The use of non-linear loads and the integration of renewable energy in electricity network can cause power quality problems, especially harmonic distortion. It is a challenge in the operation and design of the radial distribution system. This can happen because harmonics that exceed the limit can cause interference to equipment and systems. This study will discuss the determination of the optimal location and capacity of distributed generation (DG) and network reconfiguration in the radial distribution system to improve the quality of electric power, especially the suppression of harmonic distribution. This study combines the optimal location and capacity of DG and network reconfiguration using the particle swarm optimization method. In addition, this research method is implemented in the distribution system of Bandar Lampung City by considering the effect of using nonlinear loads to improve power quality, especially harmonic distortion. The inverter-based DG type used considers the value of harmonic source when placed. The combination of the proposed methods provides an optimal solution. Increased efficiency in reducing power losses up to 81.17% and %total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) is below the allowable limit.
Optimal inverter-based distributed generation in ULP Way Halim considering ha...IJECEIAES
Β
Integration of distributed generation (DG) based on the use of new renewable energy is considered to be able to increase the capability of the electric power distribution system. However, the use of inverter-based DG is not optimal, it can worsen the condition of the system, especially in terms of the spread of harmonic distortion which can damage the equipment. This is due to the inverter-based DG technology, apart from supplying electrical energy, DG also injects harmonic currents from existing semiconductor components. This research discusses optimization placement of inverter-based DG using the multi objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method which was tested on the Unit Layanan Pelaksana (ULP) Way Halim 88-bus radial distribution system based on MALTAB 2020b to increase the efficiency of the electrical system by reducing losses and %THDv. The inverter-based DG placed on 24 bus points with a capacity of 690 kW can reduce losses by up to 12.74 kW or 14.96% and all %THDv values for each bus are below 5%.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Β
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Machine learning for prediction models to mitigate the voltage deviation in ...IJECEIAES
Β
The voltage deviation is one of the most crucial power quality issues that occur in electrical power systems. Renewable energy plays a vital role in electrical distribution networks due to the high economic returns. However, the presence of photovoltaic systems changes the nature of the energy flow in the grid and causes many problems such as voltage deviation. In this work, several predictive models are examined for voltage regulation in the Jordanian Sabha distribution network equipped with photovoltaic farms. The augmented grey wolf optimizer is used to train the different predictive models. To evaluate the performance of models, a value of one for regression factor and a low value for root mean square error, mean square error, and mean absolute error are used as standards. In addition, a comparison between nineteen predictive models has been made. The results have proved the capability of linear regression and the gaussian process to restore the bus voltages in the distribution network accurately and quickly and to solve the shortening in the voltage dynamic response caused by the iterative nature of the heuristic algorithm.
Design & Simulation of Energy Storage Unified Power Quality Conditioner (EUPQ...IJERA Editor
Β
Rapid consumption of energy from conventional sources can be limited by connecting more no. of distributed generation systems with the support of smart grid technology. But the impact of variation in DG power out putted may lead to power quality problems in the distributed system in which it is connected. In addition to this power system faults, non- linear loads and non-linear characteristics of converter circuits used in DG s further deteriorate quality of the power. Implementation of UPQC in the network itself solves the problems addressed but crowding of more no of DG in the network will suppress the effect of UPQC. However energy storage system integration can suppress the large power fluctuations outputted by DGs. In this paper energy storage based unified power quality conditioner (EUPQC) has been implemented using fuggy logic controller. For energy storage ultra (Super) capacitor has been used for fast rate of charging and discharging. The performance of the implemented UPQC with fuggy logic controller is compared with PI controller with the MATLAB simulation.
Optimal placement of facts devices to reduce power system losses using evolu...nooriasukmaningtyas
Β
The rapid and enormous growths of the power electronics industries have made the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices efficient and viable for utility application to increase power system operation controllability as well as flexibility. This research work presents the application of an evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) approach to optimize the location and size of three main types of FACTS devices in order to minimize the power system losses as well as improving the network voltage profile. The utilized system has been reactively loaded beginning from the base to 150% and the system performance is analyzed with and without FACTS devices in order to confirm its importance within the power system. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static var compensator (SVC) are used in this research work to monitor the active and reactive power of the carried out system. The adopted algorithm has been examined on IEEE 30-bus test system. The obtained research findings are given with appropriate discussion and considered as quite encouraging that will be valuable in electrical grid restructuring.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
Β
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Investigate the maximum power point of photovoltaic system at different envi...IJECEIAES
Β
The main objective of this work is to implement a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell in order to investigate the electrical behavior of the practical cell with respect to some changes in weather parameters. The simulation model consists of three subsystems: photovoltaic cells, DC/DC converter and MPPT controller based logic fuzzy control. The maximum power control function is achieved with the appropriate power control of the power inverter. Fuzzy logic controller has been used to perform MPPT functions to get maximum power from the PV panel. The proposed circuit was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The obtained results show that the output sequence is non-linear and almost constant current to the open circuit voltage and the power has maximum motion to voltage for certain environmental conditions.
