKD RF (-)
n = 443

LVH (-)
CKD RF (+)
n = 97

Tsioufis C et al, J Hypertens 2009

LVH (+)
CKD RF (+)
n = 102
G.Cerasola
ertensione ,Insufficienza Renale Cronica
Rischio CardioRenale

Ipertensione
Arteriosa

Sovraccarico Emodinamico
Angiotensina II - Aldosterone
Iperattività Simpatica

Insufficienza
renale
cronica

Aldosterone

NAPDH Ossidasi

↑ ROS ↓NO
STRESS OSSIDATIVO
TGFβ
PIP →CT1

↑CRP ↑TNFα ↑IL6

Ipertrofia e fibrosi cardiaca
e perivascolare coronarica
Disfunzione
diastolica

Endotelina 1
ICAM 1 VCAM 1
Cellule endoteliali

↓Fetuina A
Calcificazioni valvolari
e coronariche

Ridotta performance sistolica

EVENTI CARDIACI e RENALI

G.Cerasola et al.J.Neprol 2011,mod.

Malattia micro e
macrovascolare
Meta-analysis: Effects of ACEI, ARB and combined therapy
with ACEI + ARBs on cardiovascular outcomes in people
with albuminuria and one or more CV risk factors.
Randomized therapy

Relative Risk (95 % CI)

Non fatal CV events
ACEI vs placebo/no therapy
(9 trials; n =8231)

0.88 (0.82–0.94)

ARBs vs placebo/no therapy
(4 trials; n =3888)
0.77 (0.61–0.98)
0

0.5

1

1.5

favors active therapy

Maione A et al., Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011)
G.Cerasola 2013
All cause
mortality

CV death

Composite
CV endpoint
Combined
Renal
endpoint

Decrease > 50%
vs minor change

<0.026

Increase > 100%
vs minor change

< 0.0001

Decrease > 50%
vs minor change

<0.140

Increase > 100%
vs minor change

< 0.0001

Decrease > 50%
vs minor change

<0.032

Increase > 100%
vs minor change

< 0.0001

Decrease > 50%
vs minor change

<0.019

Increase > 100%
vs minor change

< 0.005
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Decrease > 50%

0.8

1.0

1.2

Hazard Ratio

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Inccrease > 100%

Adjusted HR (95 CI %) of changes in UACR from baseline to 2-year visit in
the whole study group (N = 23.480). Minor change of albuminuria was taken as
reference group (HR = 1.0) and P values are given in the figure next to the circles.
Schmieder RE on behalf of the ONTARGET Investigators J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 1353–1364, 2011
Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy
Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the RAS
on Proteinuria in Renal Disease
Randomized therapy

Over 5-12 months
Ratio of means (95%
CI)* for change in
proteinuria

ARB+ACE-I vs ARBs
(n = 181/181)

ARB+ACE-I vs ACE-I
(n = 638/634)

0.75 (0.61–0.92)
0.82 (0.67–1.01)

ACE-I=angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor
ARB=angiotensin-receptor blocker

0

0.5

1

1.5

*Ratio of means=ratio of the average treatment effect in
the intervention group relative to the control group,
with 95% Confidence Interval
Kunz R et al., Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:3048
G.Cerasola 2013
Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy and
Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the
RAS on Proteinuria in Renal Disease

Risk for Medication Discontinuation
Randomized therapy

Rate of discontinuation

ARBs vs placebo

0.86 (0.78–0.96)

ARBs vs ACE-I

0.78 (0.45–1.11)

ARBs vs CCBs

0.71 (0.43–1.15)

ARB+ACE-I vs ARBs

3.98 (0.47–33.85)

ARB+ACE-I vs ACE-I

5.59 (0.29–103.38)

ACE-I=angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor
ARB=angiotensin-receptor blocker
CCB=calcium-channel blocker
Kunz R et al., Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:30-48.
Meta-analysis: Effects of ACEI, ARB and combined
therapy with ACEI + ARBs on cardiovascular
outcomes in people with albuminuria and one or
more CV risk factors.
There was no significant reduction in the risk of fatal
Cardiovascular Events
with ACEI vs ARBs
or with combined therapy based on ACEI + ARBs
when compared to each monotherapy

Maione A et al., Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011)
G.Cerasola 2013
Associations between systolic blood pressure reduction and risk
reduction for major vascular events according to kidney function
status.
Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’
Collaboration BMJ 2013;347:bmj.f5680

