This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of a polyaniline-titanium dioxide (PANI-TiO2) nanocomposite for use in solar cells. PANI-TiO2 nanocomposites with different TiO2 concentrations were prepared and characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and I-V measurements. XRD and FTIR confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite. FESEM showed uniform distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles in the PANI matrix. I-V characterization demonstrated that conductivity increased with TiO2 concentration up to 6%, making PANI-TiO2 suitable for solar cell applications.

1. Synthesis and characterization of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite for
solar cell application
SHASHI KUMAR
M.Sc. (Applied Physics)
(15MS000278)
Department of Applied Physics
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
Under the supervision of
DR. R.B. CHOUDHARY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of Applied physics
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
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2. Outline
Introduction
Preparation of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite
Characterization Techniques and it’s Results
 X-ray Diffraction
 Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)
 I-V Characteristics
Conclusion
Applications
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3. Introduction to Polymers
 Long chain like molecular structure where repeated molecular
units (Monomer) are connected by covalent bond.
 polymers were considered as insulaters and were
used as insulating materials example like
Polyethylene. But according to Shirakawa polymers can be
conducting so Conducting polymers are those polymers which
Conduct electricity due to delocalization of π electrons.
E.g- Polyacetylene, Polythiophene, Polyaniline ,Polypyrrole etc.
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4.  Polymer becomes electronically charged
 Polymer chains generate charge carriers
 Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer of the semi-flexible
rod polymer family. First discovered in the 19th century by Henry
Lethe .
 It is also known as Aniline Black.
 PANI is one of the most attractive conducting polymers due to
the high conductivity and good stability.
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TiO2has also been studied to prepare its composite with conducting
polymers
The introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles to PANI because TiO2
absorb UV light energy can enhance the ability, compatibility
dispersability and durability of polymer .
Chemical formula TiO2
Molar Mass 79.866 g/mol
Density 4.23 g/cm3 (Rutile)
3.78 g/cm3 (Anatase)
Melting Point 1,843 °C (3,349 °F; 2,116 K)
Boiling point 2,972 °C (5,382 °F; 3,245 K)
Solubility in water Insoluble
Band Gap 3.05 eV (rutile)
Properties of TiO2

6.  Preparation of TiO2 and PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite
 Preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles
stirring
stirring
washing Filtering - Drying
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Ticl4
H2 O
Ticl4 Solution
Mixed Solution
(NH4)2SO4 + HCL
precipitate
TiO2 powder
20 oC – 95 oC NH4OH

7. Preparation of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite
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8. Characterization Techniques and it’s Results
XRD Analysis:-
XRD Figure (a, b, c, d, e, f) corresponds to pure aniline (C6H5NH2), TiO2, and PANI-TiO2
(2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%).
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9.  Figure (a) show that the XRD pattern of PANI has broad band at
a value of 2θ ≈25.54 degree and TiO2 has a sharp peak of
maximum intensity at 25.3 degree along with certain other
peaks of low intensity.
 The average crystallite size of PANI and PANI-TiO2 composites
has been calculated using Scherrer’s formula.
 When applied for the characteristics (101 planes) peak of TiO2
and its composite with PANI leads to an average size of about
35nm.
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10. (FT-IR) Analysis
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FTIR spectra pure PANI and PANI-TiO2 (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) nanocomposites
have been shown in figure.

11.  The detailed FTIR peak assignments for pure PANI and PANI-TiO2
nanocomposites have been shown in Table.
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FTIR peak
assignments
Pure PANI(cm-1) PANI-2%TiO2(cm-1) PANI-4%TiO2(cm-1) PANI-6%TiO2(cm-1)
C-H bending
vibration
797 797 797 797
C-H benzenoid
ring vibration
1123 1123 1123 1123
C-C stretching
vibration
1401 1304 1301 1307
C =C stretching
vibration
1460 1473 1476 1465
C=N stretching
vibration
1569 1569 1561 1575
C- N stretching
vibration
1296 1295 1295 1295

12.  The broad band of O-Ti-O network assigned at 804– 500 cm-1 .
 The peaks at 1563 and1460 cm-1 showed stretching mode of
C=N and C=C vibration for quinoid ring and benzenoid units.
 The peak at 797 cm-1 was attributed to C-H vibration for
benzenoid ring.
 In case of composite of PANI-TiO2 there exists a small shifting in
frequencies of PANI band.
 In PANI-TiO2 composites the bands of TiO2 are also visible .
 The FTIR confirms the presence of TiO2 in composite
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13. FESEM Analysis
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14.  The morphological properties of pure PANI, titanium oxide (TiO2),
and PANI-TiO2 (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) nanocomposites were
examined using FESEM technique.
 Figure (a) showed morphology of pure PANI with uniform
nanofiber structure. Figure (b) shows that the surface of TiO2
nanoparticles was arranged in highly irregular fashion with
varying diameter.
 Figure (c, d, e, f) shows morphology of nanocomposite.
 Figure(d) shows the existence of both fibrous as well as
nanoparticle structures confirming the formation of
nanocomposite.
 With increase in concentration of Tio2 uniform coating of
nanopraticles is observed on fibrous polymer matrix.
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15. I-V Characteristics
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I-V Characteristics PANI,PANI-2%TiO2 (t2), PANI-4%TiO2 (t4), PANI-6%TiO2 (t6), PANI-
2%TiO2 (t8).

16.  The electrical properties of PANI and PANI- TiO2
nanocomposite were analyzed by performing Current to
Voltage characterization
 It can be observed from the I-V curve that current intensity
was increased from 6.8 μA to 75.5 μA (at +10 V) as the TiO2
concentration increased to 2% and 6% respectively; compared
to pure one
 Further increase in TiO2 concentration leads to decrease in
current. Hence, for PANI-6% TiO2 maximum current was
observed.
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17. Conclusion
 The XRD pattern confirms the formation of TiO2which was
validated by JCPDS-00-010-0063.
 The FTIR confirms the presence of TiO2 in composite of PANI-
TiO2 .there exists small shifting of frequency band in PANI .
 The FESEM study of PANI-TiO2 shows uniform distribution of
TiO2 in the PANI matrix.
 Current- Voltage Characteristics shows that as current intensity
increases as TiO2 concentration increased compared to pure
one. Further increase in TiO2 concentration leads to decrease in
current
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18. Applications
Conducting polymers have many uses.
 Solar cells
 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 Transistor
 Sensor
 Battery.etc
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19. References
 A.K. Bakshi, Scientific reporter, March 1989, p.141.
 M. Majhi, R.B. Choudhary, and P. Maji, Bull. Mater. Sci., 38,
1195 (2015).
 www.thermonicolet.com/P/N 169-707500 2/01
 S. Maiti, J. of Sci. and Industrial research, 48, December 1989,
p.581.
 H. Letheby, On the production of a blue substance by the
electrolysis of sulphate of aniline, J. Chem. Soc., vol. 15, pp.
161-163, 1862.
 N. Gandhi, K. Singh, A. Ohlan, D.P. Singh, and S.K. Dhawan,
Compos. Sci. Technol., 71, 1754 (2011).
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20. Thank you
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