This document discusses four theories and approaches to management: systems theory which views organizations as complex integrated systems; contingency approach which states different situations require different management approaches; total quality management which focuses on exceeding customer expectations through an integrated system; and business process reengineering which aims to fundamentally redesign processes to dramatically improve performance metrics like cost and speed.

1. Engr Marvin Darius M. Lagasca Professor: Jo B. Bitonio ME 215 Management of Change & Transition

2. SYSTEMS THEORY (from Bertanlaffy’s General Systems Theory) This theory recognizes organizations as: A complex, integrated system of inter-related variables. A whole, examining all relevant organizational variables simultaneously.

3. CONTINGENCY APPROACH Different and changing situations require managers to use different approaches and techniques. Because organizations are different, they face different circumstances (contingencies) and, thus may require different ways of managing.

4. TOTAL QUALITY MANANGEMENT Total Quality Management (TQM) is an organization- wide strategy that focuses on achieving or exceeding customer expectations. An organizational cultural commitment to satisfy customers through the use of an integrated system of tools, techniques and training.

5. BPR BPR stands for Business Process Reengineering Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed. (Hammer & Champy, 1993)