G.Cerasola 2013
Hypertensive patients with heart disease

Journal of Hypertension 31,1281,july 2013

Copyright © 2013 Journal of Hypertension. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

37
Hypertensive patients with nephropathy

Journal of Hypertension 31,1281,july 2013

Copyright © 2013 Journal of Hypertension. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

38
G.Cerasola 2013
CONCLUSIONI

Nei pazienti ipertesi ,con danno cardio-renale , diabetici e non
diabetici, il trattamento protettivo deve mirare alla riduzione della
pressione arteriosa,dell’ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra e della
proteinuria ; una riduzione degli eventi CV ed una lenta progressione
dell’insufficienza renale caratterizza i pazienti con regressione
dell’ipertrofia ventricolare e con bassa proteinuria residua.
L’obiettivo di ridurre i valori pressori al di sotto di 130/85
mmHg e la proteinuria al di sotto di 1 g/die nei pazienti nefropatici
può essere raggiunto nella maggior parte dei casi solo aggiungendo
ad un regime terapeutico, che comprende gli ACEI o gli AT1bloccanti, uno o più farmaci antiipertensivi.
L’associazione ACEI e AT1 bloccanti ha mostrato effetti favorevoli
sulla proteinuria,specie nei pazienti diabetici e nei pazienti con
glomerulonefrite. Tuttavia, i risultati dello studio ONTARGET e delle
meta-analisi di Kunz e di Maione, le linee guida ESH 2013 fanno
ritenere che l’associazione ACEI+ARB sia da ritenere eccezionale
nella pratica clinica e da riservare soltanto a pazienti particolari.
G.Cerasola 2013
Grazie per l’attenzione
Un ringraziamento particolare ai miei
Allievi
Giuseppe Andronico
Santina Cottone
Giuseppe Mulè
Emilio Nardi

Luisa Arsena
Marco Guarneri
Alessandro Palermo
ed a tutti gli altri

che con capacità, entusiasmo ed affettuosa
collaborazione hanno consentito in questi
anni lo svolgimento delle ricerche di Scuola
riportate in questa lettura

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Cerasola iperten rischio cardio-renale_trani_2013