Optimal inverter-based distributed generation in ULP Way Halim considering ha...IJECEIAES
Β
Integration of distributed generation (DG) based on the use of new renewable energy is considered to be able to increase the capability of the electric power distribution system. However, the use of inverter-based DG is not optimal, it can worsen the condition of the system, especially in terms of the spread of harmonic distortion which can damage the equipment. This is due to the inverter-based DG technology, apart from supplying electrical energy, DG also injects harmonic currents from existing semiconductor components. This research discusses optimization placement of inverter-based DG using the multi objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method which was tested on the Unit Layanan Pelaksana (ULP) Way Halim 88-bus radial distribution system based on MALTAB 2020b to increase the efficiency of the electrical system by reducing losses and %THDv. The inverter-based DG placed on 24 bus points with a capacity of 690 kW can reduce losses by up to 12.74 kW or 14.96% and all %THDv values for each bus are below 5%.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Β
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Machine learning for prediction models to mitigate the voltage deviation in ...IJECEIAES
Β
The voltage deviation is one of the most crucial power quality issues that occur in electrical power systems. Renewable energy plays a vital role in electrical distribution networks due to the high economic returns. However, the presence of photovoltaic systems changes the nature of the energy flow in the grid and causes many problems such as voltage deviation. In this work, several predictive models are examined for voltage regulation in the Jordanian Sabha distribution network equipped with photovoltaic farms. The augmented grey wolf optimizer is used to train the different predictive models. To evaluate the performance of models, a value of one for regression factor and a low value for root mean square error, mean square error, and mean absolute error are used as standards. In addition, a comparison between nineteen predictive models has been made. The results have proved the capability of linear regression and the gaussian process to restore the bus voltages in the distribution network accurately and quickly and to solve the shortening in the voltage dynamic response caused by the iterative nature of the heuristic algorithm.
Design & Simulation of Energy Storage Unified Power Quality Conditioner (EUPQ...IJERA Editor
Β
Rapid consumption of energy from conventional sources can be limited by connecting more no. of distributed generation systems with the support of smart grid technology. But the impact of variation in DG power out putted may lead to power quality problems in the distributed system in which it is connected. In addition to this power system faults, non- linear loads and non-linear characteristics of converter circuits used in DG s further deteriorate quality of the power. Implementation of UPQC in the network itself solves the problems addressed but crowding of more no of DG in the network will suppress the effect of UPQC. However energy storage system integration can suppress the large power fluctuations outputted by DGs. In this paper energy storage based unified power quality conditioner (EUPQC) has been implemented using fuggy logic controller. For energy storage ultra (Super) capacitor has been used for fast rate of charging and discharging. The performance of the implemented UPQC with fuggy logic controller is compared with PI controller with the MATLAB simulation.
Optimal placement of facts devices to reduce power system losses using evolu...nooriasukmaningtyas
Β
The rapid and enormous growths of the power electronics industries have made the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices efficient and viable for utility application to increase power system operation controllability as well as flexibility. This research work presents the application of an evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) approach to optimize the location and size of three main types of FACTS devices in order to minimize the power system losses as well as improving the network voltage profile. The utilized system has been reactively loaded beginning from the base to 150% and the system performance is analyzed with and without FACTS devices in order to confirm its importance within the power system. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static var compensator (SVC) are used in this research work to monitor the active and reactive power of the carried out system. The adopted algorithm has been examined on IEEE 30-bus test system. The obtained research findings are given with appropriate discussion and considered as quite encouraging that will be valuable in electrical grid restructuring.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
Β
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Investigate the maximum power point of photovoltaic system at different envi...IJECEIAES
Β
The main objective of this work is to implement a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell in order to investigate the electrical behavior of the practical cell with respect to some changes in weather parameters. The simulation model consists of three subsystems: photovoltaic cells, DC/DC converter and MPPT controller based logic fuzzy control. The maximum power control function is achieved with the appropriate power control of the power inverter. Fuzzy logic controller has been used to perform MPPT functions to get maximum power from the PV panel. The proposed circuit was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The obtained results show that the output sequence is non-linear and almost constant current to the open circuit voltage and the power has maximum motion to voltage for certain environmental conditions.
Simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations using a novel ...IJECEIAES
Β
Power loss and voltage magnitude fluctuations are two major issues in distribution networks that have drawn a lot of attention. Combining two of the numerous strategies for solving these problems and dealing with them simultaneously to get more effective outcomes is essential. Therefore, this study hybridizes the network reconfiguration and capacitor allocation strategies, proposing a novel dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) to solve the optimization problems. The optimization problems for simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations were formulated and solved using a novel DOA. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DOAβs results were contrasted with those of the other optimization techniques. The methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-bus network and implemented in the MATLAB program. The results demonstrated that the best network reconfiguration was accomplished with switches 7, 11, 17, 27, and 34 open, and buses 8, 29, and 30 were the best places for capacitors with ideal sizes of 512, 714, and 495 kVAr, respectively. The network voltage profile was significantly improved as the least voltage at bus 18 was increased to 0.9530 p.u. Furthermore, the overall real power loss was significantly mitigated by 48.87%, which, when compared to the results of other methods, was superior.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
Β
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the βStandard Perturbs and Observeβ technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
Β
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based...IJECEIAES
Β
Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the NewtonβRaphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile. Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the renewable energy sources-based microgrid.
Improvement of voltage profile for large scale power system using soft comput...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Β
In modern power system operation, control, and planning, reactive power as part of power system component is very important in order to supply electrical load such as an electric motor. However, the reactive current that flows from the generator to load demand can cause voltage drop and active power loss. Hence, it is essential to install a compensating device such as a shunt capacitor close to the load bus to improve the voltage profile and decrease the total power loss of transmission line system. This paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and artificial bee colony (ABC)) to obtain the optimal size of the shunt capacitor where those capacitors are located on the critical bus. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is examined by utilizing Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) 500 kV power system grid as the test system. From the simulation results, the PSO and ABC algorithms are providing satisfactory results in obtaining the capacitor size and can reduce the total power loss of around 15.873 MW. Moreover, a different result is showed by the GA approach where the power loss in the JAMALI 500kV power grid can be compressed only up to 15.54 MW or 11.38% from the power system operation without a shunt capacitor. The three soft computing techniques could also maintain the voltage profile within 1.05 p.u and 0.95 p.u.
