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Conflict
1. Conflict in Lebanon
Historical roots
David D. Peck, Ph.D.
BYU-Idaho Academic Society
September 7, 2006
2. Colonial Legacy
Modern Middle East
Nation-building
Colonial Powers shaped region to own interests
Indigent responses
Often patterned on Western political concepts
Nationalism
Alternatives: cultural and religious patterns
3. Nationalism
Two elements
A “people”
A “place”
Defining the legitimate “people”
Race/ethnicity, language, religion, culture
Defining the legitimate “place”
Historical location: Home, father/mother, or holy land
Exclusivist, confrontational, “Us” versus “them”
“This land is mine, God gave this land to me.”
Ethnic cleansings and genocides are extremes
4. Theme from “Exodus”
This land is mine, God gave this
land to me
This brave and ancient land to me
And when the morning sun reveals
her hills and plains
Then I see a land where children
can be free.
So take my hand and walk this land
with me
And walk this golden land with me
Though I am just a man, when you
are by my side
With the help of God, I know I can
be strong.
To make this land our home
If I must fight, I'll fight to make
this land our own
Until I die, this land is mine.
5. What “they” hear…
This land’s not yours, God gave this land to me
I’ll take this ancient land from you.
And when the morning sun reveals her hills and plains
Then I see a land where my children can run free.
With the help of God, I know I can be stronger than you.
To make this land our home
If I must fight, I'll fight to make this land our own
Until you die, this land is mine.
6. Theme of Hezbollah?
This land’s not yours, God gave this land to me
I’ll take this ancient land from you.
And when the morning sun reveals her hills and plains
Then I see a land where my children can run free.
With the help of God, I know I can be stronger than you.
To make this land our home
If I must fight, I'll fight to make this land our own
Until you die, this land is mine.
9. The “Mandate System”
League of Nations
“Big Brother” program on national level
Guide nations to full sovereignty on day
Thin guise for outright colonialism
Britain granted mandate for Palestine
France granted mandate for Syria
Implementation of Sykes-Picot Agreement
of 1916
10. British Mandate of Palestine
June, 1922-1948
1917, Balfour Declaration:
“establishment in Palestine
of a national home for the
Jewish people…it being
clearly understood that
nothing shall be done which
may prejudice existing non-
Jewish communities in
Palestine”
September, 1922:
“Transjordan” split off
11. French Mandate of Syria
1920-1945 official
1920, France separates
“Lebanon”
Republic of Mt.
Lebanon formed.
Allowed greater
French control
12. Lebanon: Milestones
1926: France “gives” Lebanon constitution
mithaq system, 6:5 Christian/Muslim ratio
1932 last census taken; representation fixed
1958: First Civil War
U.S. military intervention (Eisenhower)
1975-90: Lebanese Civil War (9 phases)
Dead: 150,000; Cost: $14 billion
1982: Israeli invasion/Syrian occupation
2000: Israeli withdrawal
13. 1970: Black September
Palestinian Refugees
Southern Lebanon:
250,000
Jordan: 600,000
Jordan used as PLO
base
Israel and Jordan force
PLO out of Jordan
PLO in Lebanon
14. 1982-1984
Second Israeli invasion, Sharon Min. Def.
Operation Litani
13 September, PM Gemayel assassinated
Israel occupies Beirut (13th-29th), Christian allies
Phlangists allowed to massacre
16-18 Sept., 2,000+ unarmed Palestinians raped/killed
Sharon resigns
PLO HQ moved to N. Africa, but survives
15. 1982-1984 (cont.)
Iranian involvement
1953 US-Backed coup, undoes democracy
Installs unpopular Shah
1979, Khomeini returns from Exile, Hostage crisis
1980, Islamic Republic of Iran created
1982, Hezbollah created (Iran funds/arms, Syrian OK)
1983, Marine Barracks in Beirut bombed
Truck with 12K pounds of TNT
242 killed
16. Hezbollah
1982: formed
1985: “Manifesto” announced
Three planks:
Eradicate Western imperialism in Lebanon
Transform Lebanon into an Islamic State
Total destruction of the “Zionist Entity”
2000: Claims victory Israeli withdrawal
Some regard as legitimate resistance movement
“Civilian” authority improves life for Arabs
Clinics/hospitals, food banks, day care
17. Conclusions
Lebanon: example of failed nation-building
“Confessional System” (mithaq) a failure
Foreign interventions, domestic disunity
Nationalism becomes factionalism
Fundamentalism combines with nationalism
Is there a “Lebanon”?
No unified institutions
No unified army; private militias
Economic ruin
Current war makes it worse
Hezbollah the victor?