  • 2. Percentuale di eventi cerebrovascolari fatali nel mondo attribuibili all’ipertensione 51% Casi di ESRD attribuibili all’ipertensione negli Stati Uniti Altre cause Diabete (45%) Percentuale di eventi coronarici fatali nel mondo attribuibili all’ipertensione Ipertensione 29% 45% http ://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/ USRDS 2012 annual data report G.Cerasola 2013
  • 3. Fattori di rischio, danno d’organo subclinico ed eventi cardiovascolari maggiori Ipertensione Dislipidemia Diabete Obesità Fumo , FATTORI DI RISCHIO Ipertrofia del VS ⇑ IMT e placche carotidee ⇑ PWV aortica ⇓ I.W. Lieve ⇑ Creats o ⇓ GFR o Microalbuminuria DANNO D’ORGANO SUBCLINICO IMA/Angina Insufficienza cardiaca Morte improvvisa Ictus/TIA Vasculopatia periferica Insufficienza renale terminale EVENTI G.Cerasola 2013
  • 4. PREVALENZA PERCENTUALE DEI FATTORI DI RISCHIO ASSOCIATI ALL’IPERTENSIONE ARTERIOSA NEI 2.258 PAZIENTI IPERTESI DELLO STUDIO REDHY Fumo Ipertrigliceridemia^ Basso HDLc^^ Ipercolesterolemia* IGT** Diabete ^ TG >150 mg/dl; ^^ HDLc < 40 mg/dl; U/< 46 D mg/dl; * Colesterol. totale > 190 mg/dl; ** Alterata glicemia a digiuno: 100-125 mg/dl G.Cerasola et al. ;Am.J.Hypert.2013 (submitted)
  • 5. 5-Year CVD Risk per 100 People Multiple CV Risk Factors in Addition to Hypertension Result in a High CVD Risk 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 BP (mm Hg) 110 44% 120 130 33% 140 150 24% 160 18% 170 12% 180 3% Reference 6% + TC+ + Male + HDL7 mmol/L Smoker 1 mmol/L + Diabetes + 60 years Increasing No. of Additional Risk Factors *Reference=nondiabetic, nonsmoker woman, aged 50 years with total cholesterol (TC)=4.0 mmol/L and HDL-C=1.6 mmol/L. G.Cerasola 2013 Jackson R et al. Lancet. 2005;365:434-441.
  • 6. Prevalence of patterns of l eft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function Essential hypertensives LVH prevalence: 32.8% LVH Normal LVM Nardi E, Cerasola G, et al. J Hypertens 2009,27,663 Cerasola G, Nardi E, et al. J Nephrol 2010,121,3422
  • 7. Adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for the incidence of total CV events between patients with LVH regression/persistent normal LVM and those with LVH persistence/LVH development. Hazard ratio Limits p Verdecchia 1998 0.180 0.049-0.664 0.010 Devereux 2004 0.580 0.386-0.873 0.009 Muiesan 2007 0.550 0.322-0.938 0.028 Pierdomenico 2008 0.360 0.190-0.681 0.002 Yasuno 2009 1.210 0.620-2.361 0.576 0.542 0.348-0.844 Hazard ratio and 95% CI 0.007 OVERALL 0.1 0.2 0.5 Favors LVH regression/ persistent normal LVM 1 2 Favors LVH persistence/LV H development modificata da: Pierdomenico SD and Cuccurullo F, Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:876-81 G.Cerasola 2013
  • 8. Analisi di Kaplan-Meier di probabilità cumulativa di un primo evento CV in 2.232 partecipanti al Framigham Heart Study (età media 63 aa) distinti in quartili di velocità dell’onda sfigmica (PWV) carotido-femorale (aortica) Probabilità cumulativa di eventi CV maggiori PWV aortica (m/sec) > 11.8 9.3 - 11.7 7.8 - 9.2 0.20 – 0.15 – ≤ 7.7 0.10 – HR = 3.4** (p = 0.008) 0.05 – 0.00 – I I I I 0 2 4 6 * Rapporto di rischio IV vs I quartile corretto per età, sesso ed i classici fattori di rischio CV ° Follow-up mediano 7.8 anni I 8 Anni° Mitchell GF et al, Circulation 2010;121:505-511 G.Cerasola 2013
  • 9. Il danno renale nell’ipertensione arteriosa Meccanismi Funzionali e Strutturali • Ipertensione glomerulare,iperfiltrazione, stretch delle cellule endoteliali e mesangiali • Disfunzione endoteliale ed alterazione della permselettività della membrana basale glomerulare • Micro-macroalbuminuria •Stress ossidativo e flogosi intrarenale • Iperplasia cellulare mesangiale e proliferazione delle cellule muscolari lisce vascolari Glomerulosclerosi e Fibrosi tubulointerstiziale - Riduzione del GFR G.Cerasola 2013 Pressione Arteriosa Rene normale
  • 10. REDHY(REnal Dysfunction in HYpertension) Renal parameters in the 1.856, non diabetics, essential hypertensive patients Microalbum inuria 22.7% Macroalbuminuria 0.7% 1 Overall albuminuria prevalence: 23.4% G.Cerasola et al. J.Nephrol. 2008 and J. Human Hypert. 2009
  • 11. REDHY(REnal Dysfunction in HYpertension)Study Prevalenza della albuminuria ( > 20 µg/min) in 1.856 soggetti ipertesi Soggetti normotesi (n = 155) 7% 20.3 % Ipertensione grado 2 (n = 533) 21.9 % Ipertensione grado 3 (n = 328) p < 0.001 Ipertensione grado 1 (n = 995) 35.2 % 0% G.Cerasola, et Al, J. Nephrol 2008;21:368 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 %
