The document discusses key concepts in teaching and learning including learning theories, teaching methods, and learning styles. It describes behaviorism which views learning as absorbing information through repetition and practice, and constructivism which sees learning as an active process of constructing knowledge based on experience. The roles of teachers and students are also examined based on these theories. Different learning styles are outlined, namely visual, auditory, and kinesthetic, along with appropriate teaching strategies for each style.

1. Teaching and Learning:
concepts, learning theories, and learning style
Wondifraw Dejene
Dire Dawa University
Department of Education
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Wondifraw.dejene@ddu.edu.et

2. How learning Occur??

3. May 22-23, 2006
I hear, and I forget;
I see, and I remember;
I do, and I understand.
- Confucius (400 BC)

4. • What I hear, I forget.
• What I hear and see, I remember a little.
• What I hear, see, and ask questions about or
discuss with someone else, I begin to
understand.
• What I hear, see, discuss and do, I acquire
knowledge and skill.
• What I teach to another, I master.
Silberman (1996):

5. • What Does learning and
teaching Mean???

6. Learning is…..
• Memorizing….?
• Recalling…….?
• Acquiring
knowledge?
• Creating knowledge?
Teaching is…..
• Telling ?
• Presenting information?
• Transmitting knowledge?
• Facilitate learning?
• Helping?

7. Teaching characteristics
• An understanding of how students learn.
• A concern for students' development.
• A commitment to scholarship.
• A commitment to work with and learn from
colleagues.
• Continuing reflection on professional practice.

9. Learning Theories
Constructivism
• View learners as active
• Recognize that students
are different
• Knowledge primarily
constructed by learners
• Construction occurs on to
existing knowledge
• Focus on the process
Behaviorism
• Learners are passive
receiver
• Students’ mind
considered as blank slate
• Use of repetition,
• rote learning and
practice
• Practice promotes
desired behavior.

10. Behaviorism

11. Behaviorism

13. Constructivism

14. Constructivism

15. Active Learning
• when students are engaged in more
activities than just listening.
• They are involved in dialog, debate,
writing, and problem solving, as well as
higher-order thinking.
• derives from two basic assumptions:
– that learning is by nature an active endeavor
and
– that different people learn in different ways

17. • Debating ideas
• Asking questions
• Comparing answers to what is known
• Using evidence to develop explanations
• Considering alternatives
• Making ideas public while realizing that
explanations may change after group
discussion
Active Learning?

18. Why active learning

19. o To support memory
o To experience learning at
a deeper level
o To problem solve
o To encourage discussion
o To engage pupils
o To develop critical
thinking/reflection
Why Active Learning?

20. What does learning mean
Behaviorist
• Absorbing information
• Memorizing facts and
principles
• Is observable
• Objective
• Telling
• Conveying information
Constructivist
• Knowledge is
constructed from
experience;
• Learning results from
personal interpretation
of knowledge;
• Learning is an active
process;
• Learning is a
collaborative process.

21. Role of the teacher
Behaviorism
• Expert
• Source of knowledge
• Director
• Knowledge constructor
Constructivism
• Mediator
• Negotiator
• Facilitator
• Guider
• Stage settler

22. The Role of the Teacher
Creative
Motivator
Listener
Choreographer
Facilitator
Empowerer

23. Role of the Student
Behaviorism
• Receiving information
• Note-Taking
• Memorizing
Constructivism
• Knowledge constructor
• Meaning-maker
• Active
• Opine
• Share experience
• Debate
• Discuss
• Argue
• Question

25. Methods & Techniques of Teaching
• Methods are tools to achieve the important goal
of instruction.
• Properly selected methods provide students
opportunities to think.
• The key concept in method selection is to use as
variety of methods as possible to address the
needs and interests of different students.
• Carefully selected methods ensure student
engagement in the instruction.

26. Lecture Method (gapped Lecture)
• are good for giving information to students quickly
and with limited resources.
• If supported with short lectures, they are more
effective.
• Writing key words on the board can help students
to follow and to take notes of what is important.
• Where possible link your lecture to previous and
future sessions.

