Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbuses and computer networks. Network topology is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logicallyIt is an application of graph theory, wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes .Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks (LAN), a common computer network installation. A wide variety of physical topologies have been used in LANs, including ring, bus, mesh , star and point to point

1. DHAKA INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
Department Of Sociology
Presentation
Presentation Title : Network Topology
Subtitle : Exploring the Backbone of Computer Networks
Course Title : Fundamentals Of Computer
Course Code : 0613-1106
Submitted To :
Sumon Ahmed Saikan (Lecturer)
Department Of Sociology (DIU)

2. ABOUT US
TEAM : EMPOWERMENT
ENSEMBLE
SHAHRIAR SAYEM (36)
FAHIM SHAHRIAR (9)
MD.ROBIN (23)
MEHERUNNESA MEHER (36)
Index
Introduction:
Definition of Network Topology:
Types of Network Topologies:
1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Hybrid Topology
Factors Influencing Topology Selection:
Real-World Examples:
Conclusion:
2

3. CO NETWORK TOPOLOGY REFERS TO THE ARRANGEMENT
OF NODES AND THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THEM IN A
COMPUTER NETWORK. IT OUTLINES HOW DATA FLOWS
WITHIN THE NETWORK, DEPICTING THE PHYSICAL OR
LOGICAL LAYOUT OF DEVICES SUCH AS COMPUTERS,
ROUTERS, SWITCHES, AND OTHER NETWORK COMPONENTS,
AS WELL AS THE PATHS THROUGH WHICH DATA TRAVELS.
MPANY OVERVIEW
 Introduction:
 Brief overview of what network
topology is.
 Importance of network topology
in designing and managing
computer networks.
Network topology refers to the arrangement of
nodes and the connections between them in a
computer network. It outlines how data flows
within the network, depicting the physical or
logical layout of devices such as computers,
routers, switches, and other network
components, as well as the paths through which
data travels.

4.  Definition of Network Topology:
 Definition of network topology.
 Explanation of how it defines the
arrangement of nodes and connections in
a network.

5. PROBLEM
5
Network topology refers to the geometric representation of how devices (nodes) are interconnected and
communicate with each other within a computer network. It defines the layout of nodes and connections, illustrating
the structure and configuration of the network.
Imagine a network diagram where each device is represented by a symbol (such as a circle or square) and the
connections between them are depicted by lines or arrows. This visual representation illustrates how data flows within
the network and how devices are linked to one another.
For instance, in a star topology, devices are connected to a central hub or switch, forming a centralized structure
resembling a star, with each device radiating outwards from the central point. In contrast, in a mesh topology, every
device is connected to every other device, creating a dense and interconnected network.
Network topology defines the arrangement of nodes and connections by specifying:
1. **Node Placement**: It indicates the locations of devices within the network, whether they are centralized around a
single point (as in star or tree topologies) or distributed evenly across the network (as in mesh or hybrid topologies).
2. **Connection Paths**: It outlines how devices are interconnected and the paths through which data travels between
them. This includes determining whether connections are direct point-to-point links, shared communication lines, or
wireless connections.
3. **Topology Type**: Different types of network topologies (such as bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, or hybrid) have distinct
arrangements of nodes and connections, each with its own advantages and limitations in terms of performance,
scalability, and fault tolerance.
Overall, network topology serves as a blueprint for designing and managing computer networks, providing a visual
representation of the network's structure and facilitating understanding of how devices are organized and connected.
This understanding is crucial for optimizing network performance, ensuring reliability, and troubleshooting
connectivity issues.

6. TYPE OF TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
1. Description of the star topology.
2. Illustration of how nodes are connected to a central
hub or switch.
3. Advantages and disadvantages.

7. STAR TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY WHERE EACH DEVICE (NODE) IN
THE NETWORK IS CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO A CENTRAL HUB OR SWITCH. IN THIS SETUP,
ALL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DEVICES MUST PASS THROUGH THE CENTRAL HUB,
WHICH ACTS AS A MEDIATOR, FACILITATING DATA TRANSMISSION AMONG CONNECTED
DEVICES.
 Advantages:
1. Centralized Control: The central hub or switch
facilitates centralized control and management of
the network. This makes it easier to monitor
network traffic, troubleshoot connectivity issues,
and implement security measures.
2. Scalability: Star topologies are highly scalable, as
new devices can be easily added to the network
by simply connecting them to the central hub.
This allows for easy expansion without disrupting
the existing network infrastructure.
3. Fault Isolation: If one device or connection fails in
a star topology, it typically does not affect the
operation of other devices in the network. Each
device has its own dedicated connection to the
central hub, so failures are isolated and do not
propagate to other parts of the network
7
 Disadvantages:
1. Single Point of Failure: The central hub or switch
represents a single point of failure in a star topology. If the
hub fails, the entire network may become inaccessible
until the issue is resolved. This makes the network less
resilient compared to topologies with built-in redundancy.
2. Dependency on Central Hub: All communication in a star
topology must pass through the central hub, which can
lead to network congestion and performance issues,
especially if the hub is not capable of handling high
volumes of traffic.
3. Cost of Infrastructure: Implementing a star topology may
require additional hardware, such as the central hub or
switch and the cabling needed to connect devices to the
hub. This can increase the initial setup cost compared to
other topologies like bus or ring.

