This document provides information about contrast agents used in CT scans, including intravenous, oral, and rectal contrast. It discusses the four main types of contrast agents and how they work to enhance organs and tissues on CT images. It also addresses potential adverse effects of intravenous contrast agents and recommendations for reducing risks. Safety considerations are outlined for patients with renal insufficiency, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions. Guidelines are provided for dosages of oral and intravenous contrast depending on the area of the body being examined.
Adverse reactions and management of contrast reactions Ashim Budhathoki
Contrast agents have evolved significantly over the past century, from barium and iodine-based agents that were used initially by medical practitioners and radiologists, to the more advanced agents like radiopharmaceuticals and gold nanoparticles that are currently in use. Current radiological imaging uses electromagnetic radiation (X ray, radiowaave), or ultrasound. Contrast agents may be used with all of these imaging techniques to enhance the differences seen between the body tissues on the image.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
Adverse reactions and management of contrast reactions Ashim Budhathoki
Contrast agents have evolved significantly over the past century, from barium and iodine-based agents that were used initially by medical practitioners and radiologists, to the more advanced agents like radiopharmaceuticals and gold nanoparticles that are currently in use. Current radiological imaging uses electromagnetic radiation (X ray, radiowaave), or ultrasound. Contrast agents may be used with all of these imaging techniques to enhance the differences seen between the body tissues on the image.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
CE Title: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scintigraphy: Changing the Paradigm
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, held in Denver, CO on Tuesday, June 13, 2017, 8:00 AM–9:30 AM
Educational Objectives
Upon completion of this activity, the participant will be able to:
1. Interpret GIBS images, planar and SPECT/CT.
2. Compare GIBS with available diagnostic tests used in GI bleeding, including GIB-CTA, endoscopy, etc.
3. Implement the best practice technique for GIBS, based on the revised SNMMI guideline document.
The use of algorithms & emergency boxes in obstetric emergencyWafaa Benjamin
obstetric hemorrhage Is the major cause of maternal mortality globally.
Substandard management identified as a contributor for maternal mortality in UK in 80% of the cases.
Is the major cause of mortality in Egypt ,according to the last Egyptian Maternal Mortality Report in 2001.
So we need to Work in a team, Do all needed steps, In the proper sequence of the steps,
competent emergency team should have Knowledge ,Skills , Attitude & exposed to regular Labor Ward drills.
Ready available Algorithms & Emergency Boxes are found to be helpful in emergency situations.
Torso trauma refers to injuries or damage to the upper body, specifically the chest and abdominal area. It can result from various accidents, falls, or physical assaults and can lead to a range of injuries, from mild to life-threatening.
A brief description of torso trauma, both abdomen and thorax. It includes the relevant investigations and clinicals.
The Biliary system in concerning of diagnostic imaging
This lecture is part of Radiological seminars that presented in the college of medicine, Baghdad University
Special thanks To Senior Radiologist Mamdouh Mahfouz Egyptian professor
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Information About Intravenous and
Oral Contrast Used in CT
• During many CT examinations, patients may be asked to
take a special contrast agent (orally, rectally or via
injection). Intravenous, oral , rectal and intra articular CT
contrast are pharmaceutical agents (liquids) and are
sometimes referred to as "dye".
• CT contrast is used to make specific organs, blood vessels
and/or tissue types "stand out" with more image contrast
to better show the presence of disease or injury. Thus CT
contrast highlights specific areas of the resultant CT image
or "dyes" it.
• In 1923 1st report of opacification of urinary tract after IV
injection of Sodium iodide solution as treatment of syphilis
by Osborne
4. Types of contrast
There are four types of contrast agent used in CT
1. The type that is given via intravenous injection
2. The type that is given orally
3. The type that is given rectally
4. A much less common type of contrast used in CT
as intra articular ( arthrography ) or inhaled as a
gas and used for special lung and brain imaging.
This technique (called Xenon CT) is only available
at a small number of locations throughout the
world and is only performed for rare cases.
5. How does CT Contrast Work?
Iodide ( intravenous , other )
•
Once the iodine contrast has been
injected into the blood stream, it
circulates through the heart and
passes into the arteries, through
the body's capillaries and then into
the veins and back to the heart. As
CT images are being acquired, the
CT's x-ray beam is attenuated
(weakened) as they pass through
the blood vessels and organs flush
with the contrast. This causes the
blood vessels and organs filled with
the contrast to "enhance" and show
up as white areas on the x-ray or CT
images. The kidneys and liver
eliminate the contrast from the
blood.
Barium sulphate , Gastrografin (oral )
•
Barium and Gastrografin are made
up of substances which weaken
(attenuate) x-rays. The oral contrast
is swallowed and travels into the
stomach and then into
gastrointestinal tract. During the CT
exam which follows, the CT x-ray
beam is attenuated (weakened) as
it passes through the organs
containing the contrast, for
example, the large intestine. The
organs filled with the contrast are
then "enhanced" and appear as
highlighted white areas on the CT
images.
