This document summarizes the history of computers from the 4th century BC to present day in 5 generations. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, further miniaturizing computers. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, leading to smaller portable computers and the internet. The fifth generation aims to develop true artificial intelligence and natural language processing.

1. COMPUTERS
HISTORY

2. PRESENTED BY:
 Name:- KHALID RIAZ
 Subject:- Computer Application
 Semester:- 1st
 Teacher:- Sir Yousuf Qasim

3. INTRODUCTION
The History of Computer development is
often referred to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices. Each
generation of computer is characterized by a
major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way computers
operate, resulting in increasingly smaller,
cheaper, more powerful and more efficient
and reliable devices.

4. FIRST COMPUTER
 The abacus, a simple counting aid,
may have been invented in
Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth
century B.C.
 This device allows users to make
computations using a system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack.
 Considered the first computer
ABACUS
4th Century B.C.

5. BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 In 1642, the French mathematician
and philosopher Blaise Pascal
invented a calculating device that
would come to be called the
"Adding Machine".
 One of the first and earliest
mechanical devices used for
calculating was the Pascaline.
Pascal’s
calculator
Pascal’s Adding
Machine

6. CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an
English mathematician and professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the British
government to finance his design to build a
machine that would calculate tables for
logarithms. Called the “Difference Engine.”
 Device was to calculate numbers to 20th
place and print them at 4 digits per minute.
 With Charles Babbage's creation of the
"Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took
the form of a general purpose machine.
Analytical Engine
(Father of Computers)

7. COMPUTER
GENERATIONS

8. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
 FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
 SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
 THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
 FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
 FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

9. FIRST GENERATION
Vacuum Tubes
 The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed
glass tube containing a near-vacuum which
allows the free passage of electric current.) for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
 First generation computers relied on machine
language.
 They were often enormous and taking up entire
room.
COMPUTER (1945 – 1956)

10. FIRST GENERATION
MAIN FEATURES OF FIRST
GENERATION
 Vacuum Tube Technology
 Unreliable
 Very Costly
 Generate Lot of Heat
 Slow Input/Output Devices
 Huge Size
 Need Air Condition Room
 Non-Portable
COMPUTER (1945 – 1956)
First
Generation
Computers
ENIAC
EDVAC
IBM
UNIVAC

11. SECOND GENERATION
TRANSISTORS
 The Scientists at Bell Laboratories developed
Transistors in 1947.
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered
in the second generation of computers.
 These were also the first computers that stored
their instructions in their memory.
 High-level programming languages were also
being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
COMPUTER (1959 – 1965)

12. SECOND GENERATION
MAIN FEATURES OF SECOND
GENERATION
 Smaller Size
 Still very Costly
 Use of Transistors
 Consumed less Electricity
 Faster then First Generation
 Generate Less amount of Heat
 Reliable in Comparison to first Generation
COMPUTER (1959 – 1965)
Second
Generation
Computers
IBM
1620
IBM
1401
CDC
3600

13. THIRD GENERATION
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
 Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrated
circuit in 1958. It was an imported invention in
the Computer field.
 The development of the integrated circuit was
the hallmark of the third generation of
computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on silicon chips, called semiconductors.
 Allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time.
COMPUTER (1965 – 1971)

14. THIRD GENERATION
MAIN FEATURES OF THIRD
GENERATION
 IC Used
 Smaller Size
 Less Maintenance
 Consumed less Electricity
 Need Air Condition Room
 Supported High-Level Language
 Faster then Previous Two Generations
 Reliable in Comparison to Previous Generation
COMPUTER (1965 – 1971)
Third
Generation
Computers
IBM 360
Series
TDC-316
& IBM
370
PDP &
Honeywell
6000
Series

15. FOURTH GENERATION
MICROPROCESSOR
 The fourth generation of computers Started with
the invention of Microprocessor.
 The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.
 Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in
1971 for Intel.
 From the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls—on a single chip.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
COMPUTER (1971 Present)

16. FOURTH GENERATION
MAIN FEATURES OF FOURTH
GENERATION
 Very cheap
 Very Small Size
 VLSI Technology Used
 Portable and Reliable
 Not Need of Air Condition Room
 Concept of Internet was Introduced
 Computers became easily Available
 Great developments in the field of networks
COMPUTER (1971 Present)
Fourth
Generation
Computers
Apple
Macintosh
& IBM 360
TDC-316
& IBM
370/168
PDP &
Honeywell
6000
Series

17. FIFTH GENERATION
Artificial intelligence
 They will have Artificial Intelligence.
 They will be able to recognize image and graph.
 They will be able to use more than one CPU for
faster processing speed.
 The fifth generation of computers will use Super
large scale integrated Chips.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
COMPUTER (Present & Beyond)

18. MAIN FEATURES OF FIFTH
GENERATION
 USLI Technology
 Advancement in parallel processing
 Development of true artificial intelligence
 Development of Natural Language processing
 Advancement in Super-Conductor technology
 More User Friendly interfaces with
multimedia features.
 Availability of very powerful & Compact
Computers at cheap rates.
Fifth
Generation
Computers
Desktop
Laptop
Chrome
Book
Note book
Ultra book
FIFTH GENERATION
COMPUTER (Present & Beyond)

19. THANKS 