This presentation is prepared for First Year Engineering Students at Savitribai Phule Pune University.
It is introduction of green chemistry to understand the problems caused by using hazardous chemicals and its solution.
Power Point Presentation on GREEN CHEMISTRY
(info on pollution, causes and its prevention)
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Power Point Presentation on GREEN CHEMISTRY
(info on pollution, causes and its prevention)
Friends if you found this helpful please click the like button. and share it :)
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
An approach for designing organic synthesis which involves breaking down of target molecule into available starting material by imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnection) and/or by functional group interconversion is known as disconnection approach or retrosynthesis or synthesis backward.
The C-X disconnection approach is mainly applicable to a carbon chain attached to any of the heteroatoms like O, N, or S. Here, a bond joins the heteroatom (X) to the rest of the molecule like a C-O, C-N, or C-S group. This point is good point to initiate a disconnection. This is called a ‘One-group’ C-X disconnection as one would need to identify only one functional group like ester, ether, amide etc. to make the disconnection.
How to choose a disconnection?
These are the few general strategy which are important points introduced which apply to the whole of synthetic design rather than one particular area. The main choice is between the various disconnection, even such a simple disconnection as the following alcohol can be disconnected.
We want to get back to simple starting materials and we shall do if we disconnect the bond which are:
Towards the middle of the molecule thereby breaking into two reasonably equal halves rather than chopping off one or two carbon atoms from the end and,
At a branch as this is more likely to give straight chain fragments and these are more likely to be available.
Disconnections very often take place immediately adjacent to, or very close to functional groups in the target molecule. This is pretty much inevitable, given that functionality almost invariably arises from the forward reaction.
A simple example is the weedkiller propanil used on rice fields. Amide disconnection gives amine obviously made from o-dichlorobenzene by nitration and reduction. All positions around the ring in o-dichlorobenzene are about the same electronically but steric hindrance will lead to dichloronitrobenzene being the major product
This compound was needed for some research into the mechanisms of rearrangements. We can disconnect on either side of the ether oxygen atom, but (b) is much better because (a) does not correspond to a reliable reaction: it might be hard to control selective alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in the presence of the secondary one.
The disconnections we have made so far have all been of C–O, C–N, or C–S bonds, but, of course, the most important reactions in organic synthesis are those that form C–C bonds. We can analyze C–C disconnections in much the same way as we’ve analyzed C–X disconnections.
The Zeneca drug propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure and is one of the top drugs worldwide. It has two 1,2-relationships in its structure but it is best to disconnect the more reactive amine group first.
Arildone is a drug that prevents polio and herpes simplex viruses from ‘unwrapping’ their DNA, and renders them harmless.
This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
*The concept of green chemistry was formally established at the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15 years ago in years ago in years ago in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 .
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
water can be consider as a potentially green solvent.it is safest & least expensive solvent. organic reaction in aqueous medium.like deals alder reaction,pinacol coupling.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
An approach for designing organic synthesis which involves breaking down of target molecule into available starting material by imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnection) and/or by functional group interconversion is known as disconnection approach or retrosynthesis or synthesis backward.
The C-X disconnection approach is mainly applicable to a carbon chain attached to any of the heteroatoms like O, N, or S. Here, a bond joins the heteroatom (X) to the rest of the molecule like a C-O, C-N, or C-S group. This point is good point to initiate a disconnection. This is called a ‘One-group’ C-X disconnection as one would need to identify only one functional group like ester, ether, amide etc. to make the disconnection.
How to choose a disconnection?
These are the few general strategy which are important points introduced which apply to the whole of synthetic design rather than one particular area. The main choice is between the various disconnection, even such a simple disconnection as the following alcohol can be disconnected.
We want to get back to simple starting materials and we shall do if we disconnect the bond which are:
Towards the middle of the molecule thereby breaking into two reasonably equal halves rather than chopping off one or two carbon atoms from the end and,
At a branch as this is more likely to give straight chain fragments and these are more likely to be available.
Disconnections very often take place immediately adjacent to, or very close to functional groups in the target molecule. This is pretty much inevitable, given that functionality almost invariably arises from the forward reaction.
