This document defines and provides examples of different types of subordinating conjunctions used to combine clauses, including conjunctions relating to time, cause and effect, contrast, and condition. It explains formulas for using subordinating conjunctions to join two clauses with subjects and verbs.

1. Subordinating Conjunction

2.  Subordinating Conjunction : Connector
which is used to combine a clause to
another

3. Time
 After = After she graduates, she will get
a job.
 Before = I will have finished this task
before you return from London.
 When = When I arrived, he was talking
on the phone.
 While = While Budiman was in New
York, He wrote daily.

4.  Whenever = Whenever I see her, I say
hello.
 Since = I haven’t seen him since
he left this morning.
 Until = We stayed there until we
finished our work.
 By the time = By the time he arrived, he
had already left.

5. Cause and Effect
 Because = Because he was sleepy,
he went to bed.
 Since = Since she is not
interested in classical
music, she decided not to
go to the concert.
 Now that = Now that he has had the
ticket, he can go to the
concert.

6.  As = As she had nothing in
particular to do, she called
up a friend and ask her if
she wanted to take in a
movie.
 As long as = As long as you are not
busy, could you help me
with this work.
 In as much as = In as much as he two
government leaders could
not each an agreement, the
possibilities for piece are
still remote.

7. Contrast
 Although = although it is late, we will
stay a little longer.
 Whereas = Whereas they have
disobeyed the rule, they
will be punished.
 While = I read the book twice,
while she read it four times.

8. Condition
 If = If I see him, I will invite him to
the party tomorrow.
 Unless = He won’t trust you anymore
unless you change your
bad behavior.
 Only if = She forgives her husband
everything, only if he
would come back to her.

9.  Provided (that)= You will pass the
exam provided that you
study hard.
 In the event = In the event that it
rains, the trip match will
be cancelled.
 Even = He is very friendly even
he is a clever
student.

10. Formula:
 Conjuction S+V Comma (,) S+V
While Jaelani is explaining the lesson to me, Adib is
talking to his friend.
 S+V Conjunction S+V
Jaelani is explaining the lesson to me while Adib is
talking to his friend
 S, Conjunction S+V, V
Adib, while Jaelani is explaining the lesson to me, is
talking to his friend.