This paper presents a proposal to keep the conventional railway system, by creating a secure external independent hydrogen station, with the integration of a parallel hybrid filter to isolate the propagation of harmonics, and the reduction of the current ripple. In modern applicactions hydrogen stations are one of the most important sources of sustainable energy; this has been considered one of the most significant sources of energy, as it has no pollution output. Most current research proposes to integrate the fuel cell into the railway, and this will make it face higher risks such as accidents and vibrations as well as the approach of the storage a system to different people. We research any aspect of the proposed method and we demonstrate the ffect of shunt hybrid filter (SHPF) uses in stopping the propagation of the harmonics to the hydrogen side.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Β
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index TermsβActive power filter
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
Β
Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emc model for modern power electronic systems for harmonics, losses & emi...eSAT Journals
Β
Abstract
Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the
beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good
communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses,
EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we
design a power converter, filter. In this paper the EMC model is discussed which should be considered while designing the power
electronics systems. The design considerations in this paper help us to remove losses, harmonics & EMI elimination and power
quality improvement of Power systems.
Index Terms: Converter, EMI, EMC, Filter, Harmonics
Optimizing location and size of capacitors for power loss reduction in radial...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Β
Power radial distribution systems are increasingly more and more important in transmitting the electric energy from power plants to customers. However, total loss in lines are very high. This issue can be solved by allocating capacitor banks. Determining the suitable allocation and optimal sizing of capacitor banks needs an efficient approach. In this study, the diffusion and update techniques-based algorithm (DUTA) is proposed for such reason. The efficiency of DUTA is inspected on two distribution systems consisting of 15-bus and 33-bus systems with different study cases. The solutions attained by DUTA are competed with recently published methods. As a consequence, the method is more effective than the other methods in terms of the quality of solution.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Β
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
Β
The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and itβs conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords β exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Β
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
Β
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations using a novel ...IJECEIAES
Β
Power loss and voltage magnitude fluctuations are two major issues in distribution networks that have drawn a lot of attention. Combining two of the numerous strategies for solving these problems and dealing with them simultaneously to get more effective outcomes is essential. Therefore, this study hybridizes the network reconfiguration and capacitor allocation strategies, proposing a novel dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) to solve the optimization problems. The optimization problems for simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations were formulated and solved using a novel DOA. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DOAβs results were contrasted with those of the other optimization techniques. The methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-bus network and implemented in the MATLAB program. The results demonstrated that the best network reconfiguration was accomplished with switches 7, 11, 17, 27, and 34 open, and buses 8, 29, and 30 were the best places for capacitors with ideal sizes of 512, 714, and 495 kVAr, respectively. The network voltage profile was significantly improved as the least voltage at bus 18 was increased to 0.9530 p.u. Furthermore, the overall real power loss was significantly mitigated by 48.87%, which, when compared to the results of other methods, was superior.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
Β
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the βStandard Perturbs and Observeβ technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
Β
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based...IJECEIAES
Β
Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the NewtonβRaphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile. Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the renewable energy sources-based microgrid.
Improvement of voltage profile for large scale power system using soft comput...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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In modern power system operation, control, and planning, reactive power as part of power system component is very important in order to supply electrical load such as an electric motor. However, the reactive current that flows from the generator to load demand can cause voltage drop and active power loss. Hence, it is essential to install a compensating device such as a shunt capacitor close to the load bus to improve the voltage profile and decrease the total power loss of transmission line system. This paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and artificial bee colony (ABC)) to obtain the optimal size of the shunt capacitor where those capacitors are located on the critical bus. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is examined by utilizing Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) 500 kV power system grid as the test system. From the simulation results, the PSO and ABC algorithms are providing satisfactory results in obtaining the capacitor size and can reduce the total power loss of around 15.873 MW. Moreover, a different result is showed by the GA approach where the power loss in the JAMALI 500kV power grid can be compressed only up to 15.54 MW or 11.38% from the power system operation without a shunt capacitor. The three soft computing techniques could also maintain the voltage profile within 1.05 p.u and 0.95 p.u.
This paper presents a proposal to keep the conventional railway system, by creating a secure external independent hydrogen station, with the integration of a parallel hybrid filter to isolate the propagation of harmonics, and the reduction of the current ripple. In modern applicactions hydrogen stations are one of the most important sources of sustainable energy; this has been considered one of the most significant sources of energy, as it has no pollution output. Most current research proposes to integrate the fuel cell into the railway, and this will make it face higher risks such as accidents and vibrations as well as the approach of the storage a system to different people. We research any aspect of the proposed method and we demonstrate the ffect of shunt hybrid filter (SHPF) uses in stopping the propagation of the harmonics to the hydrogen side.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
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Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index TermsβActive power filter
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
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Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emc model for modern power electronic systems for harmonics, losses & emi...eSAT Journals
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Abstract
Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the
beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good
communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses,
EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we
design a power converter, filter. In this paper the EMC model is discussed which should be considered while designing the power
electronics systems. The design considerations in this paper help us to remove losses, harmonics & EMI elimination and power
quality improvement of Power systems.
