The document provides guidelines for grading and managing COPD according to GOLD guidelines. It discusses diagnosing COPD using spirometry and assessing severity based on symptoms, airflow limitation, and exacerbation risk. COPD is graded into 4 stages based on airflow limitation. Management is guided by combining assessments into Groups A through D, with Group D having the highest risk and most severe airflow limitation. Treatment options include smoking cessation, vaccination, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

1. COPD GRADING AND
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
Maryam Majid Al Ezairej
Collage of medicine
RAKMHSU

2. objectives
 GRADING THE COPD
 MANAGING COPD - GOLD GUIDELINES

3. DIAGNOSING COPD

4. DIAGNOSING COPD
 Spirometry should be preformed after the administration
of adequate dose of short acting inhaled bronchodilators
 Post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7 confirm the presence
of airflow limitation

5. NORMAL TRACE OF FEV1/FVC

6. OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE SPIROMETRY

7. ASSESSMENT OF COPD
 Symptoms severity
 Degree of airflow limitation
 Risk of exacerbation
 Combined assessment

8. ASSESSMENT GOALS
• Determine the severity of the disease, its impact on the
patient’s health status and the risk of future events (for
example exacerbations) to guide therapy.
• Comorbidities occur frequently in COPD patients, and
should be actively looked for.

9. ASSESSMENT OF COPD SYMPTOMS
COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
or
Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ)
or
mMRC Breathlessness scale

10. ASSESSMENT OF COPD SYMPTOMS
 COPD Assessment Test (CAT): An 8-item measure of health status impairment
in COPD
 Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ): Self-administered questionnaire developed
to measure clinical control in patients with COPD
 Modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) Questionnaire:
Breathlessness Measurement, relates well to other measures of health status
and predicts future mortality risk.

12. MODIFIED MRC (MMRC)QUESTIONNAIRE:
SEVERITY OF BREATHLESSNESS
mMRC Grade Symptoms
Grade 0. Breathless with strenuous exercise.
Grade 1. Breathless when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill.
Grade 2. Breathless when walking on own pace on the level.
Grade 3. Breathless after walking about 100 meters on the level.
Grade 4. Breathless with minimal exertion

13. CLASSIFICATION OF SEVERITY OF AIRFLOW
LIMITATION IN COPD*

14. COMBINED ASSESSMENT
 The GOLD therapeutic strategy suggests using
a combination of an individual's symptoms, history of
exacerbations, hospitalizations due to exacerbations
FEV1 to assess the exacerbation risk and guide therapy.

15. GOLD combined assessment
 ●Group A: Low risk, less symptoms: Typically GOLD 1 or GOLD 2 (mild or moderate airflow
limitation) and 0 to 1 exacerbation per year and no hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
<10 or mMRC grade 0 to 1.
 ●Group B: Low risk, more symptoms: Typically GOLD 1 or GOLD 2 (mild or moderate airflow
limitation) and 0 to 1 exacerbation per year and no hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
≥10 or mMRC grade ≥2
 ●Group C: High risk, less symptoms: Typically GOLD 3 or GOLD 4 (severe or very severe airflow
limitation) and/or ≥2 exacerbations per year or ≥1 hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
<10 or mMRC grade 0 to 1.
 ●Group D: High risk, more symptoms: Typically GOLD 3 or GOLD 4 (severe or very severe airflow
limitation) and/or ≥2 exacerbations per year or ≥1 hospitalization for exacerbation; and CAT score
≥10 or mMRC grade ≥2.

16. MANAGMENT

17. The GOLD patient group-based
management recommendations
 Group A-D: Reduction of risk factors (influenza and pneumococcal vaccine);
smoking cessation; physical activity; short-acting anticholinergic or short-
acting beta-adrenergic antagonists as needed
 Group B: Long-acting anticholinergics or long-acting beta-adrenergic
antagonists; cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
 Group C: Inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-adrenergic antagonists
or long-acting anticholinergics; cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
 Group D: Inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-adrenergic antagonists
and/or long-acting anticholinergics; cardiopulmonary rehabilitation; long-
term oxygen therapy (if criteria met); consider surgical options such as lung
volume reduction surgery (LVRS)

18. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS

19. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
 Smoking cessation influences the natural history of
COPD.
 Regular physical activity should be encouraged to
remain active.

20. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
 Appropriate pharmacologic therapy can reduce COPD
symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of
exacerbations, and improve health status and exercise
tolerance.
 None of the existing medications has been shown to
modify the long-term decline in lung function.
 Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination should be offered
depending on local guidelines

21. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Bronchodilator medications are
central to the symptomatic
management of COPD

22. Bronchodilator medications
Beta 2 Agonists
 Short Acting Beta 2 agonists (SABA) Salbutamol ,Terbutaline
 Long Acitng Beta 2 agonists (LABA) Formoterol
,Salmeterol,Indacaterol, Vilanterol
Anticholinergics
 Short Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (SAMA) Ipratropium ,Oxitropium
 Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA) Tiotropium, Aclidinium,
glycopyronnium,Umeclidinium)
SABA & SAMA for short term use in acute cases
LABA & LAMA for long term maintenance therapy

23. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
 Regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids improves
symptoms, lung function and quality of life and reduces
frequency of exacerbations for COPD patients with an
FEV1< 60% predicted.
 Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is associated with an
increased risk of pneumonia.

24. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Influenza vaccines is recommended for COPD patients
65 years and older and for younger than age 65 with FEV1<
40% predicted.
The use of antibiotics, other than for treating infectious
exacerbations of COPD and other bacterial infections, is
currently not indicated.

25. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
 Oxygen therapy

27. Take home message 

28. THANK YOU 