Context free grammars (CFGs) are formal grammars used to describe the syntax of some natural languages. A CFG provides a simple and mathematically precise way to describe how phrases in a natural language are built from smaller blocks, capturing the recursive structure of sentences. Formally, a CFG is defined as a 4-tuple consisting of a set of nonterminal symbols, a set of terminal symbols, a set of production rules that replace nonterminals with strings of terminals and nonterminals, and a starting symbol. A context-free language is one that can be generated by a CFG.
Also since {a} is regular, {a}* is a regular language which is the set of strings consisting of a's such as , a, aa, aaa, aaaa etc. Note also that *, which is the set of strings consisting of a's and b's, is a regular language because {a, b} is regular. Regular expressions are used to denote regular languages.
ANOTHER PROOF OF THE DENUMERABILITY OF THE COMPLEX NUMBERScsandit
This short paper suggests that there might be numerals that do not represent numbers. It
introduces an alternative proof that the set of complex numbers is denumerable, and also an
algorithm for denumerating them.
CONVERTING A SUBSET OF LTL FORMULA TO BUCHI AUTOMATAmathsjournal
The translation of LTL formula into equivalent Büchi automata plays an important role in many algorithms
for LTL model checking, which consist in obtaining a Büchi automaton that is equivalent to the software
system specification and another one that is equivalent to the negation of the property. The intersection of
the two Büchi automata is empty if the model satisfies the property.
Generating the Büchi automaton corresponding to an LTL formula may, in the worst case, be exponential
in the size of the formula, making the model checking effort exponential in the size of the original formula.
There is no polynomial solution for checking emptiness of the intersection. That comes from the translation
step of LTL formula into finite state models. This makes verification methods hard or even impossible to be
implemented in practice. In this paper, we propose a subset of LTL formula which can be converted to
Büchi automata whose the size is polynomial.
Converting A Subset of LTL Formula to Buchi Automata ijseajournal
The translation of LTL formula into equivalent Büchi automata plays an important role in many algorithms for LTL model checking, which consist in obtaining a Büchi automaton that is equivalent to the software system specification and another one that is equivalent to the negation of the property. The intersection of the two Büchi automata is empty if the model satisfies the property. Generating the Büchi automaton corresponding to an LTL formula may, in the worst case, be exponential in the size of the formula, making the model checking effort exponential in the size of the original formula.
There is no polynomial solution for checking emptiness of the intersection. That comes from the translation step of LTL formula into finite state models. This makes verification methods hard or even impossible to be implemented in practice. In this paper, we propose a subset of LTL formula which can be converted to Büchi automata whose the size is polynomial.
The slide talks about the aspect in binding and scope that programmer of modern language might not be fully aware, but good to know nontheless. Concept of scope and binding makes some programming language special case behavior more explainable and rememberable.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Also since {a} is regular, {a}* is a regular language which is the set of strings consisting of a's such as , a, aa, aaa, aaaa etc. Note also that *, which is the set of strings consisting of a's and b's, is a regular language because {a, b} is regular. Regular expressions are used to denote regular languages.
ANOTHER PROOF OF THE DENUMERABILITY OF THE COMPLEX NUMBERScsandit
This short paper suggests that there might be numerals that do not represent numbers. It
introduces an alternative proof that the set of complex numbers is denumerable, and also an
algorithm for denumerating them.
CONVERTING A SUBSET OF LTL FORMULA TO BUCHI AUTOMATAmathsjournal
The translation of LTL formula into equivalent Büchi automata plays an important role in many algorithms
for LTL model checking, which consist in obtaining a Büchi automaton that is equivalent to the software
system specification and another one that is equivalent to the negation of the property. The intersection of
the two Büchi automata is empty if the model satisfies the property.
Generating the Büchi automaton corresponding to an LTL formula may, in the worst case, be exponential
in the size of the formula, making the model checking effort exponential in the size of the original formula.