Index Terms: Converter, EMI, EMC, Filter, Harmonics
Optimizing location and size of capacitors for power loss reduction in radial...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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Power radial distribution systems are increasingly more and more important in transmitting the electric energy from power plants to customers. However, total loss in lines are very high. This issue can be solved by allocating capacitor banks. Determining the suitable allocation and optimal sizing of capacitor banks needs an efficient approach. In this study, the diffusion and update techniques-based algorithm (DUTA) is proposed for such reason. The efficiency of DUTA is inspected on two distribution systems consisting of 15-bus and 33-bus systems with different study cases. The solutions attained by DUTA are competed with recently published methods. As a consequence, the method is more effective than the other methods in terms of the quality of solution.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
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Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Abstract:Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average till 2035. Renewables are the fastest growing source of new electricity generation. Indian Solar PV Market enjoys its Place in the solar applications following the Infusion of tracking requirements. This paper focuses on the comparative study of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. It has been analysed with different MPPT methods following the same goal of maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. In this paper maximum power point tracking techniques are reviewed on basis of simplicity, convergence speed, digital or analogical implementation, sensors required, cost, range of effectiveness, and in other aspects.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
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The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and itβs conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords β exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
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Similar to Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with reconfiguration in distribution systems for power quality improvement (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
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Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
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The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
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Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
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Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
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One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
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Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
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Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
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A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances studentsβ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
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Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
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Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
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Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
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This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
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Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
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The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
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In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
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Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
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Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
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Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Fuzzy logic method-based stress detector with blood pressure and body tempera...IJECEIAES
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In this study, using the fuzzy logic method, a stress detection tool was created with body temperature and blood pressure parameters as indicators to determine a person's stress level. This tool uses the LM35DZ sensor to detect body temperature, the MPX5100GP sensor to read blood pressure values, and Arduino Uno as a data processor from sensor readings which are then calculated using the fuzzy logic method as a stress level decisionmaker. The resulting output measures blood pressure, body temperature, and the stress level experienced by a person, which will be displayed on the liquid crystal display. Based on the results of testing the body temperature parameter, the highest error generated was 1.17%, and for the blood pressure parameter, the highest error was 2.5% for systole and 0.93% for diastole. Furthermore, testing the stress level displayed on the tool is compared to the depression, anxiety, and stress scales 42 (DASS 42), a psychological stress measuring instrument. From the results of testing the tool with the questionnaire, the average conformity level is 74%.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with reconfiguration in distribution systems for power quality improvement
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023, pp. 28~38
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp28-38 ο² 28
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Determination of location and capacity of distributed
generations with reconfiguration in distribution systems for
power quality improvement
Ontoseno Penangsang1
, Muhammad Daffa Cahyonoputra1
, Dimas Fajar Uman Putra1
,
Muhira Dzar Faraby2
, Sofyan Sofyan2
, Akhyar Muchtar3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang, Makassar, Indonesia
3
Departement of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Dec 10, 2021
Revised Sep 14, 2022
Accepted Sep 29, 2022
The use of non-linear loads and the integration of renewable energy in
electricity network can cause power quality problems, especially harmonic
distortion. It is a challenge in the operation and design of the radial
distribution system. This can happen because harmonics that exceed the
limit can cause interference to equipment and systems. This study will
discuss the determination of the optimal location and capacity of distributed
generation (DG) and network reconfiguration in the radial distribution
system to improve the quality of electric power, especially the suppression
of harmonic distribution. This study combines the optimal location and
capacity of DG and network reconfiguration using the particle swarm
optimization method. In addition, this research method is implemented in the
distribution system of Bandar Lampung City by considering the effect of
using nonlinear loads to improve power quality, especially harmonic
distortion. The inverter-based DG type used considers the value of harmonic
source when placed. The combination of the proposed methods provides an
optimal solution. Increased efficiency in reducing power losses up to
81.17% and %total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) is below the
allowable limit.
Keywords:
Distributed generation
Harmonic distortion
Particle swarm optimization
Power quality
Reconfiguration network
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ontoseno Penangsang
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut
Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
ITS Highway, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60117, Indonesia
Email: Ontosenop@ee.its.ac.id
NOMENCLATURE
ACO = Ant colony optimization [π0] = The initial vector of the bus voltage
DG = Distributed generation πΌπ
π+1
= The current of bus I in iteration k+1
DHA = Direct harmony analysis Ξ΅ = The tolerance specified
FBS = Forward backward sweep method ππΏππ π = Total active power losses
GA = Genetic algorithm ππΏππ π π
(1)
= Fundamental active power losses
HLF = Harmonic load flow h = Harmonic order
ITLO = Improved teaching learning optimization [π(β)] = The voltage of harmonic
PSO = Particle swarm optimization ππΏππ π π
(β)
= Harmonic component active power losses
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ο²
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with β¦ (Ontoseno Penangsang)
29
βπππ₯ = The maximum harmonic orders ππππ = The minimum standard voltage bus
β0 = The minimum harmonic ordersππ,π π
πππ π = The rms voltage in bus i
ππ,π = Absolute voltage on fundamental frequency π
πππ₯ = The maximum standard voltage bus
πππ»π·,π = Total harmonic distortion voltage ππ·πΊ = Active power output of DG
βπ = Voltage deviation ππ·πΊ = Reactive power output of DG
π1π1 = Swing bus voltage ππΏπππ = Active power output of load
ππππ = Voltage bus on each bus ππΏπππ = Reactive power output of load
SFLA = Shuffle frog leaping algorithm HSA = Harmony search algorithm
THDv = Total harmonic distortion voltage ULP = Unit layanan pelaksana (technical
implementation unit)
1. INTRODUCTION
The development of technology to support life and the increase in the human population has led to
an increase in the consumption of electrical energy. This force changes to the electrical grid system. The
transition from fossil fuel power plants to renewable energy will occur along with technological
developments and human concerns about environmental damage caused by the use of conventional power
plants [1]. The integration of renewable energy generation in the distribution network system called DG is
experiencing very rapid development at this time [2]. Challenges in the integration process in distribution
systems with renewable energy plants are power quality problems that can cause voltage fluctuations and
harmonics caused by the use of nonlinear loads and power electronics devices in renewable energy plants [3].
