Louis Pasteur was a French chemist in the 19th century who performed experiments that supported the germ theory of disease, showing that microorganisms in the air cause fermentation and putrefaction. His work led Robert Koch to prove that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogens, establishing the field of microbiology. Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria, discover the microbes that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera, and prove that each disease is caused by a unique microbe, known as Koch's postulates.
Joseph Lister was a British surgeon born in 1827 who introduced antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid spray. He developed these techniques after reading about Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease. Prior to Lister's work, patients often died after surgery from infections. Through the use of antiseptics like carbolic acid, Lister was able to significantly reduce surgical infection rates and save countless lives, establishing him as the father of modern antiseptic surgery. His techniques formed the basis of modern aseptic surgical practices and prevented millions of deaths from surgery.
Robert Koch was a German physician and microbiologist who made groundbreaking contributions to the field of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax bacillus, tuberculosis bacillus, and cholera vibrio, and developed techniques for isolating and growing bacteria in pure cultures. Koch also formulated systematic principles known as Koch's postulates to establish causative relationships between microbes and diseases. During his career, he held professorships at Berlin University and directed the Institute for Infectious Diseases, making important discoveries related to cholera, tuberculosis, and malaria. Koch received many honors for his work, including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology. It discusses early observations of microorganisms using microscopes in the 1600s. It describes debates around spontaneous generation and key experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur in the 1800s. Major developments included establishing microbiology as a science, discoveries of germ theory and specific bacteria causing diseases, advances in vaccination, and the birth of chemotherapy and discovery of antibiotics like penicillin.
Microbiology began with the development of the microscope in the 17th century, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed and documented microorganisms. Over subsequent centuries, scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch used experiments and evidence to prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science. Their work showed that microbes cause infectious diseases and laid the foundation for understanding disease transmission and developing treatments like vaccines and antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming. Today, microbiology has many applications including developing pharmaceuticals, ensuring food and water safety, and industrial uses of microbes in fields like biotechnology.
The document provides a detailed overview of the historical development of bacteriology from the 16th century through the 20th century. Some of the key events and figures discussed include:
(1) Girolamo Fracastoro's early proposal of the germ theory of disease in the 16th century;
(2) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic observations of microorganisms in the 1670s; and
(3) Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1850s-1860s that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease.
History of microbiology,by jitendra pandey,mgm medical clg mumbai,jitendra Pandey
The document discusses the history and development of medical microbiology from early discoveries of microorganisms to modern techniques. It describes how early philosophers and scientists like Lucretius, Fracastoro, and Van Leeuwenhoek first observed and studied microbes. It also summarizes debates around spontaneous generation and how Pasteur and others experimentally disproved this theory. Finally, it outlines major advances like Koch's postulates, development of vaccines and antisera, isolation of disease-causing bacteria, and pioneers in antiseptic surgery.
Louis Pasteur was a French scientist born in 1822 who made groundbreaking discoveries in microbiology and vaccinations. He discovered that microorganisms caused wine and beer to spoil by viewing them under a microscope. He also discovered that heating liquids killed the microorganisms, a process now known as pasteurization. Additionally, Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera and rabies by intentionally weakening pathogens, protecting animals and humans from these deadly diseases. He established research centers called Pasteur Institutes around the world before passing away in 1895, leaving a profound legacy in medical science.
Joseph Lister was a British surgeon born in 1827 who introduced antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid spray. He developed these techniques after reading about Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease. Prior to Lister's work, patients often died after surgery from infections. Through the use of antiseptics like carbolic acid, Lister was able to significantly reduce surgical infection rates and save countless lives, establishing him as the father of modern antiseptic surgery. His techniques formed the basis of modern aseptic surgical practices and prevented millions of deaths from surgery.
Robert Koch was a German physician and microbiologist who made groundbreaking contributions to the field of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax bacillus, tuberculosis bacillus, and cholera vibrio, and developed techniques for isolating and growing bacteria in pure cultures. Koch also formulated systematic principles known as Koch's postulates to establish causative relationships between microbes and diseases. During his career, he held professorships at Berlin University and directed the Institute for Infectious Diseases, making important discoveries related to cholera, tuberculosis, and malaria. Koch received many honors for his work, including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
This document provides an overview of the history of microbiology. It discusses early observations of microorganisms using microscopes in the 1600s. It describes debates around spontaneous generation and key experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur in the 1800s. Major developments included establishing microbiology as a science, discoveries of germ theory and specific bacteria causing diseases, advances in vaccination, and the birth of chemotherapy and discovery of antibiotics like penicillin.
Microbiology began with the development of the microscope in the 17th century, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed and documented microorganisms. Over subsequent centuries, scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch used experiments and evidence to prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science. Their work showed that microbes cause infectious diseases and laid the foundation for understanding disease transmission and developing treatments like vaccines and antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming. Today, microbiology has many applications including developing pharmaceuticals, ensuring food and water safety, and industrial uses of microbes in fields like biotechnology.
The document provides a detailed overview of the historical development of bacteriology from the 16th century through the 20th century. Some of the key events and figures discussed include:
(1) Girolamo Fracastoro's early proposal of the germ theory of disease in the 16th century;
(2) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic observations of microorganisms in the 1670s; and
(3) Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1850s-1860s that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease.
History of microbiology,by jitendra pandey,mgm medical clg mumbai,jitendra Pandey
The document discusses the history and development of medical microbiology from early discoveries of microorganisms to modern techniques. It describes how early philosophers and scientists like Lucretius, Fracastoro, and Van Leeuwenhoek first observed and studied microbes. It also summarizes debates around spontaneous generation and how Pasteur and others experimentally disproved this theory. Finally, it outlines major advances like Koch's postulates, development of vaccines and antisera, isolation of disease-causing bacteria, and pioneers in antiseptic surgery.
Louis Pasteur was a French scientist born in 1822 who made groundbreaking discoveries in microbiology and vaccinations. He discovered that microorganisms caused wine and beer to spoil by viewing them under a microscope. He also discovered that heating liquids killed the microorganisms, a process now known as pasteurization. Additionally, Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera and rabies by intentionally weakening pathogens, protecting animals and humans from these deadly diseases. He established research centers called Pasteur Institutes around the world before passing away in 1895, leaving a profound legacy in medical science.