  • 12. Left ventricular hypertrophy (%) LVMH (g/m) 155 – 150 – 145 – 140 – 135 – 130 – Hypertensive retinopathy (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 AER ≤ 11 µg/min AER 11-20 µg/min AER > 20 µg/min 137 n=217 38 62 Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction and cardiovascular complication in essential hypertension * 147 142 n=67 45 55 n=99 * 55 45 * 48 57 52 43 G. Cerasola et al, Journal of Hypertension 1989,7,S332 Journal of Hypertension 1996,14: 915 69 31 * Group A vs Group C: p<0.001 With LVH Without LVH AER r 24-h MBP (mmHg) 0.21 p< 0.001 LVMH* (g/m) 0.001 With * Adjusted for 24-h MBP retinopathy Without retinopathy 0.19
  • 13. Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) 310 260 r = 0.20 p < 0.001 210 160 Relationship between albumin excretion rate (logarithmically transformed for its skewed distribution) and LVM indexed for BSA in 455 essential hypertensives without diabetes enrolled in the REDHY study. This association remained statistically significant 110 60 (β = 0.13; p < 0.05), even after adjustment for age, sex, 24-h systolic and 10 diastolic BPs, duration of -1.5 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 hypertension, BMI, smoking habit, and GFR. (Log) Albumin Excretion Rate Adapted from G.Cerasola et al. Nephrology 2010
  • 14. Velocità dell’onda sfigmica carotido-femorale (m/sec) Relazione univariata tra velocità dell’onda sfigmica carotido-femorale (PWV) ed escrezione urinaria di albumina (Log AER) in 140 pazienti ipertesi 22 Predittori indipendenti della PWV r = 0.41 p < 0.0001 20 β 18 p 16 Età 0.55 < 0.001 14 PAM clinica 0.29 < 0.001 MAU (Log) 0.2 4 <0.001 hs-CPR 0.15 <0.03 12 10 8 6 4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 (Log) Escrezione urinaria di albumina (µg/min) Mulè G, Cerasola G et al. Am J Hypertens. 2009
  • 15. Meta-analisi di dati ottenuti da 45 coorti (25 di popolazione generale, 7 ad alto rischio e 13 di soggetti con CKD) con 1.127.656 partecipanti, 364.344 dei quali con ipertensione arteriosa. Rischio (hazard ratio), corretto per vari fattori confondenti, di mortalità totale (A) e cardiovascolare (C) .in relazione ai livelli di rapporto albuminuria/creatininuria (ACR) in soggetti con e senza ipertensione. Il valore di riferimento per l’ ACR è 5 mg/g (rombo). I cerchi rossi e blu indicano p < 0.05 vs il valore di riferimento, in tutti i grafici. Mahmoodi BK et al for the Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium, The Lancet, Available online 23 September 2012 G.Cerasola 2013
  • 16. Populationbased sample of 1.968 subjects that was followed for a median of 12.8 years. The cumulative probability (%) and hazard ratios of CV death adjusted for (mean or ratio) age and gender (A) and SCORE (</ ≥ 5%) (B), according to the total number of different types of subclinical organ damage. The different types were: left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerotic plaques, PWV > 12 m/s, and UACR ≥ 90th percentile. G.Cerasola 2013 Sehestedt T et al, Eur Heart J (2010) 31 (7): 883
  • 17. Incidenza di ESRD corretta per età per 100.000 persone per anno 120 10/ >2 120 10/ <2 110 80/ <1 100 60/ <1 90 40/ <1 84 30/ <1 80 20/ <1 Valori di pressione arteriosa (mmHg) Incidenza di insufficienza renale cronica terminale (ESRD), in relazione ai valori pressori ed al sesso, in 316.675 soggetti adulti californiani, senza patologie renali alla valutazione basale, partecipanti tra il 1964 ed il 1985, al “Multiphasic Health Checkups” del Kaiser Permanente. G.Cerasola 2013 Hsu CY et al. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:923-928
  • 18. Prevalence of CKD in General Population (CARHES Study) (left side) and in 1.856 Hypertensive Patients (REDHY Study) (right side) CARHES Study REDHY Study General population (8 %) Stage 1 Essential Hypertension (28.4%) * 5% Stage 2 Stage 3 9.6 % 7.5 % ** 18.4% ** 10% 2.3 % 3% Stage 4 * 8.8 % 0.2 % Stage 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 De Nicola et al. G. Ital. Nefrol. 2011 * Mild renal dysfunction 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 % Cerasola G et al, J.Nephrol.2008 and J. Hum Hypertens 2009 * * Overt renal insufficiency
  • 19. Pooled relative risks for CV mortality and ESRD according to eGFR and albuminuria ≥300 mg/g 30-299 mg/g < 30 mg/g ACR (Albumin to creatinine ratio) Cardiovascular mortality ESRD 1024 Hazard Ratio 16 256 8 64 4 16 2 4 1 1 0.5 0.5 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 eGFR(mL/min/1.73m ) 2 G.Cerasola 2013 120 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 eGFR(mL/min/1.73m2) Levey et al, Kidney Int (e-pub Dec 08 2010)
  • 20. Richard Bright Richard Bright 1789-1858 “La nefropatia interessa così tanto l a circolazione minuta e capillare del rene, da i mporre al c uore una più intensa attività per f orzare il sangue nelle più lontane s uddivisioni del sistema vasale” G.Cerasola 201
  • 21. Prevalence of patterns of l eft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function, and in hypertensives with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2-5. Hypertensives with CKD;stage 2-5 Essential hypertensives p<0.0001 LVH prevalence: 32.8% LVH LVH prevalence: 47.1% Normal LVM Nardi E, Cerasola G, et al. J Hypertens 2009,27,6 Cerasola G, Nardi E, et al. J Nephrol 2010,15.203
