Conductive polymers can be created by doping traditionally insulating plastics like polyacetylene. Doping involves adding molecules that remove or insert electrons into the polymer's molecular structure, leaving charged areas that allow electron movement along the polymer chain. This gives the polymer properties similar to conductors like metals. Factors like doping level and temperature affect the conductivity. Applications include uses in electronics like transistors, LEDs, and solar cells, as well as anti-static coatings.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
Clay is a mineral, belonging to phyllosilicate category.
Chemically it consists of aluminium silicate as a principal component along with variety of other metals like magnesium, calcium, potassium and varying level of watermolecules.
Atomic configuration of clays consists of alternating ‘sheets’ of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral AlO6 units formed by oxygen sharing
Organoclay is the organically modified pyllosillicate,derived from a naturally occuring clay mineral.
By exchanging the original inter layer cations for organo cations (typically alkylammonium ions) an organophillic surface is generated, consisting of covalently linked organic moieties.
The lamellar structure remains analoguos to the parent phyllosilicate.
Separation of the layers due to ion exchange from the initial interlayer spacing of as little as 3 Å in the case of Na + cations to the distances in the range of 10 - 40 Å as well as the change of chemical character of the clay surface , allows the insitu polymerisation or mixing with certain polymers to obtain what is known as nano composite.
Exfoliation of MMT and Mica with multifunctional amine copolymers
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
Clay is a mineral, belonging to phyllosilicate category.
Chemically it consists of aluminium silicate as a principal component along with variety of other metals like magnesium, calcium, potassium and varying level of watermolecules.
Atomic configuration of clays consists of alternating ‘sheets’ of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral AlO6 units formed by oxygen sharing
Organoclay is the organically modified pyllosillicate,derived from a naturally occuring clay mineral.
By exchanging the original inter layer cations for organo cations (typically alkylammonium ions) an organophillic surface is generated, consisting of covalently linked organic moieties.
The lamellar structure remains analoguos to the parent phyllosilicate.
Separation of the layers due to ion exchange from the initial interlayer spacing of as little as 3 Å in the case of Na + cations to the distances in the range of 10 - 40 Å as well as the change of chemical character of the clay surface , allows the insitu polymerisation or mixing with certain polymers to obtain what is known as nano composite.
Exfoliation of MMT and Mica with multifunctional amine copolymers
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
Conducting polymers have extended p-orbital system, through which electrons can be moved from one end to another and of polymer. Also, when a polymer is doped, there are changes in it due to resonance the charge can drift through the chain, and generating the conductivity.
Plastics has been evolving now a days. Our lives has been filled with plastics. Almost all of our things are made of plastics but do you what it is and what it is made of?
One of the most common and widely used plastic is polyethylene or PE with the resin codes 2 and 4. It is mostly used as plastic bags, food wraps, bulletproof vest, pipes and so many more. Here is a little preview of polyethylene and what is its purpose in our daily lives.
What is polyethylene?
Its properties, structure and applications.
This presentation is prepared for First Year Engineering Students at Savitribai Phule Pune University.
It is introduction of green chemistry to understand the problems caused by using hazardous chemicals and its solution.
PMMA stands for PolyMethylMethacrylate. It has a lot of applications in the field of engineering and our daily life. This presentation will cover them.
Don't forget to subscribe to our newsletters:
https://www.onlinerockershub.com/subscribe
It's about Conducting Polymers their history and the latest discovery in the field with their application. And the future scope of the conducting Polymer. Here you will find all in one place.
Conducting polymers have extended p-orbital system, through which electrons can be moved from one end to another and of polymer. Also, when a polymer is doped, there are changes in it due to resonance the charge can drift through the chain, and generating the conductivity.
Plastics has been evolving now a days. Our lives has been filled with plastics. Almost all of our things are made of plastics but do you what it is and what it is made of?
One of the most common and widely used plastic is polyethylene or PE with the resin codes 2 and 4. It is mostly used as plastic bags, food wraps, bulletproof vest, pipes and so many more. Here is a little preview of polyethylene and what is its purpose in our daily lives.
What is polyethylene?
Its properties, structure and applications.
This presentation is prepared for First Year Engineering Students at Savitribai Phule Pune University.
It is introduction of green chemistry to understand the problems caused by using hazardous chemicals and its solution.
PMMA stands for PolyMethylMethacrylate. It has a lot of applications in the field of engineering and our daily life. This presentation will cover them.
Don't forget to subscribe to our newsletters:
https://www.onlinerockershub.com/subscribe
It's about Conducting Polymers their history and the latest discovery in the field with their application. And the future scope of the conducting Polymer. Here you will find all in one place.
About general characteristics and brief overview about conducting polymers and insights into the various applications of conducting polymers and also general overview about doping and conductivity characteristics
THIS IS BASED ON PURELY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
2. Analyse the carrier statistics in semiconductors
3. Analyse the carrier dynamics and the resulting conduction properties of semiconductors
.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Conductive Polymer
1. Conducting Polymers
Master in Nanoscience
Low dimensional system and nanostructures
January 2009
Yasmin Khairy Abd El fatah
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
What is conductivity?
What makes amaterial conductive?
How can plastic become conductive?
Doping process.
Factors that affect the conductivity.
Applications.
Conclusion.
Bibliography search.