Louis Pasteur was born on 27th december 1822, in dole, france. He was a soldier in napoleon’s army and his job was a gravedigger. As a child louis loved to paint but the age of 19, he decided to start a scientific career. He studied physics and chemistry and in 1846 he recived a PH.D in CHEMISTRY.He worked as a professor at the university of strasbourg,paris.Louis pasteur is known as the “FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY”
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in Dôle, France to a family that valued patriotism and hard work. He showed a talent for science from a young age and went on to study at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris. There, he made groundbreaking discoveries in crystallization and molecular asymmetry that laid the foundations for the new field of stereochemistry. Later in his career, Pasteur developed vaccines against deadly diseases like anthrax and rabies by growing them in sterile conditions. He also invented the process of pasteurization to prevent spoilage in foods like milk and wine by heating them, vastly improving public health. Pasteur founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where
This document provides a timeline of important developments in the field of microbiology from 1677 to 1995. Some key events and discoveries include Antony Leeuwenhoek first observing microorganisms in 1677 under a microscope, Louis Pasteur disproving the theory of spontaneous generation in 1861, Robert Koch providing the first proof of the germ theory of disease in 1876, and the first microbial genome being sequenced in 1995. The document also discusses the early development of microscopy and some of the pioneers in the field like Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and van Leeuwenhoek. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, such as bacteria, viruses
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and biologist born in 1822. He made groundbreaking discoveries in chemistry and microbiology, including developing the process of pasteurization to prevent spoilage in food and drink. As a professor of chemistry, Pasteur researched the molecular basis of chirality and the role of microorganisms in fermentation and disease. He invented vaccines for rabies and anthrax and made breakthroughs in immunology that reduced mortality from various infectious diseases.
This document summarizes the history of microbiology from its origins in the 17th century to modern times. Key events include Antony van Leeuwenhoek inventing the first microscope in the 1660s, Francesco Redi disproving spontaneous generation through experiments in the 1660s, Louis Pasteur demonstrating that microorganisms cause food spoilage and disproving spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks in the 1860s, and Robert Koch establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s. The field of microbiology arose from these discoveries and gave rise to molecular biology and biotechnology in the 20th century.
This document discusses the history and development of microbiology. It covers key topics such as:
- The early discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
- Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s that disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory.
- Robert Koch's work in the late 1800s isolating specific bacteria that cause diseases and establishing his postulates for proving causation.
- Early pioneers like Edward Jenner and developments like vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and the golden age of microbiology from 1857-1914.
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He had a successful career as a chemist and professor, making several important scientific discoveries around microbiology. Some of his key discoveries included proving that fermentation is caused by microorganisms, discovering that microorganisms can be both aerobic and anaerobic, and developing the process of pasteurization. Late in his career, he developed the first vaccines against rabies and cholera, saving many lives and establishing the field of vaccination. He died in 1895 and was buried at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in England. He showed an early interest and skill in painting and clockmaking. After his father's suicide when Hooke was 13, he moved to London to work for painter Sir Peter Lely. He later attended Westminster School and Oxford University, studying subjects like astronomy, physics, and chemistry. Hooke went on to make numerous contributions to science as the Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society, where he discovered cell structures and formulated Hooke's Law on elasticity. He was also appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College and took on the role of City Surveyor of London after the Great Fire of 1666.
Paracelsus was a controversial 16th century Swiss scientist who challenged accepted medical practices and advocated using chemical treatments. He rejected the traditional teachings of Galen and Hippocrates, and believed disease was caused by chemicals rather than humoral imbalances. As a professor of medicine, Paracelsus used unconventional teaching methods like refusing to wear robes or lecture in Latin. While his ideas were ahead of his time, his abrasive personality limited his influence, though some followers continued developing his use of chemicals in medicine.
1) The National Convention abolished the French monarchy and established a republic, condemning King Louis XVI to death which angered enemies of the revolution at home and abroad.
2) To defend the republic from threats, the Committee of Public Safety established the Reign of Terror, executing over 40,000 people including clergy and nobles.
3) During this time, the Convention also pursued de-Christianization policies and established a new Republican calendar while the Committee of Public Safety took steps to control all aspects of French society.
Slavery had existed in Europe since ancient times and persisted in various forms throughout the Middle Ages. While classical slavery declined in Northern Europe by the 12th century, it remained common in Southern and Eastern Europe. Various forms of slavery, including the buying and selling of slaves as commodities, began to rise again in Europe in the 15th century, driven by the growth of the sugar industry in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions. The Portuguese began trading slaves from Africa to Europe in the 1440s and to the Americas after 1450, establishing the transatlantic slave trade that would grow dramatically over the following centuries.
This document discusses the history of microbiology from its earliest observations in the 1600s to modern discoveries. It describes key early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and discoveries of bacteria. It also summarizes experiments that disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory, including work by Redi, Spallanzani, Pasteur, Koch, Lister, and others. Major topics covered include the first observations of microbes, experiments on fermentation and disease causation, development of antisepsis, vaccines for diseases like smallpox and anthrax, and the first antibiotics.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
Louis Pasteur - Contributions to ScienceDhanya K C
Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist who lived from 1822-1895. He made several groundbreaking discoveries that helped establish the germ theory of disease and vaccinations. Some of his major contributions include discovering that microorganisms cause fermentation and spoilage, developing the process of pasteurization to kill pathogens in food, disproving the theory of spontaneous generation, and developing the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris to produce biological medicines and research microbiology.
1) The Black Death was a plague pandemic that devastated Europe from 1347 to 1351, killing an estimated 30-60% of Europe's population.
2) The plague was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was carried by fleas living on rats. When rats died, fleas sought new hosts in humans, spreading the plague.
3) The consequences of the Black Death were severe - it killed around half of Europe's population and drastically changed societal and economic systems throughout the continent in the aftermath.
