The document describes the history and development of computers from the mechanical era to the fifth generation. It begins with mechanical computers that used gears and shafts and had limitations in speed and information processing. The first electronic computers then emerged in the 1940s using vacuum tubes, like ENIAC which weighed 30 tons and used 18,000 vacuum tubes. The first stored program computer was the EDVAC in 1946. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation from 1955-1965. Integrated circuits replaced transistors in the third generation from 1965-1980, making computers smaller. The fourth generation from 1980 onward used VLSI technology to put CPUs, memory and components on a single chip, enabling personal computers. The fifth generation aimed to

2. a. Mecanical Era
A mechanical computer is a computer whose
components are gearwheel, shaft, crank,
and plat made from iron/steel
To move it, powerful energy is needed
Mechanical computer has several
weaknesses:
• Counting speed is limited by mechanical
movements.
• Information transformation (through gear

3. Table Mechanical Computer Development
Year Inventor: Machine Capability
1642 Blaise Pascal Addition, subtraction
1617 Gottfried Leibniz Addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division
1827 Charles Babbage:
Difference Engine
Polinominal Evaluation with
finite difference method
1834 Charles Babbage:
Analytical Engine
Multi-purpose computation
1941 Zuse: Z3 Multi-purpose computation
1944 Aiken: Harvard Mark 1 Multi-purpose computation

4. b. First Generation (Vacuum Tubes)
information is sent by electric current (electron
movement) whose speed is close to light velocity
(300,000 km/second)
The first multipurpose electronic computer is ENIAC
(Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
invented in 1943 by John W. Mauchly & J Presper
Eckert. ENIAC has the following characteristics:
• Consists of 18,000 vacum tubes
• Weighs 30 tons
• Spends 140 kilowatts of electric power
Was programmed with 6000 multiposition electric
switches
programs and data were stored in separate

5. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer) was the first stored
program computer
In 1946 John von Neuman began to create
the new stored program computer, i.e. IAS
Machine. This system has been used as the
basic concept of electronic computer
development up to now.
Von Neuman Machine has five parts:
• Memory
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• Program control unit

6. c. Second Generation Computer (Transistor):
1955-1965
• The transistor era was marked by the
innovation on hardware and some
program design methodology (software
technology).
• It used transistor as vacum tubes
substitute.
• “High level” programming language did not
depend on independent machine such as
ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN.
• Some of the computers were PDP, IBM,

7. Third Generation Computer (Integrated Circuit):
1965-1980
In this era some of the development were:
• IC was used as transistor substitute, so the size
was smaller.
• Semiconductor memory was used as main
memory.
• Microprogramming technique, makes CPU design
simpler and more flexible.
• Parallel processing was used, so counting was
faster.
• Operating system was used.
Some types of third generation computer from IBM
(Mainframe) were:

8. Fourth Generation Computer (VLSI): 1980 to now
In 1980, technology of VLSI (very large scale
integration) has enabled the use of hundreds
and finally millions of transistors in one chip.
This technology enables the creation of
CPU, memory and other components in a
single chip which can be produced massively
in a cheap price.
At last, it can produce smaller, faster, and
cheaper computers, that everyone can
afford. This technology starts the era of
Personal Computer (PC).

9. Fifth Generation Computer
The term fifth generation computer is
created by a Japanese to describe a
“smart” computer which was built in the
mid 1990s.
The development involves artificial
intelligence, expert system, and natural
programming language.
The focus of the fifth generation is
connectivity, by connecting a computer
to other computers, to form parallel
computation.

10. LOGO
The History of Telephone
 Who first invented a telephone? He is Alexander Graham
Bell. He asked his friend Thomas Watson to help him
provide the equipments
 On 14 February 1876, Bell patented his invention, but
according to US Patent Office Bell, it was legally patented
on March 7 under the term “electric speaking telephone”.
 Bell kept on developing his invention and for the first time
he succeded to send a message saying ”Watson, come
here, I want you” on 10 March 1876.
 On 30 Januari 1877, Bell's U.S. patented electromagnetic
telephone using a permanent magnet, iron diaphragm, and
call bell. The patent number is 186,787.

11. LOGO
The History of Wireless
In 1896 Marconi showed his invention in England
and obtained his first patent for this invention