A simple example is the weedkiller propanil used on rice fields. Amide disconnection gives amine obviously made from o-dichlorobenzene by nitration and reduction. All positions around the ring in o-dichlorobenzene are about the same electronically but steric hindrance will lead to dichloronitrobenzene being the major product
This compound was needed for some research into the mechanisms of rearrangements. We can disconnect on either side of the ether oxygen atom, but (b) is much better because (a) does not correspond to a reliable reaction: it might be hard to control selective alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in the presence of the secondary one.
The disconnections we have made so far have all been of C–O, C–N, or C–S bonds, but, of course, the most important reactions in organic synthesis are those that form C–C bonds. We can analyze C–C disconnections in much the same way as we’ve analyzed C–X disconnections.
The Zeneca drug propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure and is one of the top drugs worldwide. It has two 1,2-relationships in its structure but it is best to disconnect the more reactive amine group first.
Arildone is a drug that prevents polio and herpes simplex viruses from ‘unwrapping’ their DNA, and renders them harmless.
This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
*The concept of green chemistry was formally established at the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15 years ago in years ago in years ago in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 .
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
water can be consider as a potentially green solvent.it is safest & least expensive solvent. organic reaction in aqueous medium.like deals alder reaction,pinacol coupling.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
It's a power packed presentation which can be used to win prizes and rewards for benefits of nature .It deals about the use of green chemistry,what is the use of green chemistry.The green chemistry is the base of future which enables us to switch from the harmful,toxic bases such as plastic to other nature enhancement promoting substance use.
It comprises the study of Hydrogen Chemistry and their applications.
Apart from these, It contains The stoarge, transportation of hydrogen along with the preparation of hydrogen.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. Green Chemistry is about reducing
• Waste
• Materials
• Hazards
• Risks
• Energy
• Cost
3
4. Goals of Green Chemistry
1. To reduce adverse environmental impact, try appropriate and
innovative choice of material & their chemical
transformation.
2. To develop processes based on renewable rather than non-
renewable raw materials.
3. To develop processes that are less prone to obnoxious
chemical release, fires & explosion.
4. To minimize by-products in chemical transformation by
redesign of reactions & reaction sequences.
4
5. Goals of Green Chemistry
6. To develop products that degrade more rapidly in the
environment than the current products.
7. To reduce the requirements for hazardous persistent solvents
& extractants in chemical processes.
8. To improve energy efficiency by developing low temperature
& low pressure processes using new catalysts.
9. To develop efficient & reliable methods to monitor the
processes for better & improved controls.
5
7. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1. Prevention of Waste or by-products
7
8. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1. Prevention of Waste or by-products
“It is better to prevent waste
than to treat or clean up waste
after it is formed”
8
10. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3. Minimization of hazardous products
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be
designed to use and generate substances that possess
little or no toxicity to people or the environment.
10
11. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3. Minimization of hazardous products
11
12. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to effect their
desired function while minimising their toxicity.
12
13. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
5. Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries
“The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents,
separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary
wherever possible, and innocuous when used”
13
14. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry 14
5. Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries
15. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
6. Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy requirements of chemical processes should be
recognised for their environmental and economic
impacts and should be minimised. If possible, synthetic
methods should be conducted at ambient temperature
and pressure.
15
16. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
6. Design for Energy Efficiency
Developing the alternatives for energy generation
(photovoltaic, hydrogen, fuel cells, bio based fuels,
etc.) as well as
Continue the path toward energy efficiency with
catalysis and product design at the forefront.
16
17. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
7. Use of Renewable Feedstock
“A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather
than depleting whenever technically and economically
practicable.”
17
18. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry 18
7. Use of Renewable Feedstock
19. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
8. Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups,
protection/de-protection, and temporary modification
of physical/chemical processes) should be minimised or
avoided if possible, because such steps require
additional reagents and can generate waste.
19
20. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
8. Reduce Derivatives
More derivatives involve
Additional Reagents
Generate more waste products
More Time
Higher Cost of Products
20
21. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are
superior to stoichiometric reagents.
e.g. Toluene can be exclusively converted into p-xylene
(avoiding o-xylene & m-xylene) by shape selective
zeolite catalyst.
21
22. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
10. Designing of degradable products
Chemical products should be designed so that at the
end of their function they break down into innocuous
degradation products and do not persist in the
environment.
22
24. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
11. New Analytical Methods
“Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring
and control prior to the formation of hazardous
substances.”