The Enlightenment was an 18th century intellectual movement that promoted reason, science, and intellectual interchange over intolerance and religious abuses. Originating in late 17th century Europe, particularly France, it spread to other major cities and influenced philosophy, politics, and society. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Spinoza, and Newton applied rationality to understand nature and criticized the abuse of power, with their ideas later influencing revolutions and constitutions around the world.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period in Europe. It outlines causes of the Scientific Revolution such as trade, universities, and the Renaissance. It then lists important scientists from the era like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. It discusses new attitudes around skepticism and rationalism that developed. It also summarizes major philosophers from this period and their ideas, including Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, and others. Finally, it discusses some of the lasting legacies of the Enlightenment like the development of civil society and an emphasis on individual rights and democracy.
William Bradford was born in England in 1590 and orphaned at a young age. He joined a group of Separatists fleeing religious persecution in England and migrated to Holland in 1608. In 1620, Bradford helped organize the Mayflower expedition to establish a colony in North America. As governor of Plymouth Colony for 30 years, Bradford helped draft the Mayflower Compact and select the site for the new colony. He wrote Of Plymouth Plantation, a firsthand account of the colony considered the primary source of information about the early Plymouth settlement.
The Scientific Revolution saw a shift from medieval views of truth based on religious texts to questioning how the universe worked through observation and experimentation. Key figures included Copernicus who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system with the sun at the center; Kepler who mathematically proved Copernicus' model and formulated laws of planetary motion; and Galileo who used the telescope to observe celestial bodies and support the heliocentric theory through experiments. Newton later established the law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, while the scientific method was developed.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch businessman and scientist considered the father of microbiology. He developed a method for creating powerful lenses and was the first to observe microbes like bacteria and protozoa using single-lens microscopes of his own design. His pioneering microscopic observations were communicated through letters to the Royal Society, establishing microbiology as a scientific discipline and himself as one of the first and most important microscopists.
1) Early Greeks believed in spontaneous generation but Aristotle disagreed, thinking life arose from similar organisms or soil.
2) This concept of spontaneous generation persisted until the 17th century when experiments began to refute it.
3) Landmark experiments in the 19th century by Pasteur and others demonstrated that microorganisms are present everywhere and are responsible for fermentation and disease, establishing the germ theory of disease.
The document provides a history of microbiology from its early discoveries in the 1600s to modern developments. It describes key figures like Robert Hooke, who first observed microorganisms under a microscope in 1665. Later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made many important discoveries about microbes in the 1670s. Scientists like Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur helped disprove the theory of spontaneous generation and establish the germ theory of disease. Robert Koch developed methods to prove specific microbes cause specific diseases. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. Later scientists like Hans Christian Gram and Alexander Fleming also made important advances.
Louis Pasteur was born on 27th december 1822, in dole, france. He was a soldier in napoleon’s army and his job was a gravedigger. As a child louis loved to paint but the age of 19, he decided to start a scientific career. He studied physics and chemistry and in 1846 he recived a PH.D in CHEMISTRY.He worked as a professor at the university of strasbourg,paris.Louis pasteur is known as the “FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY”
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in Dôle, France to a family that valued patriotism and hard work. He showed a talent for science from a young age and went on to study at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris. There, he made groundbreaking discoveries in crystallization and molecular asymmetry that laid the foundations for the new field of stereochemistry. Later in his career, Pasteur developed vaccines against deadly diseases like anthrax and rabies by growing them in sterile conditions. He also invented the process of pasteurization to prevent spoilage in foods like milk and wine by heating them, vastly improving public health. Pasteur founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where
This document provides a timeline of important developments in the field of microbiology from 1677 to 1995. Some key events and discoveries include Antony Leeuwenhoek first observing microorganisms in 1677 under a microscope, Louis Pasteur disproving the theory of spontaneous generation in 1861, Robert Koch providing the first proof of the germ theory of disease in 1876, and the first microbial genome being sequenced in 1995. The document also discusses the early development of microscopy and some of the pioneers in the field like Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and van Leeuwenhoek. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, such as bacteria, viruses
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and biologist born in 1822. He made groundbreaking discoveries in chemistry and microbiology, including developing the process of pasteurization to prevent spoilage in food and drink. As a professor of chemistry, Pasteur researched the molecular basis of chirality and the role of microorganisms in fermentation and disease. He invented vaccines for rabies and anthrax and made breakthroughs in immunology that reduced mortality from various infectious diseases.
This document summarizes the history of microbiology from its origins in the 17th century to modern times. Key events include Antony van Leeuwenhoek inventing the first microscope in the 1660s, Francesco Redi disproving spontaneous generation through experiments in the 1660s, Louis Pasteur demonstrating that microorganisms cause food spoilage and disproving spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks in the 1860s, and Robert Koch establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s. The field of microbiology arose from these discoveries and gave rise to molecular biology and biotechnology in the 20th century.
This document discusses the history and development of microbiology. It covers key topics such as:
- The early discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
- Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s that disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory.
- Robert Koch's work in the late 1800s isolating specific bacteria that cause diseases and establishing his postulates for proving causation.
- Early pioneers like Edward Jenner and developments like vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and the golden age of microbiology from 1857-1914.
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He had a successful career as a chemist and professor, making several important scientific discoveries around microbiology. Some of his key discoveries included proving that fermentation is caused by microorganisms, discovering that microorganisms can be both aerobic and anaerobic, and developing the process of pasteurization. Late in his career, he developed the first vaccines against rabies and cholera, saving many lives and establishing the field of vaccination. He died in 1895 and was buried at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in England. He showed an early interest and skill in painting and clockmaking. After his father's suicide when Hooke was 13, he moved to London to work for painter Sir Peter Lely. He later attended Westminster School and Oxford University, studying subjects like astronomy, physics, and chemistry. Hooke went on to make numerous contributions to science as the Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society, where he discovered cell structures and formulated Hooke's Law on elasticity. He was also appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College and took on the role of City Surveyor of London after the Great Fire of 1666.
Paracelsus was a controversial 16th century Swiss scientist who challenged accepted medical practices and advocated using chemical treatments. He rejected the traditional teachings of Galen and Hippocrates, and believed disease was caused by chemicals rather than humoral imbalances. As a professor of medicine, Paracelsus used unconventional teaching methods like refusing to wear robes or lecture in Latin. While his ideas were ahead of his time, his abrasive personality limited his influence, though some followers continued developing his use of chemicals in medicine.