3. Introduction
Polymers (or plastics as they are also called) are
known to have good insulating properties.
Polymers are one of the most used materials in
the modern world. Their uses and application
range from containers to clothing.
They are used to coat metal wires to prevent
electric shocks.
4. Yet Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa have
changed this view with their discovery that a polymer, polyacetylene,
can be made conductive almost like a metal.
5. What is conductivity?
Conductivity can be defined simply by Ohms Law.
V= IR
Where R is the resistance, I the current and V the voltage present in
the material. The conductivity depends on the number of charge
carriers (number of electrons) in the material and their mobility.In a
metal it is assumed that all the outer electrons are free to carry
charge and the impedance to flow of charge is mainly due to the
electrons "bumping" in to each other.
Insulators however have tightly bound electrons so that nearly no
electron flow occurs so they offer high resistance to charge
flow. So for conductance free electrons are needed.
6. What makes the material conductive?
Three simple carbon compounds are diamond, graphite and
polyacetylene. They may be regarded as three- two- and one-
dimensional forms of carbon materials .
Diamond, which contains only σ bonds, is an insulator
and its high symmetry gives it isotropic properties.
Graphite and acetylene both have mobile π electrons
and are, when doped, highly anisotropic metallic
conductors.
7. How can plastic become conductive?
Plastics are polymers, molecules that form long chains, repeating
themselves. In becoming electrically conductive, a polymer has to
imitate a metal, that is, its electrons need to be free to move and
not bound to the atoms. Polyacetylene is the simplest possible
conjugated polymer. It is obtained by polymerisation of acetylene,
shown in the figure.
8. Two conditions to become
conductive:
1-The first condition for this is that the polymer consists of alternating
single and double bonds, called conjugated double bonds.
In conjugation, the bonds between the carbon atoms are alternately
single and double. Every bond contains a localised “sigma” (σ)
bond which forms a strong chemical bond. In addition, every double
bond also contains a less strongly localised “pi” (π) bond which is
weaker.
9. 2-The second condition is that the plastic has to be disturbed -
either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting
them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as
Doping.
There are two types of doping:
1-oxidation with halogen (or p-doping).
2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping).
xNa
CH
xNa
CH
x
n
n
3
2
3
I
CH
I
x
CH n
n
10. The game offers a simple model of a doped polymer. The pieces
cannot move unless there is at least one empty "hole". In the
polymer each piece is an electron that jumps to a hole vacated by
another one. This creates a movement along the molecule - an
electric current.
11. Doping process
The halogen doping transforms polyacetylene to a good conductor.
Oxidation with iodine causes the electrons to be jerked out of
the polymer, leaving "holes" in the form of positive charges that
can move along the chain.
12. The iodine molecule attracts an electron from the
polyacetylene chain and becomes I3ֿ. The polyacetylene
molecule, now positively charged, is termed a radical cation,
or polaron.
• The lonely electron of the double bond, from which an
electron was removed, can move easily. As a
consequence, the double bond successively moves along
the molecule.
• The positive charge, on the other hand, is fixed by
electrostatic attraction to the iodide ion, which does not
move so readily.
13. DOPING - FOR BETTER
MOLECULE PERFORMANCE
Doped polyacetylene is, e.g., comparable to good conductors
such as copper and silver, whereas in its original form it is a
semiconductor.
Conductivity of conductive polymers compared to those of other
materials, from quartz (insulator) to copper (conductor). Polymers
may also have conductivities corresponding to those of
semiconductors.
14. Factors that affect the conductivity
1-Denesity of charge carriers.
2- Thier mobility.
3-The direction.
4-presence of doping materials
(additives that facilitate the polymer
conductivity)
5-Temperature.
15. The conductivity of conductive polymers decreases with falling
temperature in contrast to the conductivities
of typical metals, e.g. silver, which increase with falling
temperature.
16. Applications
Conducting polymers have many uses. The most documented
are as follows:
anti-static substances for photographic film
Corrosion Inhibitors
Compact Capacitors
Anti Static Coating
Electromagnetic shielding for computers
"Smart Windows"
A second generation of conducting polymers have been
developed these have industrial uses like:
Transistors
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Lasers used in flat televisions
Solar cells
Displays in mobile telephones and mini-format
television screens
18. Conclusion
For conductance free electrons are needed.
Conjugated polymers are semiconductor materials
while doped polymers are conductors.
The conductivity of conductive polymers
decreases with falling temperature in contrast to
the conductivities of typical metals, e.g. silver,
which increase with falling temperature.
Today conductive plastics are being developed for
many uses.
19. Bibliographic Search
H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, A.G. MacDiarmid, C.K. Chiang and A.J.
Heeger, J Chem Soc Chem Comm (1977) 579
T. Ito, H. Shirakawa and S. Ikeda, J.Polym.Sci.,Polym.Chem. Ed. 12
(1974) 11–20
C.K. Chiang, C.R. Fischer, Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa, E.J.
Louis, S.C. Gau and A.G. MacDiarmid , Phys. Rev. Letters 39 (1977)
1098
C.K. Chiang, M.A. Druy, S.C. Gau, A.J. Heeger, E.J. Louis, A.G.
MacDiarmid*, Y.W. Park and H. Shirakawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100
(1978) 1013
Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Díaz-Calleja, Electrical Properties of
Polymers
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html
http://www.organicsemiconductors.com