The spread of harmonics in the system can result in increased frequency and system voltage, equipment
damage, heat losses, and resonance in the capacitor bank [4]β[6]. The use of the FBS method and HLF
method reviews and analyzes the distribution of harmonics due to the use of nonlinear loads on a radial
distribution system both at the fundamental frequency to the harmonic orders of the frequency [7]β[13].
In the distribution system, the implementation of DG is one of the breakthroughs that is able to
maintain and improve the quality of electrical power in the radial distribution system [14], [15]. However, if
the DG installation is carried out with a size and location that is not optimal, it can cause increased power
losses, decreased quality of electrical power, and stability problems in the system [16], [17]. Network
reconfiguration consists of changing the distribution network topology by operating tie switches and
sectional switches to achieve a more optimal configuration while maintaining the radial topology after the
reconfiguration process. This optimization technique aims to reduce power losses and improve the quality of
electrical power in the distribution network [18]β[23].
The distribution system should control good power quality to the system with complex demanding
conditions must be maintained according to the increase in the existing load. Moreover, the use of
semiconductor equipment or switching processes is increasing rapidly due to high efficiency and ease of
operation and control [24]. The combination of several optimization techniques is considered capable of
providing better results in improving power quality. The combination of simultaneous placement of DG and
capacitors optimized using the GA, PSO and ITLO methods [25], [26], the placement of capacitors with
simultaneous net reconfiguration optimized using the ACO, HSA, PSO, refined-GA and DHA methods [27],
[28]. The combination of placing DG and capacitors with network reconfiguration on IEEE 33-bus and IEEE
69-bus radial distribution systems optimized using GA, PSO and H-PSO method gives better results in
suppressing the spread of harmonics, but the harmonic sources of the placement DG is not considered [14],
[29]β[32].
Optimization methods based on artificial intelligence in solving combinatoric problems provide the
best solution with faster computation time. Optimization techniques such as DG placement, capacitor
placement dan network reconfiguration is still being studied in this decade in improving the performance of
radial distribution systems. The combination of these optimization techniques contributes in finding the
objective function to be achieved using artificial intelligence-based methods [1]β[32]. PSO is one of the
optimization methods based on artificial intelligence which is considered capable of providing solutions in
solving problems from the search for proposed optimization technique [33], [34]. This research will combine
the design of DG based on renewable energy with network reconfiguration in finding multi objective
function are minimum total active power losses, minimum %THDv and minimum voltage deviation validated
using the Bandar Lampung City radial distribution system by considering the use of nonlinear load and
harmonic source from renewable energy-based DG in improving power quality related to the spread of
harmonic distortion. This paper is organized as: section 2 is research method that is divided into four parts:
first is n modelling ULP. Way Halim distribution system of Bandar Lampung City, second is harmonic
source, third is optimal with PSO, fourth is integration DG in distribution system, fifth is objective function,
sixth is constrain and last is study case. In section 3 presents the simulations result and discussion. In section
4 shows the conclusion.
3. ο² ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023: 28-38
30
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Modelling ULP Way Halim 20 kV distribution system of Bandar Lampung City
The distribution system of Bandar Lampung City ULP Way Halim uses 4 feeders from 2
substations. The feeders are the Rolex feeder (purple), the Bonia feeder (green) and the Bulova feeder (blue)
at the Sukarame substation and Perunggu feeder (brown) at the Sutami substation on Figure 1. The selection
of the feeder was chosen because it has a close distance, there is a tie switch or it is possible to install a tie
switch and connect to each other.
Figure 1. Electricity maps of 4 feeders ULP Way Halim [35]
The ULP Way Halim system has 88 buses and 4 feeders in Figure 2 with a total electrical power
requirement of 17400.35 ππππ‘π‘ + π10783.73 πππ΄π. The characteristics of the feeders in this system are
scattered and complex, so modelling is needed to determine the number of dimensions in the search space
when the simulation is carried out. In centralized load modelling, ramdomly distributed loads can be
considered as scattered mass point. The modelling of load does not take into account the randomness of the
loads location and the irregularity of the load capacity [36]. Centralized load modelling aims to simplify
systems with multiple nodes. Centralized load modelling can make it easier to solve problems in the
distribution system [37].
2.2. Network reconfiguration technique modelling
In ULP Way Halim Bandar Lampung City system, there are seven search loops based on the
determination of tie switches to be reconfigured. The combination of existing switches is used to determine
the search space in the optimization process. From the search of PSO the loop that has been determined, the
channel will open on the selected the sectional switch so that a new channel can be connected through a
closed the tie switches. The loop data on the system is shown in Table 1.
2.3. Harmonic source
This study uses two types of harmonic source, namely nonlinear load of variable frequency drive
(VFD) and inverter-based DG. VFD will be injected into bus 2, 5, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 31, 32, 37, 42,
44, 51, 53, 54, 57, 60, 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 73, 80, 83, 86, 87, and 88 and inverter-based DG which will be
injected into bus 3, 8, 23, 25, 38, 43, 68, 77 and 84 each with a size of 45 kWatt. The value of the injection of
harmonic currents from the two types of harmonic sources is shown in Table 2.