6. Iodide compound contrast
Its mainly classify according to the
osmolarity , ionic or none ionic
The osmolarity of blood about { 290
moSml/kg
• Ionic – HOCM
1- Diatrizole ( urograffin hypaque ) 1500
moSml/kg
2- Metrizoate ( Isopaque )
3- Iothalamate ( Conray )
1500
1500
1- Ioxaglate ( hexabrix )
490
1- HOCM (high osmolar contrast media ) • Ionic -- LOCM
1200-2000 moSml/kg
2- LOCM ( low osmolar contrast media ) • None Ionic – LOCM
350-500 moSml/kg
3- IOCM ( Iso osmolar contrast media )
300 moSml/kg
Note / Iso and Low osmolar are safer 5-10
than HOCM , and well tolerate
1- Iopamidole ( Niopam , Isovue )
2- Iohexol ( Ominpaque )
3- Iomeprol ( Iomeron )
4- Ioversol ( Optiray )
5- Iopromide ( Ultravist )
• None Ionic – ISO
1- Iotrolan ( Isovist )
2- Iodixanol ( visipaque )
• Chapman / page 27
470
“
“
“
“
•
Chapman / page 25
300
“
7.
8. Dose of IV contrast and
time of scan
Using { 300 mg / ml } will
depending of area examine -- ex
• Head
150 ml
• Chest or abdomen 100 ml
• Children
2ml / kg
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•Chapman / page 12 , 85,106,109,140,269
In the scanning of abdomen the contrast inject 2ml/s
Chest scanned after 20 s of start injection of contrast
In abdomen or pelvis scanned after 30 s in arterial phase ,
60 s in portal venous phase
For CT angiography bolus tracking of contrast injected
giving optimal acquisition timing
In CT of pancreas , we use –Ve contrast like water , + Ve
contrast ( iodinated ) , oral contrast / scan after 40 s
In cholangiography , contrast infusion for 50 minute / scan
after 35 minute
In T-tube use( LOCM 150 , HOCM) 20ml during operation ,
and 10 day post op
In CT urogram ( LOCM 300 ) 100-150 ml san with 3 mm
slice thickness in 2 minute and 10 minute after contrast
injection
In CT arthrography ( LOCM ) 15 ml in shoulder , 6ml in
elbow , 3 ml in wrist , double –contrast 4ml iodine + 40ml
air
CT contrast injectors
9. Adverse effect of IV contrast
media
• Adverse effect of none ionic iodinated CM are
rare , occurring less than 1%
• Sever or very sever adverse reaction occur in
about 0.044%
• The toxicity is due to function of osmolarity ,
and chemical structure of ionic CM
•This reaction include
1- flushing , nausea , metal taste in moth ,
2- peripheral burning , rigors
3- urticaria , warm , pain , abdominal pain
4- bronchospasm , none cardiac pulmonary
edema
5- arrhythmias , hypotension
6- nephrotoxicity , CIN
7- hematological crisis in sickle cell patient
8- neurotoxicity , thyroid crisis in thyrotoxicosis
patient
9- fetal reaction occurring in about 1.1-1.2 per
million
Identification of patient in high risk of
anaphylactic reaction to IV CM
•
•
•
Previous reaction to CM
Asthma
previous allergic reaction
•
Special concern in patient
complying from
•
•
•
•
•
renal insufficiency GFR < 30 ml/min ,
Serum creatinine > 130 µ mol/l
DM , metformin drug
Old age , Cardiovascular disease
Thyrotoxicosis ,myasthenia gravis
pheochromcytoma , sickle cell disease
•
Chapman / page 27-30
10. Barium compound contrast
• Its made
from barium sulphate
with small particles size ( 0.1-3
mm ) none ionic suspension of
5.3 pH
• barium carbonate is poisonous
• mainly classify according to
the density
* E-Z Cat 1-2% is used in all GIT
CT scan
• Chapman / page 50
• Baritop 100 ( 100% all part of GIT )
• EPI -C
( 150% large bowel )
• E-Z HD
( 250 % esophagus ,
stomach and duodenum )
• E-Z paque ( 100% small bowel )
• Micropaque DC ( 100% eso , stoma
, duo )
• Micropaque liquid ( 100% small and
large bowel )
• Micropaque powder ( 76% small
and large bowel )
• Polibar ( 115% large bowel )
• Polibar rapid ( 100% large bowel )
•
Chapman / page 50
11. Dose of oral contrast and time of scan
• Using of water -soluble 20 ml {Urograffin 150 , gastromiro } diluted in 1
litter
orange squash
• Barium suspension – low density ( 2% w/v )
• Adult dose for abdomen & pelvis ( 1000 ml ) gradually over 1 h before scan
• upper abdomen , pancreas ( 500 ml ) gradually ½ h before scan
• In Large bowel scan we must give the contrast before 4 h or before night / also use
of CO2 for distention of bowel +20 mg buscopan + 1mg glucagon IV using IV contrast
and low dose ( 80 mA ) CT technique scan at 70 s
• in children over 10 years as adult
• newborn 60-90 ml
• below 1 year 120-240 ml
• 1—5 years 240-360 ml
• 5 –10 tears 360- 480 ml
• Full dose 1 h before scan and ½ dose immediately
prior scan
•Chapman / page 13 ,86