1) The National Convention abolished the French monarchy and established a republic, condemning King Louis XVI to death which angered enemies of the revolution at home and abroad.
2) To defend the republic from threats, the Committee of Public Safety established the Reign of Terror, executing over 40,000 people including clergy and nobles.
3) During this time, the Convention also pursued de-Christianization policies and established a new Republican calendar while the Committee of Public Safety took steps to control all aspects of French society.
Slavery had existed in Europe since ancient times and persisted in various forms throughout the Middle Ages. While classical slavery declined in Northern Europe by the 12th century, it remained common in Southern and Eastern Europe. Various forms of slavery, including the buying and selling of slaves as commodities, began to rise again in Europe in the 15th century, driven by the growth of the sugar industry in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions. The Portuguese began trading slaves from Africa to Europe in the 1440s and to the Americas after 1450, establishing the transatlantic slave trade that would grow dramatically over the following centuries.
This document discusses the history of microbiology from its earliest observations in the 1600s to modern discoveries. It describes key early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and discoveries of bacteria. It also summarizes experiments that disproved spontaneous generation and established germ theory, including work by Redi, Spallanzani, Pasteur, Koch, Lister, and others. Major topics covered include the first observations of microbes, experiments on fermentation and disease causation, development of antisepsis, vaccines for diseases like smallpox and anthrax, and the first antibiotics.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
Louis Pasteur - Contributions to ScienceDhanya K C
Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist who lived from 1822-1895. He made several groundbreaking discoveries that helped establish the germ theory of disease and vaccinations. Some of his major contributions include discovering that microorganisms cause fermentation and spoilage, developing the process of pasteurization to kill pathogens in food, disproving the theory of spontaneous generation, and developing the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris to produce biological medicines and research microbiology.
1) The Black Death was a plague pandemic that devastated Europe from 1347 to 1351, killing an estimated 30-60% of Europe's population.
2) The plague was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was carried by fleas living on rats. When rats died, fleas sought new hosts in humans, spreading the plague.
3) The consequences of the Black Death were severe - it killed around half of Europe's population and drastically changed societal and economic systems throughout the continent in the aftermath.
The Enlightenment was an 18th century intellectual movement that promoted reason, science, and intellectual interchange over intolerance and religious abuses. Originating in late 17th century Europe, particularly France, it spread to other major cities and influenced philosophy, politics, and society. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Spinoza, and Newton applied rationality to understand nature and criticized the abuse of power, with their ideas later influencing revolutions and constitutions around the world.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period in Europe. It outlines causes of the Scientific Revolution such as trade, universities, and the Renaissance. It then lists important scientists from the era like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. It discusses new attitudes around skepticism and rationalism that developed. It also summarizes major philosophers from this period and their ideas, including Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, and others. Finally, it discusses some of the lasting legacies of the Enlightenment like the development of civil society and an emphasis on individual rights and democracy.
William Bradford was born in England in 1590 and orphaned at a young age. He joined a group of Separatists fleeing religious persecution in England and migrated to Holland in 1608. In 1620, Bradford helped organize the Mayflower expedition to establish a colony in North America. As governor of Plymouth Colony for 30 years, Bradford helped draft the Mayflower Compact and select the site for the new colony. He wrote Of Plymouth Plantation, a firsthand account of the colony considered the primary source of information about the early Plymouth settlement.
The Scientific Revolution saw a shift from medieval views of truth based on religious texts to questioning how the universe worked through observation and experimentation. Key figures included Copernicus who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system with the sun at the center; Kepler who mathematically proved Copernicus' model and formulated laws of planetary motion; and Galileo who used the telescope to observe celestial bodies and support the heliocentric theory through experiments. Newton later established the law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, while the scientific method was developed.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch businessman and scientist considered the father of microbiology. He developed a method for creating powerful lenses and was the first to observe microbes like bacteria and protozoa using single-lens microscopes of his own design. His pioneering microscopic observations were communicated through letters to the Royal Society, establishing microbiology as a scientific discipline and himself as one of the first and most important microscopists.
1) Early Greeks believed in spontaneous generation but Aristotle disagreed, thinking life arose from similar organisms or soil.
2) This concept of spontaneous generation persisted until the 17th century when experiments began to refute it.
3) Landmark experiments in the 19th century by Pasteur and others demonstrated that microorganisms are present everywhere and are responsible for fermentation and disease, establishing the germ theory of disease.
The document provides a history of microbiology from its early discoveries in the 1600s to modern developments. It describes key figures like Robert Hooke, who first observed microorganisms under a microscope in 1665. Later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made many important discoveries about microbes in the 1670s. Scientists like Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur helped disprove the theory of spontaneous generation and establish the germ theory of disease. Robert Koch developed methods to prove specific microbes cause specific diseases. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. Later scientists like Hans Christian Gram and Alexander Fleming also made important advances.
The document summarizes the development of the germ theory of disease. It describes how Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch provided evidence through experiments that specific germs cause specific diseases, rejecting the theories of spontaneous generation and miasma. Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies by growing germs in culture and attenuating their virulence, while Koch isolated the germs that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. Their work established the germ theory and founded the fields of microbiology and epidemiology.
The document discusses the history and development of medical microbiology from its earliest concepts to modern times. It describes key contributions from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microorganisms under a microscope; Louis Pasteur, considered the father of microbiology; Joseph Lister, the father of modern surgery; and Robert Koch, the father of bacteriology. It was during the 1800s that microbiology emerged as a scientific discipline, aided by advances like staining techniques, pure culture isolation, and Koch's postulates for identifying microbes that cause disease. The early 1900s marked the discovery of viruses and antibiotics like penicillin. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific milestones that established microbiology
The golden age of microbiology began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the late 19th century. During this time, a number of disease-causing microbes were discovered, techniques for isolating and characterizing microbes were developed, and the role of immunity in preventing disease was understood. Specifically, Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, established the germ theory of disease, discovered the role of yeast in fermentation, invented the process of pasteurization, and developed vaccines for rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera. Joseph Lister also pioneered antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Key developments in the field include Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observing microorganisms in the 1670s using microscopes. In the late 19th century, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch played major roles in establishing that specific microbes cause infectious diseases. Koch developed techniques for isolating and growing pure cultures of bacteria, and formulated criteria for identifying microbes as pathogens. Advances in microscopy and molecular biology have expanded understanding of microbes and enabled new diagnostic and treatment approaches.
