Many workers are injured and killed each year while working in confined spaces. An estimated 60% of the fatalities have been among the would-be rescuers. A confined space can be more hazardous than regular workspaces for many reasons. To effectively control the risks associated with working in a confined space, a Confined Space Hazard Assessment and Control Program should be implemented for your workplace. Before watching this PPT , make sure to review the specific regulations that apply to your workplace

1. Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
• Construction Industry StandardConstruction Industry Standard
1926.21(b)(6)1926.21(b)(6)
• General Industry StandardGeneral Industry Standard
1910.1461910.146
• Best Practices for all IndustriesBest Practices for all Industries

2. Construction Industry StandardConstruction Industry Standard
All employees required to enter intoAll employees required to enter into
confined or enclosed spaces shall beconfined or enclosed spaces shall be
instructed as to the nature of the hazardsinstructed as to the nature of the hazards
involved, the necessary precautions to beinvolved, the necessary precautions to be
taken, and in the use of protective andtaken, and in the use of protective and
emergency equipment required. Theemergency equipment required. The
employer shall comply with any specificemployer shall comply with any specific
regulations that apply to work in dangerousregulations that apply to work in dangerous
or potentially dangerous areas.or potentially dangerous areas.

3. Typical Confined SpacesTypical Confined Spaces
• Boiler, Degreaser, FurnaceBoiler, Degreaser, Furnace
• Pipeline, Pit,Pipeline, Pit, Pumping StationPumping Station
• Reaction or Process Vessel, MillsReaction or Process Vessel, Mills
• Septic Tank, Sewage DigestorSeptic Tank, Sewage Digestor
• Silo, Storage Tank, BargesSilo, Storage Tank, Barges
• Sewer, Utility Vault, ManholeSewer, Utility Vault, Manhole
• Trenches, Shafts, CaissonsTrenches, Shafts, Caissons

5. How to Identify Confined SpacesHow to Identify Confined Spaces
• Limited Openings for Entry and ExitLimited Openings for Entry and Exit
• Unfavorable Natural VentilationUnfavorable Natural Ventilation
• Not Designed for Continuous WorkerNot Designed for Continuous Worker
OccupancyOccupancy

6. Categorizing Work SpaceCategorizing Work Space
* Space large enough to enter &;
* Limited or Restricted entry or exit &;
* Not designed for continuous worker
occupancy.
YES Confined Space
Hazardous Atmosphere
Engulfment Hazard
Configuration Hazard
Any other recognized
serious hazard
Permit-
Required
Confined
Space
YES
Or
Or
Or

7. Limited Openings for Entry/ExitLimited Openings for Entry/Exit
• Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.
• Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-
saving equipment.saving equipment.
• Difficult to remove downed worker inDifficult to remove downed worker in
folded up or bent over position.folded up or bent over position.
• Exit from large openings may be difficultExit from large openings may be difficult
due to presence of ladders, hoists, etc.due to presence of ladders, hoists, etc.

8. Unfavorable Natural VentilationUnfavorable Natural Ventilation
• Lack of air movement in and out of theLack of air movement in and out of the
space can create an atmosphere muchspace can create an atmosphere much
different than the outside atmosphere.different than the outside atmosphere.
• Deadly gases can be trapped inside.Deadly gases can be trapped inside.
• Organic materials can decompose.Organic materials can decompose.
• May not be enough oxygen due to presenceMay not be enough oxygen due to presence
of other gases or chemical reactions such asof other gases or chemical reactions such as
rusting.rusting.

9. Not Designed for ContinuousNot Designed for Continuous
Worker OccupancyWorker Occupancy
• Most confined spaces are not designed toMost confined spaces are not designed to
enter and work in on a regular basis.enter and work in on a regular basis.
• Designed to store a product.Designed to store a product.
• Enclose materials or processes.Enclose materials or processes.
• Transport products or substances.Transport products or substances.
• Occasional worker entry for inspection,Occasional worker entry for inspection,
repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.

