This document discusses animal health and disease. It defines key terms like health, disease, and epidemiology. It describes how diseases impact animal productivity and economics. Diseases are classified by etiology, population, and clinical signs. The epidemiological triangle of host, agent, and environment is explained. Methods of disease transmission and proliferation are outlined. The document also discusses signs of health vs. disease, disease prevention through biosecurity, and provides an in-depth overview of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) as an example disease.
Disease ecology in multi-host systems at wildlife/livestock interfaces: Conce...ILRI
Presented by Caron, A., Gaidet, N., Cappelle, J., Miguel, E., Cornelis, D., Grosbois, V. and De Garine-Wichatitksy, M. at the open seminar to ILRI, Nairobi, 10 June 2015
Disease ecology in multi-host systems at wildlife/livestock interfaces: Conce...ILRI
Presented by Caron, A., Gaidet, N., Cappelle, J., Miguel, E., Cornelis, D., Grosbois, V. and De Garine-Wichatitksy, M. at the open seminar to ILRI, Nairobi, 10 June 2015
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Averting future pandemics: Legal and illegal trade in animals, meat and wildmeatILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace at a webinar on Wildlife trafficking prevention: How can airports support the UN Sustainable Development Goals?, 2 September 2021.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Averting future pandemics: Legal and illegal trade in animals, meat and wildmeatILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace at a webinar on Wildlife trafficking prevention: How can airports support the UN Sustainable Development Goals?, 2 September 2021.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids. The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followed by blisters inside the mouth and near the hoof that may rupture and cause lameness.
FMD has very severe implications for animal farming, since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals comparatively easily through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, and feed, and by domestic and wild predators.Its containment demands considerable efforts in vaccination, strict monitoring, trade restrictions, quarantines, and the culling of both infected and healthy (uninfected) animals.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Controlling diseases to ensure better animal health
1. Conserving Animal Health for a
Better Tomorrow
Deepa Raju Menon
Post-doctoral Research Associate,
Southern Research & Outreach Centre,
University of Minnesota, MN.
2. Overview
Definitions
Animal diseases - impact
Signs of health and disease
Classification of diseases
Disease control and prevention
PRRS
Summary
Conclusion
2
3. Definitions
• Health - a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)
• Epidemiology - is the science that studies the
incidence, distribution, causes and control of
diseases in a population
3
4. What is Disease?
Any disruption of the normal function and
health of an animal that is typically
manifested by distinguishing signs and
symptoms
4
5. Impact of Animal Diseases
• Loss of animal productivity
• Cost of treatment
• Market disruption
• Affecting human health
• Loss of income
• Food insecurity and poor nutrition
5
6. Types of Diseases - Population
• Endemic - farm level - constant presence
• Epidemic or transboundary - highly infectious,
sudden increase, one country
• Pandemic - several countries, newer organism
• Sporadic - infrequent, irregular
• Outbreak - limited area
• Zoonotic - man animal
(Perry et al., 2001)
6
8. Disease is Multifactorial
• Agent (infectious) factors
• Host animal factors
• Environmental factors
– Management
– Feed and water quality
– Ventilation
– Comfort
– Weather
8
9. Disease / Epidemiological Triangle
HOST
ENVIRONMENTPATHOGEN
DISEASE
Resistance, age and immunity
Facilities and management
(Temperature, pH)
Virulence and persistence
9
10. Transmission
• Disease occurs when the host’s defences are
overwhelmed by stressors, malnutrition, or
high levels of infectious agent
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Direct
• Indirect - air borne, fomite, vector
10
11. Factors in Disease Proliferation
• Reservoirs: - where organisms live
• Amplifiers: reservoirs where organisms proliferate
• Vehicles: inanimate objects / materials - fomites
and biologicals
• Vectors: carriers
– Mechanical vectors: biting insects
– Biological vectors: must propagate in the vector
11
12. Ports of Entry and Exit for DiseaseAgents
Source: Epidemiology Concepts for Disease in Animal Groups http://people.vetmed.wsu.edu/jmgay/courses/EpiMod2.htm