  • 22. Correlations between GFR and left ventricular mass in 455 hypertensive patients free of diabetes and of CHD 150 300 270 r = - 0.26; p < 0.0001 LVMH2.7 (g/m2.7) LVMI (g/m2) 240 135 210 180 150 120 r = - 0.28; p < 0.0001 120 105 90 75 60 90 45 60 30 30 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 15 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) Cerasola G, et al. Nephrology 2010;15:203
  • 23. Prevalence of inappropriate left ventricular mass (LVM) in 289 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function (EH) and in 293 hypertensives with CKD. CKD CKD EH 30,5% P < 0.0001 52,6% Inappropriate LVM Nardi E, Cerasola G, et al.J. Hypertens 2009,27,633 G.Cerasola et al. J.Nephrol 2010 ,15,203
  • 24. Sopravvivenza libera da eventi (%) 100 – Persistenza di LVM appropriata 90 – 80 – Regressione di LVM inappropriata 70 – 60 – Sviluppo di LVM inappropriata * $ Persistenza di LVM inappropriata**$$ 50 – 40 – I I I I I I 0 50 100 150 200 250 (Follow-up, mesi) Sopravvivenza libera da eventi cardiovascolari (metodo di Kaplan-Meier) in 436 ipertesi in relazione alle variazioni della “appropriatezza” della massa ventricolare sx (LVM), rispetto al carico emodinamico, nel corso del follow-up (mediana della durata: 108 mesi) **P<0.0001 vs regressione della LVM inappropriata; $$ <0.001 vs persistenza di LVM appropriata •P = 0.03 vs regressione della LVM inappropriata; $ = 0.0451 vs persistenza di LVM appropriata G.Cerasola 2013 Muiesan ML et al Hypertension 2007
  • 25. MAIN PATTERNS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY Concentric LVH LVM  RWT >0.45 LV-EDD< 3.1cm/m2 LVM  RWT >0.45 LV-EDD > 3.1 cm/m2 Normal LV LVM  RWT <0.44 LV-EDD > 3.1 cm/m2 Mixed LVH Eccentric-Dilatated G.Cerasola 2013
  • 26. o Prevalenza dei diversi pattern di ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra (IVS) nei pazienti con ipertensione essenziale e normale funzione renale (EH) e nei pazienti con chronic kidney disease (CKD) ,stratificati secondo il grado di disfunzione renale. IVS concentrica IVS eccentrica IVS mista Prevalenza di IVS P = 0.0001 21.4% P = 0.027 9.1% 35.% 12.3% 3.3% 41.3% 33.33% 36.7% 46.4% 60% EH 10.2% Overall CKD 38.5% 66.67% 51.3% 52.3% Stage 2 CKD Stage 3 CKD 38.6% Stage 4 CKD 42.9% Stage 5 CKD Nardi E, Cerasola G et al., J Hypertens 2009
  • 27. NO LVH LVH Eccentric Indeterminate  LVM ConcenNA centricity0.67  LVEDV/BSA NA + - % Low EF 3% NT Pro-BNP(pg/ml) 26.9 2% 30.2 Dilated Concentric + - Both Tick and Dilated Tick + + + 38%*** 119.1*** + + - 7% 39.0 Modified by Khouri MG et al, Circulation Cardiovasc Imaging 2010 and Casper N.Bang et al. J.Hypertens. October 2013 + 62%*** 247.3*** G.Cerasola 2013
  • 28. LVH and LV Dysfunction in CKD Hypertension CKD Pressure overload Increased systolic stress Oxidative stress Endothelial disfunction Inflammation and Fibrosis Activation . Parallel addition of new myofibrills and wall thickening Concentric hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction Anemia Hyperparathiroidism and CaxP Arterial stiffness Endocrine factors Other factors Heart Failure Volume overload Increased diastolic stress Series addition of new sarcomeres and chamber enlargement Eccentric hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction G.Cerasola 2013
  • 29. Left ventricular hypertrophy vs. chronic kidney disease as predictors of cardiovascular events in hypertension Relative hazards for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality using the group LVH (-) CKD (-) as a reference for each other. Follow-up: 6 years LVH (-) CKD RF (-) n = 888 LVH (+) CKD RF (-) n = 443 LVH (-) CKD RF (+) n = 97 Tsioufis C et al, J Hypertens 2009 LVH (+) CKD RF (+) n = 102 G.Cerasola
  • 30. ertensione ,Insufficienza Renale Cronica Rischio CardioRenale Ipertensione Arteriosa Sovraccarico Emodinamico Angiotensina II - Aldosterone Iperattività Simpatica Insufficienza renale cronica Aldosterone NAPDH Ossidasi ↑ ROS ↓NO STRESS OSSIDATIVO TGFβ PIP →CT1 ↑CRP ↑TNFα ↑IL6 Ipertrofia e fibrosi cardiaca e perivascolare coronarica Disfunzione diastolica Endotelina 1 ICAM 1 VCAM 1 Cellule endoteliali ↓Fetuina A Calcificazioni valvolari e coronariche Ridotta performance sistolica EVENTI CARDIACI e RENALI G.Cerasola et al.J.Neprol 2011,mod. Malattia micro e macrovascolare
  • 31. Meta-analysis: Effects of ACEI, ARB and combined therapy with ACEI + ARBs on cardiovascular outcomes in people with albuminuria and one or more CV risk factors. Randomized therapy Relative Risk (95 % CI) Non fatal CV events ACEI vs placebo/no therapy (9 trials; n =8231) 0.88 (0.82–0.94) ARBs vs placebo/no therapy (4 trials; n =3888) 0.77 (0.61–0.98) 0 0.5 1 1.5 favors active therapy Maione A et al., Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011) G.Cerasola 2013