10. Dangerous CombinationsDangerous Combinations
• Presence of all three confined spacePresence of all three confined space
characteristics can complicate the situation.characteristics can complicate the situation.
• Working in and around the space.Working in and around the space.
• Rescue operations during emergencies.Rescue operations during emergencies.
• Worsened conditions due to work activities:Worsened conditions due to work activities:
– Welding and cutting, use of bonding agentsWelding and cutting, use of bonding agents
– Cleaning with solvents, use of other chemicalsCleaning with solvents, use of other chemicals
– Use of gas-powered equipmentUse of gas-powered equipment

11. Hazards of Confined SpacesHazards of Confined Spaces
• Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Deficient Atmospheres
• Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresOxygen Enriched Atmospheres
• Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
• Toxic AtmospheresToxic Atmospheres
• Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes
• Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards
• Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling ObjectsNoise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects

12. Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Deficient Atmospheres
19.5 %19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.Minimum acceptable oxygen level.
15 - 19%15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.Decreased ability to work strenuously.
Impair coordination. Early symptoms.Impair coordination. Early symptoms.
12-14%12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment.Respiration increases. Poor judgment.
10-12%10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.Respiration increases. Lips blue.
8-10%8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. NauseaMental failure. Fainting. Nausea
Unconsciousness. Vomiting.Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8%6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal
4-5 minutes - possible recovery.4-5 minutes - possible recovery.
4-6%4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. DeathComa in 40 seconds. Death

13. Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresOxygen Enriched Atmospheres
• Oxygen level above 23.5%.Oxygen level above 23.5%.
• Causes flammable and combustibleCauses flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when ignited.materials to burn violently when ignited.
• Hair, clothing, materials, etc.Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
• Oil soaked clothing and materials.Oil soaked clothing and materials.
• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
• Never store or place compressed tanks in aNever store or place compressed tanks in a
confined space.confined space.

14. Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
• 2 Critical Factors:2 Critical Factors:
– Oxygen content in the air.Oxygen content in the air.
– Presence of a flammable gas, or vaporPresence of a flammable gas, or vapor
– Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
• Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosionProper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion
• Typical Ignition Sources:Typical Ignition Sources:
– Sparking or electric tool.Sparking or electric tool.
– Welding / cutting operations.Welding / cutting operations.
– SmokingSmoking

15. Toxic AtmospheresToxic Atmospheres
• Product stored in a confined space:Product stored in a confined space:
» Gases released when cleaning.Gases released when cleaning.
» Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
» Decomposition of materials in the confined space.Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
• Work performed in a confined space:Work performed in a confined space:
» Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
» Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
» Sealing, bonding, melting.Sealing, bonding, melting.
• Areas adjacent to a confined space.Areas adjacent to a confined space.

16. Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide
• Decomposition of materials. Human waste.Decomposition of materials. Human waste.
• Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.
• Possibly no warning at high concentrations.Possibly no warning at high concentrations.
PPMPPM EffectEffect TimeTime
10 ppm10 ppm Permissible Exposure LevelPermissible Exposure Level 8 Hours8 Hours
50 - 10050 - 100 Mild Irritation - eyes, throatMild Irritation - eyes, throat 1 Hour1 Hour
200 - 300200 - 300 Significant IrritationSignificant Irritation 1 Hour1 Hour
500 -700500 -700 Unconsciousness, DeathUnconsciousness, Death 1/2 - 1 Hour1/2 - 1 Hour
>1000>1000 Unconsciousness, DeathUnconsciousness, Death MinutesMinutes

17. Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
• Odorless, Colorless Gas.Odorless, Colorless Gas.
• Combustion By-Product.Combustion By-Product.
• Quickly collapse at high concentrations.Quickly collapse at high concentrations.
PPMPPM EffectEffect TimeTime
5050 Permissible Exposure LevelPermissible Exposure Level 8 Hours8 Hours
200200 Slight headache, discomfortSlight headache, discomfort 3 Hours3 Hours
600600 Headache, discomfortHeadache, discomfort 1 Hour1 Hour
1000-20001000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headacheConfusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours2 Hours
1000-20001000-2000 Tendency to staggerTendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours1 1/2 Hours
1000-20001000-2000 Slight heart palpitationSlight heart palpitation 30 Min.30 Min.
2000-25002000-2500 UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness 30 Min.30 Min.

18. Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes
• Extremely hot or cold temperatures.Extremely hot or cold temperatures.
• Steam cleaning of confined spaces.Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
• Humidity factors.Humidity factors.
• Extremely cold liquids.Extremely cold liquids.
• Work processes inside the confined spaceWork processes inside the confined space
can increase temperature extremes.can increase temperature extremes.
• Personal protective equipment.Personal protective equipment.

19. Engulfment HazardsEngulfment Hazards
• Loose, granular materials stored in bins andLoose, granular materials stored in bins and
hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.
• Crusting and bridging below a worker.Crusting and bridging below a worker.
• Flooding of confined space.Flooding of confined space.
• Water or sewage flow.Water or sewage flow.

20. Other HazardsOther Hazards
• NoiseNoise
» Amplified due to acoustics within the space.Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
» Damaged hearing, affect communication.Damaged hearing, affect communication.
• Slick / Wet SurfacesSlick / Wet Surfaces
» Slips and falls.Slips and falls.
» Increased chance of electric shock.Increased chance of electric shock.
• Falling ObjectsFalling Objects
» Topside openings expose workers inside confinedTopside openings expose workers inside confined
space to falling objects.space to falling objects.

21. Unstable or dangerous workUnstable or dangerous work
surfacessurfaces
Falling objectsFalling objects
Insects or animalsInsects or animals
BiologicalBiological

22. Testing The AtmosphereTesting The Atmosphere
• Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.
• Test all areas of a confined space.Test all areas of a confined space.
– Top, Middle, BottomTop, Middle, Bottom
• Methane is lighter than air.Methane is lighter than air.
• Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.
• Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.
• Oxygen Deficiency.Oxygen Deficiency.

23. VentilationVentilation
• First option to correct problems.First option to correct problems.
• Must be aware of hazards you are trying toMust be aware of hazards you are trying to
correct in the confined space.correct in the confined space.
• Air intake in a safe location to draw freshAir intake in a safe location to draw fresh
air only.air only.
• Continuous ventilation whenever possible.Continuous ventilation whenever possible.
• Retest the confined space before entry.Retest the confined space before entry.

24. IsolationIsolation
• Locking and tagging out electrical sources.Locking and tagging out electrical sources.
• Blanking and bleeding pneumatic andBlanking and bleeding pneumatic and
hydraulic lines.hydraulic lines.
• Disconnecting mechanical drives andDisconnecting mechanical drives and
shafts.shafts.
• Securing mechanical parts.Securing mechanical parts.
• Blanking sewer and water flow.Blanking sewer and water flow.
• Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.

25. RespiratorsRespirators
• Air-Purifying RespiratorsAir-Purifying Respirators
– Filter dangerous substances from the air.Filter dangerous substances from the air.
– Must know the type and amount of hazardousMust know the type and amount of hazardous
substance present in the confined space.substance present in the confined space.
– NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!
• Air-Supplying RespiratorsAir-Supplying Respirators
– Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from aDeliver a safe supply of breathing air from a
tank or an uncontaminated area nearby.tank or an uncontaminated area nearby.
– Must be adequately monitored.Must be adequately monitored.

26. Standby / RescueStandby / Rescue
• Worker assigned to remain outside theWorker assigned to remain outside the
confined space and be in constant contactconfined space and be in constant contact
with the workers inside.with the workers inside.
• Know emergency rescue procedures.Know emergency rescue procedures.
• 50% of workers who die in confined spaces50% of workers who die in confined spaces
are would-be rescuers.are would-be rescuers.
• Trained in use of emergency rescueTrained in use of emergency rescue
equipment and PPE.equipment and PPE.