12
13. Spectrum of Disease Severity
Source: Epidemiology Concepts for Disease in Animal Groups
http://people.vetmed.wsu.edu/jmgay/courses/EpiMod2.htm 13
14. “Iceberg”Concept-Infections
EXPOSURE WITHOUT INFECTION
INFECTION WITHOUT
CLINICAL ILLNESS
MILD ILLNESS
SEVERE
DISEASE
DEATH
Clinical Disease
Sub Clinical Disease
14
Source: Epidemiology Concepts for Disease in Animal Groups
http://people.vetmed.wsu.edu/jmgay/courses/EpiMod2.htm
15. Signs / Evaluation of Health
• Postures, alertness, activity
• Skin, eyes, nose/ muzzle, mouth
• Appetite, thirst and elimination
• Body temperature, respiration, heartbeat and
pulse
• Body condition, weight and production
• Hematology and biochemistry
15
16. Record Keeping for Assessment
• Feed and water intake
• Occurrence, clinical signs and time of death
• Occurrence of abortions
• Occurrence of mortality and culls
• Lesions at slaughter or post mortem
16
17. Disease Prevention
Susceptible animal
Infected animal
Exposure
Remove infection
Detect and remove or treat
Stop transmission
Direct and indirect
Enhance resistance
Acquired, passive, active or inherent
17
18. Steps to Manage Health Risks
Biosecurity
• Isolation
• Acclimation
• Testing
• Vaccination
• Disinfection
18
19. Why Biosecurity?
• Improved animal welfare
• Improved production, productivity, profit
• Increase value of the herd
• Decreased use of medicines
• Less antibiotic resistance
Prevention is better than cure
19
20. Prevention and Control of Diseases
• Maintain a closed herd
• Isolate, test and treat incoming animals
• Control visitors and motor vehicles
• Avoid contact with wildlife and domestic
species
• Feed and water - free of contamination
20
21. • Truck and foot dips
• Using all-in, all-out flow
• Using shower-in, shower-out
• Keeping facility clean, disinfect
• Fencing, fans and curtains
• Rodent, bird and insect control
SOPs for Biosecurity
21
22. Quarantine
• All incoming stock - quarantined in isolation
• Initial 30-days - any signs of illness
• Another 30-days period - acclimation
• Reputed suppliers
• Retest animals if necessary
22
24. Disinfection
24
• Remove all excess dirt / debris
• Wash with detergent or soap
• Immerse or wet with a disinfectant
• Phenolic-based (Lysol) or quaternary ammonium-
based (Roccal D) are most effective
• Bleach is effective against most viruses and bacteria
but it's inactivated by organic material
27. PRRS - Epidemiology
• Highly contagious
• Reproductive failure in sows
• Respiratory disease in young pigs
• Enters swine herd
• Immunosuppression
• Survives in cold wet conditions
27
28. PRRS - Why a Big Problem
28
Spreads through:
• Milk, colostrum, intrauterine, semen
• Feces, urine, saliva, blood
• Windborne -aerosol up to 6 miles
• Contaminated needles and flies
• Infected hands, boots and protective clothing
29. PRRS - Reproductive Form
• Late gestation abortions
• Stillbirths
• Mummified fetuses
• Weak neonates
• High rate of return to estrus
• Problem may persist and recur for many months
29
30. PRRS - Respiratory Form
• Anorexia
• Fever
• Dyspnea, polypnea, coughing
• Unthriftiness
• High mortality in young pigs
• Low mortality in older pigs
30
33. PRRS - Treatment
• Maintain a closed herd
• Segregate and rear young pigs off site
• Antibiotic therapy
• Depopulate and thoroughly clean weaner unit
• Routine procedures - not done during the acute
phase of the disease
• Serum inoculation of naive gilts
33
34. PRRS - Control
• Difficult, unreliable and frustrating
• Infection of breeding stock results in immunity
• Maternal immunity in piglets from seropositive
sows
• Eradication of the virus
• Create a stable positive system - swine herd lives
with the disease
34
35. PRRS - Challenges
• Highly infectious-only small amount of virus
necessary to infect a herd
• Persistent infection up to 200 days -shedders
• Mutates easily- commercial vaccines less effective
• Simple blood tests cannot differentiate between
field strain and vaccine strain of virus
35
37. References
• Pugh, D. G and Baird, N. (2011). Sheep and Goat Medicine.
2nd ed., Elsevier.
• Mathew, G. J. (2009). Diseases of the Goat. 3rd ed., Wiley-
Blackwell.
• Merck Veterinary Manual 10th Edition (2010). Kahn, C. M.
and Line, S. Eds., Merck.
• Straw, B. E., Zimmerman, J. J., D'Allaire, S., and Taylor, D. J.
(2006). Diseases of swine 9th ed., Blackwell Publishing.
37
38. References
• Biosecurity protocols for the prevention of spread of PRRS virus -- by
Andrea Pitkin, Satoshi Otake and Scott Dee.
https://www.aasv.org/aasv/PRRSV_BiosecurityManual.pdf
• PRRS.org -- the official site for USDA's PRRS Coordinated Agricultural
Project (CAP) research and educational outreach resources.
• Spickler, Anna Rovid. "Title of Factsheet." "Date of Factsheet (Last
Updated)." At http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu /DiseaseInfo/factsheets.php
• Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.
http://navybmr.com/study%20material/CCDM.pdf
• Dohoo, I., martin, W., and Stryhm, H. Veterinary Epidemiological
Research (2005) 2nd ed.
38
40. Conclusion
40
Understanding epidemiology helps us to prepare better to
control and prevent diseases, reduce health hazards and
economic losses, thus ensuring healthier animals for a
better tomorrow.