Rolex feeder
Bonia feeder
Perunggu feeder
Bulova feeder
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ο²
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with β¦ (Ontoseno Penangsang)
31
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
16
17
18
13
14
LBSM WH 885
(Open)
LBS M/M K 87 B
(Open)
LBSM K 394
(Open)
P. Rolex
P. Bulova
P. Bonia
P. Bulova
19
20
21
22
23
26
28
29
30
31
33
GI Sukarame
P. Bulova
LBSM WH 885
(Open)
LBSM K 394
(Open)
P. rolex
P. rolex
LBS M/M
Karimun (Open)
P. Bonia
LBSM K 275
(Open)
LBS M/S K 560
(Open)
P. Perunggu
27
24
25
34
36
37
35
38
32
1
40
41 42
43
44
46
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
64
63
LBSM M/M K 87
(Open)
LBSM M/S
Karimun (Open)
LBSM WH 994
(Open)
P. Bonia
P. Rolex
P. Bulova
P. Perunggu
39
GI Sutami
P. Perunggu
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
80
79
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
LBSM WH 994
(Open)
P. Bonia
LBS M/S K 560
(Open)
P. Bulova
65
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
S15
S11 S12
S14
S16
S17
S88
S13
S89
S18
S19
S20
S21
S22
S23
S24
S33
S25
S26
S27
S28
S29
S90
S30
S31
S32
S91
S34
S35
S36
S37
S38
S39
S40 S41
S42
S43
S44
S45
S46
S47
S48
S49
S51
S50
S52
S53
S54
S55
S56
S57
S58
S59
S60
S61
S63
S62
S92
S93
S64 S69
S65
S67
S66
S68
S75
S87
S70
S71
S72
S73
S74
S76
S77
S78
S79
S80
S81
S82
S83
S84
S85
S86
Figure 2. Single line diagram ULP Way Halim Bandar Lampung City
Table 1. Loop data of reconfiguration network
Loop Reconfiguration Sectional Switch Tie Switch
1 S1, S6, S7, S8, S9 S87
2 S16, S17, S19, S20, S22 S88
3 S25, S27, S28, S45, S46, S47 S89
4 S23, S24, S33, S34, S37, S29, S30 S90
5 S10, S11, S14, S42, S43, S44 S91
6 S32, S75 S92
7 S48, S49, S50, S80, S81, S82, S83 S93
Table 2. The value of harmonic source [38], [39]
Types of Harmonic Load VFD Inverter-based DG
Orde Magnitude (%) Angle Magnitude (%) Angle
5th
98 140 15 -20.74
7th
39.86 113 10 -30.85
11th
18.95 -158 5 65.54
13th
8.79 -178 3 42.62
17th
2.5 -94 0 0
2.4. Optimal with particle swarm optimization
The steps for implementing the PSO algorithm are: i) initiating a population of particles with
random position and velocity in a search dimension space; ii) evaluating the value of fitness function in the
variable π for each particle; iii) comparing the value of the fitness function of particle with ππππ π‘. If the
existing value is better than ππππ π‘, ππππ π‘ = ππ; iv) identify the particle with the best result and update the
velocity and position of the particle; and v) the searching for the fitness value will stop when the best value is
obtained at the maximum iteration. Parameter of PSO used is the population=100, iteration=100, π=1, π=1,
π=1, π1=1 and c2=1. In this study, the sizing π, π, and c is made equivalent in finding multi objective
function on the constrain determined. The flowchat of the optimization process using PSO method can be
seen in Figure 3.
5. ο² ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023: 28-38
32
Start
Stop
ULP.Way Halim Bandar Lampung City Data
Generate initial population
Implement Planning According to the Scenario
DG Placement and Network Reconfiguration
Run
Forward/Backward Sweep
Harmonic Load Flow
Constrain ?
Calculate Objective Function
Run PSO-Method
Generate New Population
Convergen ?
Yes
No
No
Yes
Figure 3. Flowchart of PSO method
The stages of the optimization process using the PSO method in all scenarios are line impedance
data, load data, single line diagram from ULP. Way Halim Bandar Lampung City was entered which then the
initial population from the PSO search was generated for the optimization process. The planning
implementation of the proposed optimization technique in all scenarios is continuing by reanalyzing the
harmonic distribution use the FBS and HLF methods. If the predetermined limits are met, then the stage is
continuing with the search for PSOs and generating a new generation. if not, then the step is continuing by
calculating or searching for the predetermined objective function and proceeding to the PSO search process
then generating a new generation. If the system has converged, the process is complete. if the system has not
converged, then return to the implementation stage of the optimization technique that has been proposed for
all scenarios.
2.5. Integration of distributed generation in distribution system
The use of DG can improve the performance in the distribution system, such as a better voltage
profile and reduced electrical power losses [40]. In this research, DG is modelled as a negative PQ load in
Figure 4. In a radial distribution system, power flows from the source bus to the load bus. The direction of
the load current flow is direct because the load can absorb both active and reactive power. However, if the
generator or the power injection on distribution side, the flow direction is opposite to the load. The DG
connection will be expressed as a negative load. The DG equation as a negative load can be expressed as (1).