The document provides a history of microbiology from ancient beliefs in spontaneous generation to modern discoveries confirming the germ theory of disease. It describes key early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and van Helmont and experiments by Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation. It also summarizes Robert Koch's experiments demonstrating that specific bacteria cause specific diseases and his postulates for identifying pathogenic microbes. The "Golden Age of Microbiology" from 1857-1914 is highlighted, featuring discoveries like antibiotics, vaccines, and staining techniques.
Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister were 19th century scientists who revolutionized medicine through their discoveries about germs and antisepsis. Pasteur established the germ theory of disease and invented pasteurization, while Lister introduced antisepsis and sterilization techniques to surgery. Their work helped eliminate health risks for patients and transformed medical treatment and outcomes during the Industrial Revolution. Before their contributions, lack of cleanliness in medical settings often led to patient deaths from infection.
Pasteur and Koch were influential scientists who helped prove germ theory and identify pathogens causing diseases like anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. Pasteur, though not a medical doctor, significantly impacted medicine by demonstrating that germs caused diseases like chicken cholera and rabies. Koch built upon Pasteur's work by specifically identifying the microbes responsible for anthrax in 1872 and tuberculosis in 1882. Advances in microscopy and staining techniques supported Koch's medical breakthroughs in identifying pathogens.
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
The bottle filled with a heated infusion and connected with a large spherical bottle and a helical tube. Both were heated and the right tube was closed by melting. The organics remained sterile. Obviously, the germs (molecules or particles) could be destroyed by higher temperature.
Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
Robert Koch was a German scientist in the late 19th century who made breakthroughs in understanding deadly diseases like cholera and tuberculosis. Through careful microscopic study using stains and photography, he discovered that specific microbes caused specific diseases, identifying the bacteria that caused tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883. His scientific evidence that microbes spread disease helped reform public health and prevention efforts, establishing the new field of modern bacteriology.
The document provides a history of microbiology, from early observations of microorganisms in the 1600s-1700s to the foundation of microbiology as a science in the late 1800s. Some key events and discoveries discussed include Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observation of microbes in the 1670s; Louis Pasteur's work confirming the microbe-fermentation connection and developing vaccines; Robert Koch's isolation of bacteria causing specific diseases and formulation of Koch's postulates; and discoveries of various microbes causing diseases such as tuberculosis, anthrax, and rabies. The field has advanced from early work culturing and classifying microorganisms to understanding their roles in causing infectious diseases.
The document discusses the scientific development of microbiology and the contributions of key figures like Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, and Paul Ehrlich. It describes how Pasteur established that fermentation was caused by microbes and developed sterilization techniques. Koch introduced methods for isolating pure bacterial cultures and discovered the anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera pathogens. Lister introduced antiseptic techniques to surgery. Ehrlich applied stains to cells and tissues, discovered that tuberculosis bacteria are acid-fast, and developed the first effective treatment for syphilis called Salvarsan.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were two of the founders of bacteriology. Pasteur developed the process of pasteurization to prevent contamination and disproved spontaneous generation. He also discovered vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and rabies. Koch isolated pure bacterial cultures and invented techniques like the hanging drop method. He discovered the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and proposed Koch's postulates for identifying the microorganisms that cause diseases. Both scientists greatly advanced the germ theory of disease.
Microbiology is the study of organisms that are usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye; it employs techniques—such as sterilization and the use of culture media—that are required to isolate and grow these microorganisms.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that usually require magnification to be seen clearly, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Key developments in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the 1670s, Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s that disproved spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease, and Robert Koch's establishment in the 1880s of criteria for linking specific microbes to specific diseases. The late 19th and early 20th centuries represented the golden age of microbiology, with major advances including the development of pure culture techniques, vaccines, antiseptics, antibiotics like penicillin, and the
Louis Pasteur first proposed the germ theory of disease, which states that microorganisms cause infectious diseases. However, he was unsuccessful in proving this theory. Robert Koch provided the first proof by isolating anthrax bacteria in pure culture apart from other organisms, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Other scientists like Edward Jenner, who discovered vaccination, Martinus Beijerinck, who discovered viruses, and Sergei Winogradsky, who discovered chemolithotrophy and studied nitrogen fixation, also made important contributions to microbiology.
Similar to Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch booklet (20)
1. In the 1700-1900s, there were three main beliefs about what caused illness: miasmas (poisoned air), spontaneous generation (germs appearing from nowhere), and germ theory proposed by Pasteur in 1861.
2. Common treatments included herbal remedies, patent medicines, and some prayer/magic. Aspirin was also invented in the late 1800s.
3. Doctors received more university training, nurses emerged through Florence Nightingale's training schools, and hospitals became more sanitary and efficient under her influence.
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2) Hospitals of the time were small and overcrowded, run by the Catholic Church or charities, and primarily offered prayer and herbal remedies rather than medical care. Most people received treatment at home.
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Hitler consolidated power in Germany between 1933 and 1934, becoming both chancellor and president. He established a one-party Nazi state, suppressed dissent, and increased rearmament in preparation for war. After initial successes in expanding German territory, Germany began to lose ground after 1941 and was eventually invaded and defeated in 1945, with the Nazi party destroyed.
Germany faced many political and economic problems in the years following World War 1. The Treaty of Versailles damaged the German economy and led to unrest. Hyperinflation crippled the country in the early 1920s until Stresemann introduced economic reforms. The later 1920s saw some stability and improvement under the Dawes Plan and Locarno Treaty. However, the Great Depression starting in 1929 caused unemployment to rise drastically and extremist parties gained support. Eventually, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, though Hitler was still in a weak position initially.
