The document describes key stages in embryonic development of chickens before and during incubation. It outlines the formation and appearance of major organs and structures over the first 21 days of development, including the formation of the heart, legs, wings, beak, egg tooth, feathers, and hardening of scales and claws. By the 20th day, the yolk sac is completely drawn into the body cavity and the embryo occupies most of the egg, and by the 21st day, hatching of the chick occurs.

3. MPORTANT EVENTS IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT BEFORE EGG LAYING FertilizationDivision and growth of living cellsSegregation of cells into groups of special function BETWEEN LAYING AND INCUBATION No growth; stage of inactive embryonic life DURING INCUBATION FIRST DAY: 16 hours - First sign of resemblance to a chick embryo 18 hours - Appearance of alimentary tract 20 hours - Appearance of vertebral column 21 hours - Beginning of formation of nervous system 22 hours - Beginning of formation of head 23 hours - Appearance of blood islands - vitelline circulation 24 hours - Beginning of formation of eye SECOND DAY: 23 hours - Beginning of formation of heart 35 hours - Beginning of formation of ear 42 hours - Heart begins to beat THIRD DAY: 50 hours - Beginning of formation of amnion 60 hours - Beginning of formation of nose 62 hours - Beginning of formation of legs 64 hours - Beginning of formation of wings 70 hours - Beginning of formation of allantois FOURTH DAY: Beginning of formation of tongue

4. FIFTH DAY: Beginning of formation of reproductive organs and differentiation of sex SIXTH DAY: Beginning of formation of beak and eggtooth EIGHTH DAY: Beginning of formation of feathers TENTH DAY: Beginning of hardening of beak THIRTEENTH DAY: Appearance of scales and claws FOURTEENTH DAY: Embryo turns its head toward the blunt end of egg SIXTEENTH DAY: Scales, claws, and beak becoming firm and horny SEVENTEENTH DAY: Beak turns toward air cell NINETEENTH DAY: Yolk sac begins to enter body cavity TWENTIETH DAY: Yolk sac completely drawn into body cavity; embryo occupies practically all the space within the egg except the air cell TWENTY-FIRST DAY: Hatching of chick

6. air cell - a space at the large end of the egg, between the inner and outer shell membranes. albumin - the egg white. It provides protein and water for the embryo and protects it from microorganisms. allantois - a sack that holds some of the embryo's waste. It is attached to the embryo near the legs. amnion - a membrane that surrounds the embryo, protecting it from dehydration (losing water) and shock. eggshell - the hard, protective coating of the egg. It is semi-permeable; it lets gas exchange occur, but keeps other substances from entering the egg. It is made of calcium carbonate. embryo - the developing chick inside the egg. eye - large and prominent on the head. inner shell membrane - the thin membrane located between the outer shell membrane and the albumin. leg - one of the lower limbs of the chick. outer shell membrane - the thin membrane located just inside the shell. tail - located at the far end (the posterior) of the embryo. wing - one of the upper limbs of the chick. yolk - the yellow part of the egg; it contains nourishment (food) for the embryo

21. Egg production of poultry Species Age at sexual maturity Eggs per year (no) Egg size(g) Chicken- egg type 5-6 months 240 50-58 Meat type 5-6 months 150-170 55-58 Turkey 7 months 105 85 Goose 24 15-60 150-200 Duck 7-8 110-175 80 Quail 6 weeks 200-240 10-12 Guinea Fowl 10-12 40-60 40

22. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF EGGS DAILYVITD INTAKE RECOMMEVITB2NDED 1 EGG ENERGY ( CAL) 3000RIBOFLAVIN 90 PROTEIN (g) 70 6.6 FAT(g) 50 5.5 CARBOHYDRATE (g) 570 CALCIUM 0.8 0.03 PHOSPHORUS 0.9 0.12 IRON 12 1.6 VIT-A 5000 600 VIT-D 400 50 VIT-B2 (mg) 1.5 0.095 VIT-C( mg) 75 RIBOFLAVIN (mg) 2.0 0.19 NICOTINIC ACID (MG) 18 0.04

23. Table 12.15. egg composition of various species (without sheil, per 100 (g) basis) Species H2O Protein Liplds Carbohy drates Ash Energy* (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) kcal) Chicken 73.7 12.9 11.5 0.9 1.0 163 Duck 70.4 133 145 0.7 1. 1 191 cook 70.4 I; 9 13.3 1.5 1. 1 185 Guinea 72.8 135 12.0 0.8 0. 9 170 Pigeon 728 13.8 12.0 0.8 0. 9 170 Quails 73.7 13.1 11.1 1.0 1. 1 161 Turkey 726 131 11.8 1.7 0. 8 170 Kcal/OO g edible egg=g proteinx4 63+g lipids ' 9.02 + carbohydrate X 3.87.

25. JUDGING FOR POOR PRODUCTION IN CHICKEN Character Laying hen Non-laying hen 1 . Comb Large, red, full, glossy, warm Small, pale, scaly, cold 2. Wattles and ear Prominent, soft, Inconspicuous,rough, dry lobes smooth 3. Vent Large, dilated, oblong, moist Small,contracted,round,dry 4. Pubic bones Wide apart (usually about 3 Close together (One or fingers) two fingers) 5. Abdominal A depth of 4-5 fingers from A depth of 2-3 fingers only cavity the end of the keel to the pubic bones 6. Handling quality a. Soft and pliable abdomen a. Abdomen not flexible and rubbery b. Pubic bones thin, pliable b. Rigid c. Low subcutaneous fat c. High

26. DISTANCE BETWEEN PUBIC BONES AND KEEL OF A GOOD LAYER (A AND a) AND A BAD LAYER (B AND b). FIG. 12.6.