There is no polynomial solution for checking emptiness of the intersection. That comes from the translation
step of LTL formula into finite state models. This makes verification methods hard or even impossible to be
implemented in practice. In this paper, we propose a subset of LTL formula which can be converted to
Büchi automata whose the size is polynomial.
Converting A Subset of LTL Formula to Buchi Automata ijseajournal
The translation of LTL formula into equivalent Büchi automata plays an important role in many algorithms for LTL model checking, which consist in obtaining a Büchi automaton that is equivalent to the software system specification and another one that is equivalent to the negation of the property. The intersection of the two Büchi automata is empty if the model satisfies the property. Generating the Büchi automaton corresponding to an LTL formula may, in the worst case, be exponential in the size of the formula, making the model checking effort exponential in the size of the original formula.
There is no polynomial solution for checking emptiness of the intersection. That comes from the translation step of LTL formula into finite state models. This makes verification methods hard or even impossible to be implemented in practice. In this paper, we propose a subset of LTL formula which can be converted to Büchi automata whose the size is polynomial.
The slide talks about the aspect in binding and scope that programmer of modern language might not be fully aware, but good to know nontheless. Concept of scope and binding makes some programming language special case behavior more explainable and rememberable.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation Of Syntax Parser For English Language Using Grammar RulesIJERA Editor
From many years we have been using Chomsky‟s generative system of grammars, particularly context-free grammars (CFGs) and regular expressions (REs), to express the syntax of programming languages and protocols. Syntactic parsing mainly works with syntactic structure of a sentence. The 'syntax' refers to the grammatical and syntactical arrangement of words in a sentence and their relationship with other words. The main focus of syntactic analysis is important to find syntactic structure of a sentence which usually is represented as a tree structure. To identify the syntactic structure is useful in determining the meaning of a sentence Natural language processing processes the data through lexical analysis, Syntax analysis, Semantic analysis, and Discourse processing, Pragmatic analysis. This paper gives various parsing methods. The algorithm in this paper splits the English sentences into parts using POS (Parts Of Speech) tagger, It identifies the type of sentence (Simple, Complex, Interrogate, Facts, active, passive etc.) and then parses these sentences using grammar rules of Natural language. As natural language processing becomes an increasingly relevant, there is a need for tree banks catered to the specific needs of more individualized systems. Here, we present the open source technique to check and correct the grammar. The methodology will give appropriate grammatical suggestions.
match the following attributes to the parts of a compilerstrips ou.pdfarpitaeron555
match the following attributes to the parts of a compiler
strips out the comments and whitespace
converts text into lexemes
generates an Abstrat Symbol Tree
recursive descent or table driven
uses BNF or EBNF definitions
a. lexer
b. parser
Solution
The Program and Portfolio Management Maturity Model is an effective tool for organizations to
decide quickly what PPM improvements they should make to enhance their organization\'s
ability to optimize investments, execute big changes and deliver value.
Overview
Key Findings
Real project, program and portfolio management, when operating at the level of well-integrated
practices, is the key enabler that allows organizations to identify and execute strategic change.
Any meaningful undertakings to enhance or evolve the program and portfolio management
(PPM) function must pay more than lip service to organizational structure, business model and
culture to have any chance of success.
Competitive pressures and changing market conditions are forcing organizations toward Level 3,
and most organizations still aren\'t ready to make the leap.
Recommendations
At any level of PPM maturity, focus first on helping the organization make well-informed
investment choices. This will improve the odds of project success more than any other factor.
For organizations that require enterprisewide change and capabilities, it is worth the effort to
pursue Level 4, where enterprise PPM practices are built.
Identify objectives for your enterprise, and use them to identify the most salient improvement
opportunities for your enterprise.
Meticulously manage the change involved in maturing/improving your PPM capabilities.
