This document discusses various techniques for reducing radiation dose in computed tomography (CT) scans. It outlines strategies such as using automatic exposure control, adjusting scan parameters based on patient size, employing noise-tolerant images when possible, limiting scan lengths and phases, and utilizing newer reconstruction techniques. The goal is to lower radiation dose without compromising diagnostic image quality.

1. RADIATION DOSE REDUCTION IN
COMPURIZED TOMOGRAPHY
BY
CH.Harisree
BSc. Radiology-3rd Year
Guided by Dr.I.Gurubharath. M.D., Ph.D.,
Sri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute

2. CONTENT
Patient safety
Images with noise
Automatic exposure control
Major CT parameters
Low Dose CT
Conclusion

3.  Perform scan only if indicated.
 It should be understood that performing more than
significant number of imaging examinations are
unnecessary. So, consultation between the
referring physician and radiologist is recommended.

4.  Encourage use of alternative Non-ionizing imaging
(MRI, ULTRASOUND).
 When appropriate especially in younger patients

5.  Always check if patient may be pregnant.
 Use special signs and informative materials
notifying the patients , that they must inform the
staff if there is a possibility of pregnancy.
Please notify staff if you
think you might be
pregnant!

6. IMAGES WITH SOME NOISE
 High quality images may look nice, but they impart higher
radiation dose to patients .So start using images with
some noise without loss of diagnostic Information

7.  USE INDICATION
 Specific CT protocols for each body region,e.g for
lung nodule follow up kidney stones, diagnostic
images can be obtained at 50-75%lower radiation
dose compare to routine or general use protocols.

8.  Multiple pass or phase CT should not be performed
routinely .
 Multiphase CT can increase the dose by as much as
2-3 folds over single phase CT.
MULTIPLE PHASE CT

9. LARGE PATIENT SMALL PATIENT
Adjust exposure parameters according to patient
and body part .

10. AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL
 Automatic exposure control systems have a number of
potential advantages, including better control of patient
radiation dose , avoidance of photon starvation artifacts ,
reduced load on the X ray tube and the maintenance of
image quality ; in spite of different attenuation values on
CT scan.

11. MAJOR CT PARAMETERS AFFECTING DOSE
 Tube current (mA)
 Tube voltage (kV)
 Pitch
 Managing slice thickness
 Restricting the scan length

12. mA modulation : mA is adapted to body parts and not
patient weight .Thinner parts need less radiation .
TUBE CURRENT

13.  AUTO mA : Enable the longitudinal tube current
modulation. The tube current is adjusted along the z-
direction. The magnitude is determined from the attenuation
level at each z-location, which is estimated from the scout
acquired first prior to scan.
Longitudinal Modulation

14.  Smart mA : Enable both the longitudinal and angular
modulation the tube current is adjusted during each
rotation
Both longitudinal and angular modulation

15. TUBE VOLTAGE KV
 Decreasing the tube voltage significantly reduces
the dose .
140KV- 2.3mSv
120KV-1.6mSv
100KV-1.0mSv
80KV-0.5mSv
KV = Radiation dose

16. PITCH
 Pitch = Tabletop movement per rotation
slice thickness
 Increasing the pitch decreases the dose, increases
the image noise, increases the effective section
thickness, and reduces the scanning time.

17.  Organ Dose Modulation (ODM) is a scan mode that was
developed to reduce dose via X-ray tube current
modulation for superficial tissues. This technology is based
on smart mA and further reduces the mA on the anterior
side of humans where sensitive organs exists.
Tube angle
X-ray tubey
x
Current reduced by
75 % over angular
range of 120
Current
increased by
25%

18. SHIELDING
 Bismuth shielding has been used to reduce dose
from CT to superficial radiosensitive organs like lens
and thyroid.
 However Shielding reduces the radiation dose.
Automatic exposure control didn’t increase radiation
dose while using shielding.

19. SCAN LENGTH
 Scan length defines the exposed region of the
patient.
 Scan length is directly related to CT radiation dose.
 A shorter scan length means lower dose if all other
scan parameters and the anatomical region are
held constant: «The smaller the exposed area, the
smaller the dose».

20. Decreasing slice thickness (to improve detail)-small voxels more noise-
will require increased dose to reduce noise level.
Hence, thin slice should be requested only when necessary

21. LOW DOSE COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY
 Computed Tomography(CT) has become the reference
technique in medical imaging. But its main limitation is
the radiation dose.
 Improvement of technological factors relies mainly on
using
 Automatic tube current modulation
 Lowering the tube voltage
 Increasing the pitch
 Limiting the scan coverage
To minimize abdomen thickness strap band is used or
can patient can be examined in prone.

22. LOW-DOSE CT FOR RENAL COLIC:
 Especially as urinary stone diseases tends to relapse and
mainly affects young people.
 5 Rules of low-dose CT for suspected renal colic:
1) comply with the indications.
2) center and restrict the acquisition coverage area.
3) use automatic tube current modulation.
4) Lower tube current and tube voltage.
5) use iterative reconstructions.

23. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOW-DOSE PROTOCOL AND STANDARD PROTOCOL

24. PEDIATRIC CT DOSE REDUCTION
 Normally use shortest rotation time available.
 Only single-phase scans
 Use spiral scan with greater pitch
 Using of proper shielding
 Use newer dose reduction strategies such as iterative
reconstruction and adaptive modulation.

25. EFFECTS OF CT ADAPTATIONS ON DOSE
 50% decrease in mA = 50% dose reduction
 20%decreasing kvp = 30-50%dose reduction
 50% increase pitch = 50% dose reduction
 Thicker slices decreases dose.
 Thinner slices increases dose.

26.  Pay attention to radiation dose values and compare
with diagnostic reference levels(DRLs).
Be aware of CT dose metrics and recommended
dose levels for different body regions.
EXAMINATION REFERENCE LEVELS (CTDI
volume)
CT head 75mGy
CT adult abdomen 25mGy
CT adult chest 21mGy
CT pediatric abdomen (5yr old) 20mGy
CT pediatric head (5yr old) 34mGy

27. CONCLUSION
 CT has become the reference technique to diagnose
 Most important measure that implemented for dose
reduction in CT are :
 Use automatic tube current modulation and reduce
mA an kv.
 Images with some noise without loss of diagnosis.
 Adjusting exposure parameters.
 Organ dose modulation.
 Restricting scan length.