1. Public health in the medieval and Renaissance periods was poor, with sewage, water, living conditions, diet, healthcare access, and health education all being dealt with in a haphazard and piecemeal way by individuals and local councils.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch booklet
1. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
For centuries doctors had tried to find out how disease was caused. In the
mid-19th century, many people in Britain still believed in Miasma, the idea that
disease was caused by polluted air. The real breakthrough in understanding the
cause of disease was made not by a doctor, but a chemist called Louis Pasteur.
Who was Louis Pasteur?
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist working as a teacher in a
university. He was asked by a wine company in 1857 to explain
why some wine turned sour whilst it was being made. Pasteur’s
research discovered that there were germs in the air that could
cause liquids to go off.
What did he do next?
Having discovered that ‘bad’ wine had germs in it which could be seen through a
microscope, Pasteur developed a process for killing the germs by boiling the
wine and then cooling it down. He called this process ‘pasteurisation’. Pasteur
then set about proving that the germs came from the air and could therefore be
prevented from entering the liquid in the first place. He demonstrated this by
sealing a quantity of a liquid in an airtight swan necked flask and leaving
another quantity exposed to the air. In 1861, Pasteur published his germ theory
based on his experiments.
In 1864, Pasteur followed up his theory by
discrediting the theory of spontaneous
generation as promoted by Félix Pouchet.
Pouchet was a leading French biologist of the
nineteenth century who was openly
advocating the idea of spontaneous
generation.
Pasteur later used his discovery of germs to
help treat diseases. He knew that the British
doctor Edward Jenner had developed a process of vaccination against the
killer disease, smallpox. Pasteur believed that his germ theory could be used to
explain how vaccination worked. He examined the blood of healthy people and
compared it with the blood of people with various diseases. He observed that
when people were infected with disease their blood contained lots of germs.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 1
2. What new ideas did Pasteur develop?
The process of boiling a liquid to destroy germs is still used today; most dairy
products are pasteurised. Pasteur went on to develop vaccinations for chicken
cholera, diphtheria, anthrax and rabies. However, not all of Pasteur’s ideas
were accepted. He recommended that surgical instruments be boiled before an
operation to kill any germs on them, but most surgeons ignored this advice. This
had to wait until aseptic surgery developed in the late nineteenth century
following Robert Koch’s discovery of the microbe that caused septicaemia in
1878.
How important was Pasteur?
Koch’s
Pasteur’s work was revolutionary in Postulates
suggesting the link between germs and
disease. This led the way for Robert Koch
to later prove this theory and also discover
how each type of germ caused a specific
disease. Koch established the methods
that scientists need to satisfy before a
particular bacteria can be accepted as
causing a specific disease, these are
known as ‘Koch’s postulates’.
Robert Koch (1843–1910) was one of the
greatest bacteriologists who ever lived. A
founder of the science of bacteriology,
Koch devised a procedure in 1876 to
demonstrate that the bacterium Bacillus
anthracis causes anthrax, a disease of
animals that can also be transmitted to
humans. It was the first time that a
particular bacterium was shown to be the
cause of a particular disease. Koch also
discovered the bacteria that caused
tuberculosis in 1882 (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) and cholera in 1883(Vibrio
cholerae). He developed improved methods
for staining bacteria and introduced the use
of gelatin and, later, agar as growing media
for bacterial colonies. Koch extracted anthrax
bacterium from an infected
sheep and injected it into a
mouse and allowed it to grow.
He then extracted the bacterium
from the blood of the mouse and
injected it into another mouse
and repeated the process
through 20 generations of mice
before he was confident he had
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet isolated the bacterium that 2
caused anthrax.
3. The Growth of Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century
Chemistry is the study of material substances. It seeks to explain how interaction
between different substances brings about the formation of new substances.
Chemicals have been used in medicine for thousands of years. The Egyptians,
for example, used natron crystals to mummify the dead and in the Middle Ages,
alchemists searched for the ‘elixir of life’ by extracting chemicals, refining liquids
and mixing potions.
It was not until the 19th century that chemistry was studied as a separate science.
The development in scientific knowledge led to chemists experimenting with
gases and discovering anaesthetics. One of the most significant discoveries was
Louis Pasteur’s identification of germs as the cause of disease in 1861, followed
closely by Robert Koch’s identification of the microbes that caused TB (1882)
and cholera (1883).
The chemical industry started to boom in this period (because of the industrial
revolution) creating new opportunities for scientists. The search for cures that
killed germs and not patients began in earnest with Paul Ehrlich, who worked for
several years with Koch’s team of researchers. He exploited the use of synthetic
dyes for studying microbes and with this method discovered the presence of
antibodies in the blood. He called these antibodies ‘magic bullets’ as they were
able to kill off specific bacteria.
Ehrlich then began to experiment with synthetically
created antibiotics. In 1906 the microbe that causes
syphilis was identified and in 1907 Ehrlich worked
with over 600 chemical compounds that might kill
the syphilis germ. In 1909 Sahachiro Hata, a
member of Ehrlich’s research team, discovered the
compound that did in fact kill the syphilis microbe.
This drug, named Salvarsan 606, used arsenic as
its base compound and seemed to have no adverse
effect on the patient.
Memory time… Paul Ehrlich
• Louis Pasteur made the connection between germs and disease in 1861.
• Robert Koch’s pioneering work with anthrax in 1876 helped to identify the
microbes that caused a specific disease.
• Koch identified the TB microbe in 1882 and cholera in 1883.
• Paul Ehrlich was the first scientist to use chemical dyes to stain microbes
in order to study their structures.
• Salverson 606 in 1909 was the first chemical ‘magic bullet’, it killed the
syphilis germ without harming other parts of the body.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 3
4. Disease & its treatment: Robert Koch and the birth of
Microbiology
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
In the late 19th century two of the most
dangerous killer diseases were cholera and
tuberculosis. Cholera was nicknamed ‘King
Cholera’ because no one seemed to be able
to cure it. Tuberculosis was known as the
‘White Death’ because sufferers vomited up
white matter as their lungs disintegrated. The
man who made a breakthrough in the fight
against these diseases was Robert Koch.
Who was Robert Koch?