π + ππ = (ππΏπππ β ππ·πΊ) + π(ππΏπππ β ππ·πΊ) (1)
R + jX
DG
Load
V1 V2
Figure 4. Illustration of DG integration in distribution system
2.6. Objective function
The multi objective function in the form of optimal value is minimum to be achieved in this research
are:
β Minimum total active power losses (β ππππ π )
π(π₯)1 = πππ β ππΏππ π = βππ
π=1 ππΏππ π π
(1)
+ βππ
π=1 ββπππ₯
β=β0
ππΏππ π π
(β)
(2)
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ο²
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with β¦ (Ontoseno Penangsang)
33
β Minimum total harmonic distortion voltage (%ππ»π·π£)
π(π₯)2 = %πππ»π·π£,π =
ππ,π
ππππ ,π
β 100% (3)
β Minimum voltage deviation (βπ)
π(π₯)3 = βπ = |
ππβπ1
π1
| (4)
β The multi objective function is
π(π₯) = ππ(π₯)1 + ππ(π₯)2 + ππ(π₯)3 (5)
2.7. Constrain
The constraints must be met to make the optimization process more selective are:
β Bus voltage limit: the amount of voltage bus that must be kept within operating limit is
ππππ(0.95 ππ’) β€ π
πππ π
β€ π
πππ₯(1.05 ππ’) (6)
β Total harmonic distortion limit: THD on each bus must be kept less than or equal to the level of harmonic
distortion allowed on the system. THD value limits refer to IEEE std 95 standards 9 [41].
ππ»π·π(%) β€ ππ»π·πππ₯ (7)
β The number and capacity of DG: determination of DG capacity the amount of active and reactive power
injected must not exceed the need for active power on the load side. The active power supplied by DG is
in a steady state without intermittent condition from the side of DG or the side of the load.
0 ππππ‘π‘ β€ ππ·πΊ β€ 45 ππππ‘π‘ (8)
β Network topology: the network topology after the network reconfiguration optimization process remains
in a radial condition.
2.8. Study case
To obtain effective result in the search for the objective function on the use of the proposed
optimization techniques, several case scenarios were carried out, namely:
β Scenario 1. Initial condition
β Scenario 2. Network reconfiguration after injection of harmonic source on load bus.
β Scenario 3. Network reconfiguration after injection of harmonic source on load bus and integration of
inverter-based DG.
β Scenario 4. Optimal DG placement after injection of harmonic source on load bus.
β Scenario 5. Optimal DG placement and network reconfiguration simultaneously after injection of
harmonic source on load bus.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The injection of a harmonic source from a nonlinear load and an inverter-based DG generates a
harmonic spread lowering the power quality values tested on the ULP. Way Halim City of Bandar Lampung
radial distribution system. The search result from the use of the Particle Swarm Optimization method on the
optimization techniques proposed in several scenarios are given an effective solution in finding the multi
objective function with the specified limits. The search results of optimization techniques are shown in
Table 3, Figure 5, Figure 6, dan Figure 7.
Table 3 shown the comparison simulation results before and after optimization. In scenario 1,
Increasing in the total value of active power losses after injection of harmonic loads in the form of VFD on
several load buses is 19.89 kW or 32.33% and injection of harmonic source in the form of VFD and inverter-
based DG on several load buses is 23.57 kW or 38.31%. In addition, decreasing in the value of the bus
voltage level, increasing in the value of the voltage deviation bus and the occurrence of harmonic spread that
exceeds the permissible standard with the value of %THDv >5% on several bus loads. In scenario 2 and
7. ο² ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023: 28-38
34
scenario 3, it is shown the effect of network reconfiguration on the injection of harmonic sources from VFD
and inverter-based DG. Efficiency of the system increases with a decrease in total active power losses to
67.69 kWatt or 79.52% in scenario 2 and 67.46 kWatt or 79.22% in scenario 3. In scenario 4, optimizing the
placement of inverter-based DG using the PSO method at 24 load bus points with a total size of 658 kWatt,
the result is an increase in system efficiency by reducing the total active power losses by 8.7 kW or 10.22%.
However, there are some points where the load bus has a %THDv value that exceeds the allowable limit.
Scenario 5 gives the most optimal results compared to other optimization scenarios. The placement of
inverter-based DG at 25 load bus points with a total size of 555 kWatt with simultaneous network
reconfiguration is able to increase system efficiency by reducing total active power losses by 69.34 kWatt or
81.46%, increasing bus voltage level, reducing voltage deviation value and decreasing the value of %THDv.
Table 3. The results before and after optimization
Parameter Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 5
Tie Open - S1, S16, S25, S24,
S10, S32, dan S49
S1, S16, S25, S24,
S10, S32, dan S49
- S1, S16, S25, S24,
S10, S32, dan S49
Total Sizing DG (kWatt) - - 360 658 555
Total ππΏππ π (kWatt) 85.12 17.43 17.66 76.42 15.78
Total ππΏππ π (kVAr) 378.76 81.15 86.51 341.48 73.71
Min Voltage (p.u) 0.98611 0.99557 0.99558 0.9866 0.99581
Max Voltage Deviation
(p.u)
0.01389 0.00443 0.00442 0.01351 0.00419
THD max (%) 5.82272 1.87319 1.60967 5.44959 1.72048
The comparison of voltage level bus before and after optimization shown in Figure 5 improved by
increasing the average voltage level bus. Increasing the average of voltage level bus by 0.33% for scenario 2,
0.34% for scenario 3, 0.009% for scenario 4 and 0.34% for scenario 5. Network reconfiguration technique
provides optimal results from the proposed optimization technique in improving power quality in suppressing
harmonic distortion. It can be seen from increasing the efficiency in reducing the amount of active and
reactive power losses and increasing in voltage levels on each bus in scenarios 2, 3 and 5.