  • 32. All cause mortality CV death Composite CV endpoint Combined Renal endpoint Decrease > 50% vs minor change <0.026 Increase > 100% vs minor change < 0.0001 Decrease > 50% vs minor change <0.140 Increase > 100% vs minor change < 0.0001 Decrease > 50% vs minor change <0.032 Increase > 100% vs minor change < 0.0001 Decrease > 50% vs minor change <0.019 Increase > 100% vs minor change < 0.005 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Decrease > 50% 0.8 1.0 1.2 Hazard Ratio 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Inccrease > 100% Adjusted HR (95 CI %) of changes in UACR from baseline to 2-year visit in the whole study group (N = 23.480). Minor change of albuminuria was taken as reference group (HR = 1.0) and P values are given in the figure next to the circles. Schmieder RE on behalf of the ONTARGET Investigators J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 1353–1364, 2011
  • 33. Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the RAS on Proteinuria in Renal Disease Randomized therapy Over 5-12 months Ratio of means (95% CI)* for change in proteinuria ARB+ACE-I vs ARBs (n = 181/181) ARB+ACE-I vs ACE-I (n = 638/634) 0.75 (0.61–0.92) 0.82 (0.67–1.01) ACE-I=angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor ARB=angiotensin-receptor blocker 0 0.5 1 1.5 *Ratio of means=ratio of the average treatment effect in the intervention group relative to the control group, with 95% Confidence Interval Kunz R et al., Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:3048 G.Cerasola 2013
  • 34. Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy and Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the RAS on Proteinuria in Renal Disease Risk for Medication Discontinuation Randomized therapy Rate of discontinuation ARBs vs placebo 0.86 (0.78–0.96) ARBs vs ACE-I 0.78 (0.45–1.11) ARBs vs CCBs 0.71 (0.43–1.15) ARB+ACE-I vs ARBs 3.98 (0.47–33.85) ARB+ACE-I vs ACE-I 5.59 (0.29–103.38) ACE-I=angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor ARB=angiotensin-receptor blocker CCB=calcium-channel blocker Kunz R et al., Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:30-48.
  • 35. Meta-analysis: Effects of ACEI, ARB and combined therapy with ACEI + ARBs on cardiovascular outcomes in people with albuminuria and one or more CV risk factors. There was no significant reduction in the risk of fatal Cardiovascular Events with ACEI vs ARBs or with combined therapy based on ACEI + ARBs when compared to each monotherapy Maione A et al., Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011) G.Cerasola 2013
  • 36. Associations between systolic blood pressure reduction and risk reduction for major vascular events according to kidney function status. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration BMJ 2013;347:bmj.f5680 G.Cerasola 2013
  • 37. Hypertensive patients with heart disease Journal of Hypertension 31,1281,july 2013 Copyright © 2013 Journal of Hypertension. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 37
  • 38. Hypertensive patients with nephropathy Journal of Hypertension 31,1281,july 2013 Copyright © 2013 Journal of Hypertension. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 38
  • 40. CONCLUSIONI Nei pazienti ipertesi ,con danno cardio-renale , diabetici e non diabetici, il trattamento protettivo deve mirare alla riduzione della pressione arteriosa,dell’ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra e della proteinuria ; una riduzione degli eventi CV ed una lenta progressione dell’insufficienza renale caratterizza i pazienti con regressione dell’ipertrofia ventricolare e con bassa proteinuria residua. L’obiettivo di ridurre i valori pressori al di sotto di 130/85 mmHg e la proteinuria al di sotto di 1 g/die nei pazienti nefropatici può essere raggiunto nella maggior parte dei casi solo aggiungendo ad un regime terapeutico, che comprende gli ACEI o gli AT1bloccanti, uno o più farmaci antiipertensivi. L’associazione ACEI e AT1 bloccanti ha mostrato effetti favorevoli sulla proteinuria,specie nei pazienti diabetici e nei pazienti con glomerulonefrite. Tuttavia, i risultati dello studio ONTARGET e delle meta-analisi di Kunz e di Maione, le linee guida ESH 2013 fanno ritenere che l’associazione ACEI+ARB sia da ritenere eccezionale nella pratica clinica e da riservare soltanto a pazienti particolari. G.Cerasola 2013
  • 41. Grazie per l’attenzione Un ringraziamento particolare ai miei Allievi Giuseppe Andronico Santina Cottone Giuseppe Mulè Emilio Nardi Luisa Arsena Marco Guarneri Alessandro Palermo ed a tutti gli altri che con capacità, entusiasmo ed affettuosa collaborazione hanno consentito in questi anni lo svolgimento delle ricerche di Scuola riportate in questa lettura