27. Cooperative Learning
• is a form of group work in which each group member
has a specific task to complete within the group.
• Members are assigned different tasks like
– facilitator,
– note taker,
– time keeper,
– chair,
– observer,
– reporter, or tasks specific to the topic by the instructor.
• Group members can assign tasks if appropriate.

28. Demonstrations
• Demonstrations are particularly appropriate to
Mathematics or Science.
• Students are shown the students how something is
done.
• It can be how a theorem is proved, how a problem
is solved or how an experiment is conducted.
• This technique is most effective when the students
are able to attempt the activity themselves after the
demonstration.

29. HEURISTIC METHOD/discovery
• discover (teaching Science with a question mark
instead of an exclamation mark)
• The student be put in the place of an independent
discoverer,
• the teacher sets a problem for the students and
then stands aside while they discover the answer.

30. Discovery…….
• given a problem sheet with minimum instructions
• the student is required to perform the experiments
concerning the problem in hand.
• S/He must follow the instructions, and enter in his
note-book an account of what s/he has done and
results arrived at.
• S/He must also put down his conclusion as to the
bearing which the result has on the problem in hand.

31. Learning style

32. Auditory learners
Learns through listening
Learns best through verbal lectures, discussion,
and listening to what others have to say
Prefers directions given orally
Seldom takes notes or writes things down
Prefers lectures to reading assignments
Often repeats what has just been said
Talks to self
5/22/2020 32

33. Auditory conti……….
Often benefits from reading text aloud and
using a tape recorder
Sits where they can hear but needn't pay
attention to what is happening in front
Hums or talks to himself/herself or others
when bored
Acquires knowledge by reading aloud
Remembers by verbalizing lessons to themselves
5/22/2020 33

34. Tactile/Kinesthetic Learner
• Learns through moving, doing, and touching
• Learns best through a hands-on method, actively
exploring the world around them
• Enjoys tasks that involve manipulating materials
and objects
• Speak with their hands and with gestures
• Remembers what was done, but has difficulty
recalling what was said or seen
5/22/2020 34

35. Tactile/Kinesthetic cont…..
• Good at drawing designs
• Often doodles while listening, thus processing
information
 Good at drawing designs, art, cooking,
construction, engineering, sports, mechanics
• Needs to be active and take frequent breaks
• Finds reasons to move when bored
5/22/2020 35

36. Visual Learner
•Learns through seeing
• Reader/observer
• Scans everything; wants to see things, enjoys
visual stimulation
• Enjoys maps, pictures, diagrams, and color
• Needs to see the teacher’s body language/facial expression
to fully comprehend
5/22/2020 36

37. Visual cont…..
• Often closes their eyes to visualize or remember
something
• Daydreams; a word, sound, or smell causes recall
and mental wandering
• Usually takes detailed notes to absorb the info.
• May think in pictures and learn best from visual
displays
5/22/2020 37

38. Visual cont…..
•Tends to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom to avoid
visual obstructions
• Finds something to watch if they are bored
• Benefits from illustrations and presentations that use color
• Is attracted to written or spoken language rich in imagery
5/22/2020 38

39. Visual/Auditory/Kinaesthetic Learners
• Visual Learners
Prefer to see information
• Auditory Learners
Prefer to hear information
• Kinaesthetic Learners
Learn best by doing, touching,
making
V A
K
Displays
Videos
Demonstrations
Tape Work
Visitor in the
Classroom
Oral Presentations
Make a Model
Peer Teach
Worksheets
Project Work

40. Appropriate teaching strategies for
Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic
learners

41. Visual Learners
• Computer graphics
• Maps , graphs, charts
• Cartoons
• Posters
• Diagrams
• Field trips
• Text with a lot of
pictures
• Video instruction
Kinesthetic learners
 Playing games
 Drawing
 Movement activities
 Making models
 Field trips
 Setting up experiments
 Role play
 Demonstrations
 Projects

42. Auditory learners
• Interviewing , debating
• Participating on a panel
• Giving oral reports
• Oral discussions of written material
• Story telling
• Recorded instruction (audiotapes)
• Memorization
• Lecture

43. Thank you!!!You may contact me via: wondifraw.dejene@ddu.edu.et