Koch was a German scientist, born in Hanover
in 1843. Koch read Louis Pasteur’s work and in
1872 began research into the microbes
affecting diseased animals and people.
What brought him to prominence?
In 1875 Koch began his pioneering research to identify the cause of
anthrax, the methods that he developed subsequently became the
standard method used by all scientists to conclusively prove the accuracy
of their research. This approach is sometimes known as Koch’s
postulates (postulate meaning a requirement or prerequisite). In 1878
Koch discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic, but his big
breakthrough came when he decided to stain microbes with dye, enabling
him to photograph them under a microscope. Using this method he was
able to study them more effectively and prove that every disease was
caused by a different germ. He identified the microbes that caused
tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883.
How did he do this?
Koch’s discoveries were the result of careful research and observation
using the microscope, photography and dyes. As a result of his work, the
German government also set up an ‘Institute of Infectious Diseases’ in
Berlin in 1891 for medical research and development. These
developments set the pattern for the future. In the 20th century medical
research has increasingly involved teams of researchers supported by
large public or private funds.
What did his research result in?
The scientific evidence of microbes helped reformers in public health
prove that pollution spread disease. It meant certain kinds of action could
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 4
5. be taken to prevent certain types of disease, since cholera was carried in
water, for example, its spread could be prevented with clean water
supplies.
What was his legacy?
Koch was responsible for establishing the new ‘Science
of Modem Bacteriology’. By 1900 he and his students
had identified 21 germs causing diseases. Koch’s
assistant, Emil Behring, developed the first anti-toxin
that could help to destroy the poison spread by bacteria
in the blood stream, this was used for the treatment of
diphtheria in 1891.
Koch’s research on bacteria won him the Nobel Prize in
1905. Emil Behring
The Causes of Disease
Key events in the career of Louis Pasteur:
1861 Pasteur published his ‘Germ theory’
1880 Pasteur and Chamberland immunise chickens against cholera
1881 Pasteur successfully inoculated sheep against anthrax
1884 Pasteur developed a rabies vaccine
1888 The French government set up the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Key events in the career of Robert Koch:
1876 Discovered the microbe that caused anthrax
1878 Discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic
1882 Identified the microbe that caused tuberculosis
1883 Identified the germ that caused cholera
1891 The German government set up the Institute for Infectious
Diseases in Berlin
1905 Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in microbiology
SUMMARY
• Smallpox was a feared epidemic disease in the 18th century.
• Inoculation was introduced into Britain by Lady Mary Wortley
Montague. Though popular, it was risky and did not reduce the toll
from smallpox.
• Jenner saw that cowpox victims became immune from smallpox.
• He vaccinated people with cowpox which made them immune to the
disease.
• Opposition was overcome because vaccination worked, was widely
publicized and had many supporters. Jenner had no idea how or why
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 5
6. vaccination worked, so his work did not lead directly to other
developments.
• In 1850 there were still several different ideas about what caused
disease.
• In 1857 Pasteur was asked by Monsieur Bigo to explain why his
alcohol fermentation had gone bad. His experiments showed that
germs caused decay.
• Pasteur demonstrated that germs caused disease in animals.
• Robert Koch was able to prove that each type of germ caused a
specific disease by his work on anthrax.
• A variety of factors enabled these pioneers to make their discoveries:
o Both Pasteur and Koch built teams of scientists and doctors to help
their developments.
o Individual genius enabled them to recognize opportunities for
progress.
o Development did not happen in isolation. Communications enabled
pioneers to improve upon each other’s discoveries.
o Technological improvements in microscopes, chemical dyes etc.
helped to accelerate the rate of change,
Sulphonamides and the search for magic bullets
Using pages 154-155 in the White book and page 118 in the Blue book plus the
revision booklet produce a memory map that tells the story of the search for
magic bullets in the treatment of disease. Your memory map should include the
following words and phrases:
Paul Ehrlich, Sahachiro Hata, Salvarsan 606, sulphonamides,
Prontosil, Gerhard Domagk, Strepococci, Robert Koch, syphilis,
coal tar, Hildegarde Domagk,side effects, pneumonia, scarlet fever,
meningitis, 1935, electron microscope, 1909.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 6
7. The Microbe hunters
The work of Pasteur and Koch meant that ihe real cause of disease was known
at last. Pasteur’s advice to ‘seek the microbe’ was followed and the new science
of bacteriology was established. ‘Microbe hunters’ became the stars of scientific
research. The chart below lists some of the other microbes (or germs) which
were found.
Year Microbe discovered Name of scientist
1879 Leprosy Hansen
1880 Typhoid Eberth
1882 Diphtheria Klebs
1884 Tetanus Nicholaier
1884 Pneumonia Frankael
1894 Plague Kitasato and Yersin
The discovery of specific microbes led on to the production of vaccines
and, later the pioneering of chemotherapy. The mass killer diseases of
earlier times were steadily being controlled.
Pasteur’s team: Charles Chamberland
Charles Chamberland (left) was one of the
scientists who were attracted to work in
Pasteur’s team and helped to develop the
vaccine for chicken cholera. Often they gave
up more comfortable careers elsewhere to take
part. Others included Emile Roux, who
discovered the diphtheria toxin, Alexander
Yersin, the Swiss scientist, who discovered the
bubonic plague bacillus, and Albert
Calmette, who became director of the Pasteur
Institute in Paris, and, together with Camille
Gurin, found the vaccine for tuberculosis.
Koch’s team: Paul Ehrlich
Ehrlich was born in the town of Strehlen in Silesia, Germany, in
1854. He studied at the University of Leipzig, researching in
chemistry and bacteriology. He worked first as a doctor but,
in 1886, caught
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 7
8. tuberculosis (TB). It took him three years to recover completely. In 1889,
he joined Robert Koch’s research team at the Institute for Infectious
Diseases in Berlin. He helped Emil Behring to find an anti-toxin that
cured diphtheria. From 1899, until his death in 1915, he was the Director
of the Royal Institute of Experimental Therapy in Frankfurt. It was here
that he carried out his research into chemotherapy (the treatment of
disease by chemical drugs). In 1908 he shared the Nobel Prize for
medicine with the Russian bacteriologist EIie Metchnikov.