Analysis
Project/program/portfolio management office (PMO) leaders, program managers and portfolio
managers are frequently challenged by ineffective processes, lack of stakeholder engagement and
difficult-to-quantify value. 1 Part of the problem is failure to match their processes, people and
technology approaches to the maturity level of their organizations. 2
The Gartner Program and Portfolio Management (PPM) Maturity Model assessment is designed
to help PPM leaders understand best practices around large project management, as well as PPM
to handle delivery of strategic value. This model assumes that organizations progress through a
maturity curve and that each level of organizational maturity directly affects the level of
investment and types of PPM approaches organizations choose to adopt.
arsing
A parser is an algorithm that determines whether a given input string is in a language and, as a
side-effect, usually produces a parse tree for the input. There is a procedure for generating a
parser from a given context-free grammar.
Recursive-Descent Parsing
Recursive-descent parsing is one of the simplest parsing techniques that is used in practice.
Recursive-descent parsers are also called top-down parsers, since they construct the parse tree
top down (rather than bottom up).
The basic idea of recursive-descent par.
PARSING ARABIC VERB PHRASES USING PREGROUP GRAMMARSijnlc
Parsing of Arabic phrases is a crucial requirement for many applications such as question answering and machine translation. The calculus of pregroup introduced by Lambek as an algebraic computational machinery for the grammatical analysis of natural languages. Pregroup grammar used to analyse sentence structure in many European languages such as English, and non-European languages such as Japanese. In Arabic language, Lambek employed the notions of pregroup to analyse some grammatical structures such as conjugating the verb, tense modifiers and equational sentences. This work attempts to develop an initial phase of an efficient automatic pregroup grammar parser by using linear approach to analysethe verbal phrases of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The proposed system starts building Arabic lexicon contains all possible categories of Arabic verbs, then analysing the input verbal Arabic phrase to check if it is wellformed by using linear parsing algorithm based on pregroup grammar rules.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. What are Context Free
Grammars?
In FormalLanguageTheory, aContext freeGrammar(CFG)
isaformalgrammar in whicheveryproduction rule isofthe
form
V w
Where Visasinglenonterminal symbolandwisastring of
terminals and/or nonterminals (w canbe empty)
The languagesgenerated bycontext free grammars are
knowsasthe context freelanguages
3. What does CFG
do?
A CFGprovidesasimpleandmathematicallyprecise
mechanismfor describingthe methods bywhichphrasesin
somenatural languageare built from smallerblocks,
capturingthe “blockstructure” ofsentencesin anatural way.
Important features ofnatural languagesyntaxsuchas
agreement andreference isare not the part ofcontext free
grammar , but the basicrecursive structure ofsentences, the
wayin whichclausesnest inside other clauses,andthe wayin
whichlist ofadjectivesandadverbsare swallowed bynouns
andverbsisdescribed exactly.
4. Formal Definition of
CFG
A context-free grammar G is a 4-tuple (V, , R, S), where:
Visafinite set; eachelement v Viscalledanon-terminalcharacterora
variable.
isafinite set ofterminals,disjointfrom , whichmakeup the actual
content ofthe sentence.
R is a finite relation from V to (V U )* , where the asterisk
represents the Kleene star operation.
If (,) R, we write production
is called a sentential form
• S, the start symbol, usedto represent the wholesentence (or
program). It must be anelement of V.
5. Production rule notation
A production rule in Risformalized mathematicallyasapair
(,) , where isanon-terminal and isastring of
variablesandnonterminals; rather than usingordered pair
notation, production rules are usuallywritten usinganarrow
operator with asits left handsideand asits right hand
side: .
I t isallowedfor to be the empty string, andin this caseit is
customaryto denote it byε.Theform εiscalled anε-
production.
6. Context-Free
Languages
•Given a context-free grammar
G = (V,,R, S), the language generated or derived from
G is the set
L(G) = {w :S * w}
A language L is context-free if there is a context-free
grammar G = (V,, R, S), such that L is generated from G.