The comparison of %THDv values before and after optimization shown in Figure 6 improved by
decreasing the average %THDv value according to one of the objective functions of the proposed
optimization technique. Decreasing the average value of %THDv by 83.31% for scenario 2, 84.61% for
scenario 3, 4.08% for scenario 4 and 84.42% for scenario 5. The optimization results in scenario 4 in the
form of inverter-based DG placement and size do not show maximum results. Even though there was a
decrease in the value of %ππ»π·π£ on all buses, there were still some buses that had %ππ»π·π£ values outside
the allowed limits. This is also because the inverter-based DG is placed to supply a harmonic source which
can increase the harmonic distortion value in the system. The comparison of voltage deviation bus before and
after optimization shown in Figure 7 improved by decreasing the average voltage deviation bus according to
one of the objective functions of the proposed optimization technique. Decreasing the average voltage
deviation bus by 79.69% for scenario 2, 79.92% for scenario 3, 2.15% for scenario 4 and 80.34% for
scenario 5.
Figure 5. Comparison voltage level bus before and after optimization in each scenario
0.994
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999
1
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 5
Volatge
Level
(pu)
Scenario
Comparison Voltage Level Bus Before and After Optimization
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ο²
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with β¦ (Ontoseno Penangsang)
35
Figure 6. Comparison the value of %THDv before and after optimization in each scenario
Figure 7. Comparison voltage deviation bus before and after optimization in each scenario
4. CONCLUSION
The source of harmonics from nonlinear loads is injected into the load bus and the placement of
inverter-based DG is not optimal in 4 ULP feeders. Way Halim Bandar Lampung City generates harmonics,
increases the THD value, losses, lowers the voltage profile and increases the voltage deviation. The use of
particle swarm optimization method is able to provide optimal solutions in determining the location and
capacity of DG and network reconfiguration which has been tested in several scenarios. There is a decrease
in power loss of 81.17% or 273.12 kW, improve the voltage level of each bus, reduce the value of %THDv
and voltage deviation by activating all tie switches in network reconfiguration techniques and placing DG in
22 locations with a total size of 496.94 kW on scenario 5 shows better result than other scenarios in finding
the objective function with a predetermined limit. It is necessary to develop the use of forward backward
sweep and harmonic load flow methods to analyze the distribution of harmonics in a radial distribution
system so that it can be used in a closed (loop/mesh) distribution system. Further research will add
consideration of other technical aspects of short circuit, protection coordination, the effect of changes in the
shape of electric power flow, and islanding phenomena in finding the objective function of using the
proposed optimization technique.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you very much for Laboratory of Power Simulation System, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember for accommodating this research, PT. PLN (Persero)
UPT Way Halim which has provided data of research and all parties who have contributed in completing this
research.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 5
%
THDv
Scenario
Comparison the Value of % THDv Bus Before and After Optimization
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
0.0045
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 5
Volatge
Deviation
Scenario
Comparison Voltage Deviation Bus Before and After Optimization
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ontoseno Penangsang received the Ir. degree in 1974 from Department of
Electrical Engineering ITS-Surabaya, Indonesia, the M.Sc. in 1976 and Ph.D. degree in 1983
from the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
Currently, he is a lecturer and professor in Electrical Engineering, ITS-Surabaya, Indonesia.
His research interest includes GIS for power system, power quality, power distribution
system, power system optimization, and renewable energy resources. He can be contacted at
email: ontosenop@ee.its.ac.id.
Muhammad Daffa Cahyonoputra received the S.T. degree in 2021 from
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya,
Indonesia. During the university time he was active in the student organization and
contribute as the assistant of Power System Simulation Laboratories for 2 years. He can be
contacted at email: daffacahyonoputra@gmail.com.
Dimas Fajar Uman Putra received the S.T. degree in 2010, M.T. degree in
2012 and the Dr. degree in 2018 from Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute
Technology of Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Indonesia. Now, he is a lecture in Department
of Electrical Engineering, Institut Technology of Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. His research
interest includes stability of power system, power system simulation, power quality and
renewable energy resources. He can be contacted at email: dimasfup@ee.its.ac.id.
11. ο² ISSN: 2088-8708
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38
Muhira Dzar Faraby received the S.T. degree in 2012 and the M.T. degree
from Department of Electrical Engineering University of Hasanuddin Makassar, Indonesia
and the Dr degree in 2021 from Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute Technology
of Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Indonesia. Currently he is a lecture in Department of
Electrical Engineering Polytechnic State of Ujung Pandang Makassar, Indonesia. His
research interest includes power quality, power system optimization, artificial intelligence,
power converter and renewable energy resources. He can be contacted at email:
muhira_faraby@yahoo.com.
Sofyan Sofyan received the S.T. in 2002 and the M.T. in 2010 from Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Hasanuddin Makassar, Indonesia. Now he is a
doctoral student in Department of Electrical Engineering, University Teknology Malaysia.
Currently he is a lecturer in Department of Electrical Engineering Polytechnic State of Ujung
Pandang Makassar, Indonesia. His research interest includes power system operation and
optimization, demand energy response in smart power grid and renewable energy resources.
He can be contacted at email: Sofyantato@poliupg.ac.id.
Akhyar Muchtar received S.Pd. degree in 2008 from Department of Electrical
Engineering Education, University State of Makassar, Indonesia, the M.T. degree from
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hasanuddin. Currently, he is a lecturer
in Department of Electrical Engineering Education, University State of Makassar, Indonesia.
His research interest renewable energy resource, artificial intelligence in power system. He
can be contacted at email: akhyarmuctar@unm.ac.id.