The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, functionalities, and characteristics of computers. It details the generations of computers, types based on data processing, and an explanation of RAM and ROM, including their types and differences. Additionally, it covers system and application software, decimal-to-binary conversion, and various networking topologies with their advantages.

1. Computer Fundaments & Basics of Computer
Suman Mia(Saikan)
AdjunctLecturer
Dept ofComputerScience andEngineering, DIU

2. Definition of Computer
A computer is normally considered to be a calculation device
which can perform the arithmetic operations very speedily.
 A computer may be defined as a device which operates upon the
data.
Data can be in the form of numbers, letters, symbols, size etc. And
it comes in various shapes & sizes depending upon the type of
computer application.
A computer can store, process & retrieve data as and when we
desired.

3. Write Down the Functionalities of Computer
Step 1 − Takes data as input.
Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses
them as required.
Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful
information.
Step 4 − Generates the output.
Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.
Input Processing Output

4. Write down the characteristics of Computer
1.Automatic
2.Accuracy
3.High Speed
4.Diligence
5.Versatility
6.Power of Remembering
7.Reliability
8.Storage Capability
9.Reduction in Paper work

5. EXPLAIN The GENERATION OF THE COMPUTERS.
Sl. NO. Generation & Description
1 First Generation
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
2 Second Generation
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
3 Third Generation
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
4 Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
5 Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

6. EXPLAIN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTER BY DATA PROCESSING
The computers are classified in four types on the based on data processing.
Micro Computer: Micro computers are the computers with having a microprocessor
chip as it central processing unit.
Mini Computer: Mini computers are Lower mainframe in the terms of processing
capabilities.
Mainframe Computer: A very powerful computer which capable of supporting
thousands of user simultaneously.
Super Computer: Used for complex scientific application that requires huge
processing power.

7. EXPLAIN THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

8. Write Some Input Devices OF Computer
Keyboard MICR
(Magnetic Ink Code Reader)
Mouse OCR
(Optical Code Reader)
Joystick OMR
(Optical Mark Reader)
Track Ball BAR Code Reader
Light Pen Touch Screen
Scanner Webcam
Camera Touch Pad
Microphone Graphic Tablet

9. Write Some Output Devices OF Computer
Monitor Graphic Plotter
Printer Speakers
Headphone Projectors
GPS Device Fax Machine
LED/LCD Walls Data Projector

10. Difference between RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)
RAM is a volatile memory that could store the
data as long as the power is supplied
ROM is a non-volatile memory that the could
retain the data even when the power is turned
off.
Read and write operations are supported.
Only read operations are supported.
It is a high-speed memory.
It is much slower than the RAM.
RAM is more costlier than ROM.
ROM is cheaper than RAM.
CPU can easily access data stored in RAM. CPU cannot easily access data stored in ROM.

11. What are the types of Random Access Memory (RAM)?
There are two types of RAM::
1.Static RAM (SRAM)
2.Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
What are the types of Read Only Memory (R0M)?
There are four types of RAM:
1. Masked ROM (MROM)
2. Programmable ROM (PROM)
3. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
4. Electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM)

12. System Software
System Software:
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and
extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.
Operating System
(Windows, macOS, Linux,
iOS, and Android)
Device Drivers Firmware
BIOS/UEFI: Basic
Input/Output System
(BIOS) or Unified Extensible
Firmware Interface (UEFI)
Virtual Machine
Monitors/Hypervisors
Utility Programs
Language Translators Linkers and Loaders System Libraries
Shell

13. Application Software
Application Software:
Application software, often simply referred to as "apps," is a type of computer
software designed to perform specific tasks or functions for end-users.
Word Processors
(Microsoft Word, Google Docs,
and LibreOffice Writer)
Spreadsheet Software
(Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets,
and LibreOffice Calc)
Presentation Software
(Microsoft PowerPoint and
Google Slides)
Social Media
(Facebook,Youtube,Instagram,Lin
kedin,Tik Tok)
Web Browsers
(Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
Microsoft Edge, and Apple Safari)
Email Clients
(Microsoft Outlook, Gmail, and
Yahoo)
Media Players
(VLC Media Player, Windows
Media Player, and iTunes )
Video Editing Software
(Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut
Pro, and iMovie )
Gaming Software
Educational Software Database Management
Software
(Microsoft Access, MySQL, and
Oracle Database.)
Financial Software

14. Converting Decimal to Binary:
In conversion from decimal to any other number system, the steps to be followed are:
1. Divide the decimal number by the base of 2.
2. Note the remainder in one column and divide the quotient again with the base.
Repeat this process until the quotient is reduced to a zero.
2 65
2 32 1
2 16 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
The binary number of 65 is 1000001

15. Networking Topology
StarTopology
Advantages of Star Topology:
1. If N devices are connected to each other in a star
topology, then the number of cables required to
connect them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
2. Each device requires only 1
3. It is Robust. If one link fails only that link will
affect and not other than that.
4. Easy to fault identification and fault isolation.
5. Star topology is cost-effective as it uses
inexpensive coaxial cable.

16. Networking Topology Cont..
BusTopology
Advantages of BUS Topology:
1. If N devices are connected to each other in a bus
topology, N drop lines are required.
2. Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in
bus-based networks that support up to 10 Mbps.
3. The cost of the cable is less compared to other
topologies, but it is used to build small networks.
4. Bus topology is familiar technology as installation
and troubleshooting techniques are well known.

17. Networking Topology Cont..
RingTopology
Advantages of Ring Topology:
1. The data transmission is high-speed.
2. The possibility of collision is minimum in this type
of topology.
3. Cheap to install and expand.
4. It is less costly than a star topology.

18. Networking Topology Cont..
TreeTopology
Advantages of Tree Topology:
1. It allows more devices to be attached to a single
central hub thus it decreases the distance that is
traveled by the signal to come to the devices.
2. It allows the network to get isolated and also
prioritize from different computers.
3. We can add new devices to the existing network.
4. Error detection and error correction are very easy
in a tree topology.