Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the different ways sound waves are reflected at interfaces between substances. Commercially available contrast media are gas-filled microbubbles administered intravenously, which have a high echogenicity compared to soft tissues. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can image blood perfusion in organs and measure blood flow. Microbubbles are around 1-4 μm, similar to red blood cell size, and consist of a gas core surrounded by a lipid shell. Non-targeted contrast agents remain in circulation temporarily, while targeted agents are designed to bind specific molecules expressed in tissues of interest. Contrast imaging techniques include linear and nonlinear methods.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
VERY BASICS OF CONTRAST MEDIA IN RADIOLOGY.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA.
APPLICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA.
XRAY, CT, ULTRASOUND AND MRI CONTRAST AGENTS.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
VERY BASICS OF CONTRAST MEDIA IN RADIOLOGY.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA.
APPLICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA.
XRAY, CT, ULTRASOUND AND MRI CONTRAST AGENTS.
Application Brief: Tumor Microenvironment Imaging with Photoacoustic TechnologyFUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc.
Photoacoustics (PA) combines optical contrast with the high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration offered by ultrasound. Such applications are especially beneficial for monitoring tumor development, measuring blood concentration changes within it, and quantifying networks of vasculature formation and carcinoma growth over time.
Application Brief: Tumor Microenvironment Imaging with Photoacoustic TechnologyFUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc.
Combining photoacoustic technology with high-resolution ultrasound projections offered by the Vevo 2100 system provides tremendous benefits for cancer screening. Researchers can now benefit from the combined high-resolution ultrasound and optical contrast ability of the Vevo® LAZR photoacoustic imaging system to achieve clear, deep, images in 2D and 3D for optimal in vivo visualization and quantification of internal anatomy, tumor tissue, and hemodynamics.
Tumor angiogenesis is currently one of the key focal points in biomedical research. It is based upon the hypothesis laid out by Judah Folkman in 1971 that neovasculature is needed to support the growth and metastasis of tumors, and thus anti-angiogenic treatment might be an effective way to cure cancer. Genentech’s anti-VEGF-A drug Avastin a great demonstration of this concept, generating more than $2.7 billion of sales in 2008.
VisualSonics has introduced a revolutionary micro-ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging system that allows researchers to collect a plethora of important data over the lifespan of animals, thereby significantly reducing the number of animals needed.
Breast cancer research in animal models has long been hindered by the lack of a fast, portable, high resolution, research and animal focused imaging system that can visualize 2D tumor size, 3D tumor volume, neoangiogenesis and blood perfusion in vivo, in real-time and most importantly, non-invasively.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy aim at killing tumor cells or at least stopping their multiplication. Those therapies have strong limitations: first, their inherent toxicity is not limited to tumoral cells, but also affects healthy tissue; second, only the strongest and most resistant tumoral cells are able to survive, leading to increasingly aggressive tumors.
Breast cancer research in animal models has long been hindered by the lack of a fast, portable,
high resolution, research and animal focused imaging system that can visualize 2D tumor size, 3D
tumor volume, neoangiogenesis and blood perfusion in vivo, in real-time and most importantly,
non-invasively.
In order to ameliorate this problem, VisualSonics has introduced a revolutionary micro-ultrasound
system that allows researchers to collect a plethora of important data over the lifespan of animals,
thereby significantly reducing the number of animals needed.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the different ways in which
sound waves are reflected from interfaces between substances.
This may be the surface of a small air bubble or a more complex
structure.
Commercially available contrast media are gas-filled
microbubbles that are administered intravenously to the
systemic circulation
3. Microbubbles have a high degree of echogenicity (the ability of
an object to reflect ultrasound waves). There is a great difference
in echogenicity between the gas in the microbubbles and the
soft tissue surroundings of the body.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to image
blood perfusion in organs,
measure blood flow rate in the heart and other organs, and for
other applications
4. These micron-sized particles consist of a gas
core surrounded by a lipid shell, and are injected
intravenously into the circulatory system.
Understanding the patterns of blood flow is a powerful tool for
evaluating the differences between normal and pathological
tissues.
•
5. •Size of Microbubble is around 1 - 4 μm
•The Microbubble is nearly around the size of RBCs as it should
not cross the vascular endothelium.
7. Types
1.Non-targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound
2.Targeted contrast- enhanced ultrasound
1.Non-targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound
More common method
In this the microbubbles will remain in the systemic circulation
for a certain period of time. During that time, ultrasound waves
are directed on the area of interest. When microbubbles in the
blood flow past the imaging window, the microbubbles’
compressible reflect a unique echo.
8. Uses of Non-targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound
To enhance the contrast at the interface between the tissue and
blood.
A clearer picture of the structure of an organ
Evaluating the degree of blood perfusion and evaluating the
blood volume in an organ or area of interest.
Differentiation between benign and malignant focal liver lesions
11. Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Contrast agents designed to bind to specific molecules, which
are then targeted at tissues expressing that substance.
Microbubbles targeted with ligands that bind certain molecular
markers that are expressed by the area of imaging.
Microbubbles theoretically travel through the circulatory
system, eventually finding their respective targets and binding
specifically.
12. Targeting ligands that bind to receptors characteristic of
intravascular diseases can be conjugated to microbubbles,
enabling the microbubble complex to accumulate selectively in
areas of interest, such as diseased or abnormal tissues.
This form of molecular imaging, known as targeted contrast-
enhanced ultrasound, will only generate a strong ultrasound
signal if targeted microbubbles bind in the area of interest.
Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound may have many
applications in both medical diagnostics and medical
therapeutics.
13.
14.
15.
16. uses
Inflammation: Contrast agents may be designed to bind to
certain proteins that become expressed in inflammatory
diseases such as Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, and even heart
attacks
Thrombosis (is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood
vessel) and thrombolysis: Contrast Agents specifically bind to
activated platelets and allow real-time molecular imaging of
thrombosis, such as in myocardial infarction, as well as
monitoring success or failure of pharmacological thrombolysis.
20. Linear contrast agent imaging refers to visualizing the
microbubble contrast agents using B-Mode imaging and then
applying a reference subtraction algorithm to apply a green
contrast overlay on the image to aid in the visualization and
quantification of the contrast specific signal.
This type of imaging is available both on the Vevo 770 as well as
on the Vevo 2100 system.
21.
22.
23. Nonlinear contrast agent imaging uses multiple ultrasound
pulses in which the amplitude of the pulse is modulated, by
performing this type of imaging the nonlinear response of the
microbubbles to ultrasound pulses is utilized. The goal of this
type of imaging is to suppress the tissue signal while increasing
the detection of the contrast agents, providing a much more
sensitive imaging technique. Nonlinear contrast imaging is only
possible on the Vevo 2100 system using the MS200 and MS250
transducers.
24.
25. Disadvantages of CEUS
Microbubbles don’t last very long in circulation.
They have low circulation residence times because they either
get taken up by immune system cells or get taken up by the
liver or spleen even when they are coated with PEG.
Ultrasound produces more heat as the frequency increases.
Monitering Required
26. Targeting ligands can be immunogenic, since current targeting
ligands used in preclinical experiments are derived from animal
culture.
Low targeted microbubble adhesion efficiency. This is main
reasons that targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound remains in
the preclinical development stages