Editor's Notes

  1. This slide demonstrates the effect on absolute cardiac risk of adding risk factors in patients with different SBP levels. Many factors interact to determine absolute risk, including increasing BP, lipids, smoking, male sex, and renal impairment. Single risk factors have a minor effect on a patient’s absolute risk in the absence of other risk factors; however, they can have a major effect in the presence of several risk factors, as demonstrated above. The authors outline the rationale for targeting BP and cholesterol-lowering therapy to patients at high CV risk, irrespective of their BP or cholesterol levels. The theory behind this is that specific levels of BP and cholesterol are of little clinical relevance when considered independently of other risk factors. The authors propose that separate management guidelines for elevated BP and blood cholesterol be replaced by integrated CV risk management guidelines.
  2. Consequences of Renal Damage in HTN This slide graphically illustrates the deleterious consequences of glomerular hypertension and proteinuria on a single nephron. Function changes that result from hypertension include a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and abnormalities in tubular function, including new onset or worsening of proteinuria. These functional changes lead to structural changes in the glomerular basement, expansion of the mesangial and interstitial matrix, ultimately resulting in sclerosis of both glomerular and tubular elements. More detail about the mechanisms by which this process is thought to occur can be found in the description of the previous slide.
  3. Figure 2. Relationship between albumin excretion rate (logarithmically transformed for its skewed distribution) and left ventricular mass indexed for body surface area in 455 essential hypertensive patients without diabetes enrolled in the REDHY study. This association remained statistically significant (beta = 0.13; p &lt; 0.05), even after adjustment for age, sex, 24-h systolic and diastolic blood pressures, duration of hypertension, body mass index, smoking habit, and glomerular filtration rate.
  4. Fig 1 Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium antagonist based regimens v placebo for risk of major cardiovascular events according to kidney function status. P value for homogeneity indicates consistency of effect of treatment regimen among subgroup. Overall mean difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during follow-up in actively treated/first listed regimens v control/second listed regimens, calculated by weighting difference observed in each contributing trial by number of patients in trial. Negative values indicate lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure during follow-up in actively treated/first listed groups than in control/second listed groups