24
25. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
12. Safer Chemicals For Accident Prevention
“Analytical Substances and the form of a substance used in
a chemical process should be chosen to minimise the
potential for chemical accidents, including releases,
explosions, and fires.”
25
29. 2. Atom Economy
e.g.
1. Rearrangement Reactions:
These reactions involves rearrangement of atoms that
forms molecule. Hence, the atom economy of these
reactions are 100%.
2. Addition Reactions:
These reactions involves addition of two or more
molecules without elimination that forms molecule.
Hence, the atom economy of these reactions are 100%
29
30. 2. Atom Economy
e.g. Consider the following reaction to find out atom
economy.
30
CH3 CH2 C OC2H5
O
+ CH3 NH2
Ethyl propionate
Mol wt 102.13
Methyl amine
Mol wt 31.05
CH3 CH2 C NHCH3
O
N-Methyl propionate
Mol wt 87.106
+ H5C2 OH
Ethyl Alcohol
Mol wt 46.06
36. Traditional Pathway of
Synthesis of Adipic Acid
36
benzene
N i - A l 2 O 3
3 0 0 - 8 0 0 p s i
cyclohexane
C O , O 2
1 2 0 - 1 4 0 p s i
O
cyclohexanone
+
OH
cyclohexanol
C u , N H 4 V O 3
H N O 3
COOH
HOOC
Adipic acid
37. Drawbacks of Traditional Pathway
• Use of non-renewable, carcinogenic feedstock
• The reaction is energy consuming which works on
higher temperature & pressure
• More steps are required for synthesis
37
38. Green Pathway of
Synthesis of Adipic Acid
38
By Scientist Frost
at Michigan University, America
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
D-glucose
E - c o li
COOH
O
OH
OH
3-dehydroxyshikimate
E - c o li
HOOC
COOH
cis, cis-muconic acid
E - c o li
HOOC
COOH
Adipic acid
39. Advantages of Green Pathway
• The reaction is cheap by using renewable
feedstock
• It requires safer pressure and temperature
• Fewer steps are required for synthesis
39
40. Traditional Pathway of
Synthesis of Polycarbonates
40
OH C
CH3
CH3
OH
Bisphenol-A
O C O
O
C
CH3
CH3
n
Polycarbonate
+ COCl 2
+ (n-1) NaCl
H 2 O / C H 2 C l2
I n t e r f a c ia l
p o ly m e r iz a t io n
41. Drawbacks of Traditional Pathway
• Uses of non-renewable (CH2Cl2), poisonous
solvent which is difficult to separate from
product
• Uses poisonous starting material phosgene
41
42. Green Pathway of
Synthesis of Polycarbonates
42
Komia and his team,
Asahi Chemicals, Japan
OH C
CH3
CH3
OH
Bisphenol-A
S o lid s t a t e
p o ly m e r iz a t io n
O C O
O
Ph Ph
O C O
O
C
CH3
CH3
n
Polycarbonate
43. Advantages of Green Pathway
• The reaction does not require solvent, it carries
in molten state
• It avoids use of poisonous starting materials.
43
47. Advantages of Green Pathway
• Renewable plant origin starting material
• Eco-friendly process
• Less steps in synthesis without waste matter
47
48. • Energy
• Global Change
• Resource Depletion
• Food Supply
• Toxics in the Environment
Major uses of Green Chemistry
49. Green chemistry Not a solution to all
environmental problems But the most
fundamental approach to prevent
pollution.
Conclusion
50. References
1. Green Chemistry: Environmentally Benign Reaction
By V. K. Ahluwalia, Ane Books India
1. Engineering Chemistry
By Jain & Jain
1. Engineering Chemistry
By O. G. Palanna
Editor's Notes
Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry or clean chemistry.
Environmental chemistry focuses on the effects of polluting chemicals on nature, green chemistry focuses on technological approaches for preventing pollution and reducing consumption of non-renewable resources.
Green chemistry overlaps with all subdisciplines of chemistry but with a particular focus on chemical synthesis, process chemistry, and chemical engineering, in industrial applications. To a lesser extent, the principles of green chemistry also affect laboratory practices.
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency played a significant early role in fostering green chemistry through its pollution prevention programs, funding, and professional coordination. At the same time in the United Kingdom, researchers at the University of York contributed to the establishment of the Green Chemistry Network within the Royal Society of Chemistry, and Launched the journal Green Chemistry.
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