27. Permit Entry SystemsPermit Entry Systems
• Written permit signed by entry supervisor.Written permit signed by entry supervisor.
• Verifies pre-entry precautions have beenVerifies pre-entry precautions have been
taken and the space is safe to enter.taken and the space is safe to enter.
• Posted at entry to confined space.Posted at entry to confined space.
• Specifies apparent hazards and correctiveSpecifies apparent hazards and corrective
actions taken prior to entry.actions taken prior to entry.
• Requires termination of permit when task isRequires termination of permit when task is
completed or when new conditions exist.completed or when new conditions exist.

28. Entry Permit RequirementsEntry Permit Requirements
• Date, location, and name of confined space.Date, location, and name of confined space.
• Purpose of entry and known hazards.Purpose of entry and known hazards.
• Duration of entry permit time.Duration of entry permit time.
• Authorized entrants, attendants,Authorized entrants, attendants,
supervisors.supervisors.
• Air testing results - signature of tester.Air testing results - signature of tester.
• Protective measures to be taken.Protective measures to be taken.
» Ventilation, Isolation, FlushingVentilation, Isolation, Flushing
» Lockout / Tagout, PurgingLockout / Tagout, Purging

29. Entry Permit RequirementsEntry Permit Requirements
• Name and phone numbers of rescue andName and phone numbers of rescue and
emergency services.emergency services.
• Communication procedures.Communication procedures.
• Special equipment and procedures.Special equipment and procedures.
– Personal protective equipment.Personal protective equipment.
– Alarm procedures.Alarm procedures.
– Rescue equipment.Rescue equipment.
– Respirators.Respirators.

30. Training and EducationTraining and Education
• All workers who must enter confined spacesAll workers who must enter confined spaces
• All attendants and rescue team members.All attendants and rescue team members.
• Prior to initial work assignment.Prior to initial work assignment.
• Retraining:Retraining:
» Job duties change.Job duties change.
» Change in permit-space program.Change in permit-space program.
» New hazards are present.New hazards are present.
» Job performance indicates deficiencies.Job performance indicates deficiencies.

31. Rescue & Emergency ServicesRescue & Emergency Services
Rescue and emergency servicesRescue and emergency services
– Employer who designates rescue & emergencyEmployer who designates rescue & emergency
services, pursuant to paragraph (d)(9) shall:services, pursuant to paragraph (d)(9) shall:
» Evaluate prospective rescuer's ability to respond toEvaluate prospective rescuer's ability to respond to
rescue summons in timely manner, consideringrescue summons in timely manner, considering
hazard(s) identifiedhazard(s) identified

34. COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
Entrant and attendant must maintain contactEntrant and attendant must maintain contact
Have backup communication systemHave backup communication system
MethodsMethods
– Simple voiceSimple voice
– RadiosRadios
– TelephoneTelephone
– ““Tug Signals” on the cableTug Signals” on the cable

35. CONFINED SPACE ENTRYCONFINED SPACE ENTRY
At times a simple fanAt times a simple fan
will ventilate thewill ventilate the
permit requiredpermit required
confined spaceconfined space
enough to eliminateenough to eliminate
the hazardthe hazard

36. CONFINED RESCUE SYSTEM

37. NON-ENTRY RESCUENON-ENTRY RESCUE
Entrant wears a harnessEntrant wears a harness
Cable attached to the harnessCable attached to the harness
Use a hand crank!Use a hand crank!
Wristlets may be usedWristlets may be used

38. RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

39. EMERGENCIESEMERGENCIES
Employer responsibilities:Employer responsibilities:
– Rescuers provided with required PPERescuers provided with required PPE
– Trained to perform rescue dutiesTrained to perform rescue duties
– Rescuers have authorized entrant’s trainingRescuers have authorized entrant’s training
– Practice rescue exercises completed yearlyPractice rescue exercises completed yearly
Full body harness and mechanicalFull body harness and mechanical
devicedevice