The Microbe Hunters Chronology 1861-1945
Year Development Individual Significance
1861 Germ Theory Louis Pasteur Research for a local
brewery led him to prove
that the microbes that
cause things to go bad
float about in the air.
1876 Koch proves that Robert Koch Began to study anthrax by
germs cause disease 1876 he had identified the
microbe. Found a way to stain
microbes with dyes so they
could be seen with a
microscope and
photographed. An assistant
developed the Petri dish to
grow microbes in a solid
culture (agar). Koch carried
out careful tests to prove his
theories.
1878 Koch discovered the Robert Koch The microbe was invisible even
microbe that caused with a microscope until Koch
septicaemia (blood worked out a method of using
poisoning) industrial dyes to stain the
microbe.
1882 Discovered the germ Robert Koch
that caused
tuberculosis
1883 Discovered the microbe Robert Koch
that caused cholera
1880-190 The microbes that Various scientists The new science of
0 caused the following in microbiology had begun. The
diseases were Germany, France discoverers of these microbes
discovered: leprosy, and Japan. became well known
typhoid, diphtheria, personalities. Vaccines and
tetanus, pneumonia, later chemotherapy built on
bubonic plague. this work.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 8
9. 1880 Developed a vaccine Pasteur and By giving chickens a weak
for chicken cholera Chamberland dose of the infection it gave
after accidently immunity against developing
injecting chickens with the full symptoms of the
an old and weakened disease. This is the principle of
dose of chicken attentuation. Pasteur called
cholera. the culture ‘vaccine’ as a
tribute to Jenner.
1881 Vaccination against Pasteur These experiments led to
anthrax. development of vaccinations
for use with humans.
1885 First successful use of Pasteur Joseph Meister a 9 year old
the rabies vaccination. boy was injected with the
untested vaccine after being
bitten by a dog.
1891 On Christmas day the Emil von Behring An assistant of Koch.
first child was cured of Developed a serum from the
diphtheria (a highly blood of animals that had
infectious swelling of survived the same infection.
the throat that is often This substance Behring called
fatal in children). an ‘anti-toxin. He was able to
prove it was the toxin that killed
not the germ itself. This built on
the work of other scientists in
both France and Germany.
Other anti-toxin vaccines
followed.
1909 Salvarsan 606 the first Paul Ehrlich and Ehrlich tested over 600 arsenic
of the so called magic Sahachiro Hata compounds unsuccessfully. He
bullets was developed retested them and found 606
to treat syphilis. This worked on syphilis. In 1911 the
was an arsenic first patient with syphilis was
compound derived from treated successfully.
an industrial dye.
1932 A German scientist Gerhard Domagk In 1935 Domagk used
discovered a dye that prontosil to treat his own
could kill the germs of daughter who had contracted
several diseases blood poisoning from an
without harming the infected needle. Prontosil
human body. This red stopped the Streptococcus
dye was called microbe from multiplying and
prontosil. This was the allowed the body’s own
second of the magic defences time to fight the
bullets. infection.
1935 French scientists French scientists Sulphonamides were soon
discovered that the found to cure many infectious
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 9
10. compound in prontosil diseases such as
which acted on the pneumonia, scarlet fever,
germs was one of a tonsillitis and puerperal
group of chemicals fever. However, they had
known as disadvantages, they
sulphonamides sometimes caused damage to
derived from coal tar. the kidneys and liver. They
were also ineffective against
the more virulent microbes.
1928 Fleming accidentally Alexander Fleming Fleming wrote up his findings
discovered the in 1929 but did little more
penicillin mould killing about his discovery. Penicillin
germs on agar in a was the world’s first
culture dish. ‘antibiotic’ that is derived from
living organisms such as fungi
that prevented bacteria from
growing.
1938-194 Florey and Chain Howard Florey and Mass production of penicillin
5 produced small Ernst Chain began in America in 1 941 and
amounts of pure by 1944 sufficient penicillin
penicillin and was available to supply the
successfully tested it on needs of the Allied forces.
mice that had been In 1945, Fleming, Florey and
injected with Chain were jointly awarded the
streptococci. It was Nobel prize for medicine
equally successful
when used on a patient
in 1940.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 10
11. Why were Pasteur and Koch so successful in solving the riddle
of disease?
Find examples of how the following factors helped Pasteur and Koch to be
successful:
Individual genius
Improved technology
Links with industry
Role of chance
The support of governments
Warfare
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 11
12. Improved communications
How did scientists discover cures for disease?
Study Source 8 on page 133 in the SHP text and use this worksheet as a framework to
explain how scientists discovered the first cures for disease.
The problem facing doctors in the middle of the nineteenth century was………….
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Germ theory was developed by Louis Pasteur. He discovered that………………...
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ln the 1870s Koch carefully studied many different bacteria. He……………………
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By the 1880s Pasteur had developed
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Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 12
13. Pasteur and Koch through their work were able to help prevent disease but they
could not cure disease.
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The first cures were developed by Behring and Ehrlich. Behring………………….
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Ehrlich began the real revolution in finding cures for diseases by producing a
chemical compound that destroyed bacteria like a…………………………………..
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Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 13
14. Improvements in Technology
Anthony Leeuwenhoek was a
Dutch clockmaker who in the late
seventeenth century invented
one of the earliest microscopes
with a single lens in. He noticed
that everything he studied
contained tiny organisms which
he called animacules. He
described his findings in papers
he wrote for the Royal Society in
London.
In 1826, a British scientist called Joseph Jackson
Lister developed a microscope that magnified
1,000 times without distortion. It is the basis of the
modern microscope. For the first time red blood
corpuscles could be seen. It was this type of
microscope that Louis Pasteur used.
In the 1860s Carl Zeiss
in Germany started to
make microscopes with
wider lens which allowed
greater magnification without distortion. These
improved microscopes were used by Robert
Koch and his team.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 14
15. Explain how Robert Koch and his team made use of the following to make their
discoveries about the causes of disease:
Glass slides
Petri dishes and agar jelly
Chemical dyes
Zeiss lens microscope
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Booklet 15