8. BUS TOPOLOGY
 Advantages of Bus Topology:
1. Simplicity: Bus topology is straightforward to set up and implement. It requires less
cable compared to other topologies like star or mesh.
2. Cost-effectiveness: Since it uses a single cable for the entire network, the cost of
cabling is relatively low compared to other topologies.
3. Scalability: It's easy to add new devices to the network. You can simply connect a
new device by tapping into the main cable.
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology:
1. Single Point of Failure: The entire network can be affected if there's a fault in the
main bus cable. If the cable breaks or encounters any issues, the whole network can
go down.
2. Limited Cable Length and Number of Devices: There are constraints on the
maximum length of the cable and the number of devices that can be connected.
Adding too many devices or extending the cable beyond its limit can degrade
network performance.
3. Performance Degradation: As more devices are added to the network, the
performance can degrade due to increased traffic and collisions on the shared bus.
4. Difficulty in Identifying Faults: Troubleshooting can be challenging because if
there's a fault in the network, locating it along the length of the bus cable can be
difficult. 8
2.Bus Topology:
1. Description of the bus topology.
2. Explanation of how nodes are connected in a
linear fashion.
3. Advantages and disadvantages.
Bus topology is a type of network topology where all devices are
connected to a central cable, known as the "bus" or the backbone.
In this setup, the cable runs in a linear fashion, and each device
connects directly to it through some form of a connector or a tap.

9. RING TOPOLOGY
 Advantages of Ring Topology:
1. No collisions: Since data travels in only one direction around the ring, there
are no collisions between data packets. This can lead to more efficient data
transmission compared to other topologies like bus or star.
2. Equal access to resources: Each node has equal access to the network
resources. There's no central node that controls access, so each device has
the same opportunity to transmit data.
3. Simple to manage: Ring topology is relatively simple to set up and manage
compared to more complex topologies like mesh. Adding or removing nodes
can be done without disrupting the entire network.
 Disadvantages of Ring Topology:
1. Single point of failure: If one node or connection in the ring fails, it can disrupt the entire
network. Since the ring is continuous, a break in the connection at any point will isolate the
nodes on either side of the break.
2. Limited scalability: Ring topology may not be easily scalable for larger networks. Adding
new nodes can be complicated, as it requires reconfiguration of the entire ring and can
disrupt network operations.
3. Performance degradation with increased nodes: As more nodes are added to the
network, the performance can degrade due to increased latency and the possibility of data
collisions if the network becomes congested.
4. Difficult fault isolation: Locating faults in the ring can be challenging. If there's a break in
the ring or a malfunctioning node, identifying the exact location of the fault can be time-
consuming.
9
3.Ring Topology:
1. Description of the ring topology.
2. Illustration of how each node is connected to two other
nodes, forming a closed loop.
3. Advantages and disadvantages.
Ring topology is a network configuration where each network node
is connected to exactly two other nodes, forming a closed loop or
ring. In this setup, data travels in one direction around the ring
until it reaches its destination.

10. MESH TOPOLOGY
10
4.Mesh Topology:
1. Description of the mesh topology.
2. Explanation of how each node is connected to every
other node in the network.
3. Advantages and disadvantages.
Mesh topology is a type of network architecture where
each node is connected directly to every other node in the
network, forming a web-like structure. In a mesh topology,
every node has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
other node.

11. CONNECTION IN MESH TOPOLOGY: IN A MESH NETWORK, THE CONNECTION BETWEEN EACH NODE
IS ESTABLISHED THROUGH DIRECT LINKS. FOR EXAMPLE, IF THERE ARE N NODES IN THE NETWORK,
EACH NODE WILL HAVE (N-1) CONNECTIONS TO OTHER NODES. THESE CONNECTIONS CAN BE WIRED
OR WIRELESS, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF NETWORK BEING IMPLEMENTED.
 Advantages of Mesh Topology:
1. Robustness: Mesh topology offers high reliability and
fault tolerance. Since there are multiple paths for data to
travel between nodes, if one link or node fails, the network
can dynamically reroute traffic through alternate paths,
ensuring continuous connectivity.
2. Scalability: Mesh networks are highly scalable. Additional
nodes can be easily added to the network without
disrupting the existing connections. This scalability makes
mesh topology suitable for expanding networks and
accommodating growth.
3. Performance: Mesh topology can offer better
performance in terms of data transmission speed and
bandwidth utilization compared to other topologies like bus
or ring. With multiple
 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology:
1. Complexity: Implementing and managing a mesh
network can be complex and costly, especially as the
number of nodes increases. Each node needs to be
configured with multiple connections, which requires more
hardware and maintenance effort.
2. Cost: The cost of implementing a mesh network can be
higher compared to other topologies due to the need for
additional hardware such as routers, switches, and cables.
The cost of installation and maintenance can also be
significant, especially for large-scale deployments.
3. Redundancy: While mesh topology offers redundancy
and fault tolerance, it can also lead to over-redundancy.
Maintaining multiple connections between nodes
consumes bandwidth and resources, which may not be
necessary in all cases.
11

12. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
5.Hybrid Topology:
1. Explanation of the hybrid topology.
2. Description of how it combines two or more
different types of topologies.
3. Advantages and disadvantages.
12
Hybrid topology is a network architecture that
combines two or more different types of basic network
topologies, such as star, bus, ring, or mesh, into a
single interconnected network. It's a flexible approach
that allows organizations to design a network that best
suits their needs by leveraging the strengths of
multiple topologies.

13. COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES: IN A HYBRID TOPOLOGY, DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE
NETWORK MAY BE CONFIGURED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES BASED ON THE SPECIFIC
REQUIREMENTS OF EACH SEGMENT. FOR EXAMPLE:
 Advantages of Hybrid Topology:
1. Scalability: Hybrid topology offers scalability by allowing
organizations to expand their network infrastructure
selectively. They can choose the most appropriate
topology for each segment based on factors such as size,
bandwidth requirements, and budget constraints.
2. Flexibility: Organizations can tailor their network design
to meet specific needs and requirements by combining
different topologies. This flexibility allows them to optimize
network performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness
according to different use cases and environments.
3. Redundancy and Fault Tolerance: By incorporating
redundant links and paths in critical areas of the network,
hybrid topology enhances fault tolerance and ensures
continuity of operations. This redundancy helps mitigate
the risk of network failures and improves reliability.
 Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology:
1. Complexity: Managing a hybrid network can be complex
due to the variety of topologies involved. It requires skilled
IT personnel to design, configure, and maintain the
network infrastructure effectively.
2. Cost: Implementing a hybrid network can be costly, as it
may involve purchasing and maintaining different types of
networking equipment to support various topologies. The
cost of equipment, installation, and ongoing maintenance
should be carefully considered.
3. Compatibility Issues: Integrating different topologies in a
hybrid network may introduce compatibility issues
between different network components and protocols.
Ensuring seamless interoperability and compatibility
among different segments of the network can be
challenging.
13

14. FACTORS INFLUENCING TOPOLOGY SELECTION:
 Factors Influencing Topology Selection: Scalability Cost Performance Reliability Ease of management Real-World Examples:
 Certainly! Here are some real-world examples of how different factors influence the selection of network topology:
1. Scalability:
1. Example: A rapidly growing technology startup opts for a mesh topology for its internal network infrastructure. As the company expands, the
mesh topology allows for easy addition of new nodes without disrupting existing connections, ensuring scalability.
2. Cost:
1. Example: A small business with limited budget constraints chooses a star topology for its office network. The centralized hub-and-spoke
structure of the star topology requires fewer cables and network equipment compared to other topologies, resulting in lower initial setup
costs.
3. Performance:
1. Example: A high-frequency trading firm relies on a ring topology for its trading network. The ring topology minimizes latency by providing a
dedicated communication path between trading servers, ensuring high-performance data transmission critical for real-time trading activities.
4. Reliability:
1. Example: An emergency response organization deploys a hybrid topology for its communication network. The organization combines
redundant mesh and star topologies to ensure high reliability and fault tolerance, minimizing the risk of communication failures during critical
operations.
5. Ease of Management:
1. Example: A multinational corporation with geographically dispersed offices opts for a bus topology for its wide area network (WAN). The
simplicity of the bus topology makes it easier to manage and troubleshoot, allowing the IT team to efficiently oversee the network across
different locations.
 In each of these examples, the selection of network topology is influenced by various factors such as scalability, cost, performance, reliability, and
ease of management, demonstrating how organizations strategically choose the topology that best aligns with their specific needs and objectives.
14

15. CONCLUSION:
15
**Summary of Key Points:**
1. **Network Topology Overview:** Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of interconnected devices in a network. Common
topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid.
2. **Factors Influencing Topology Selection:** Several factors influence the selection of network topology, including scalability, cost, performance,
reliability, and ease of management.
3. **Scalability:** The ability of a network to accommodate growth and expansion without significant changes to its infrastructure. Topologies like
mesh and hybrid are often chosen for their scalability.
4. **Cost:** The financial resources required for designing, implementing, and maintaining a network. Topologies like star and bus are cost-
effective choices for smaller networks, while mesh and hybrid topologies may be more expensive but offer greater flexibility and reliability.
5. **Performance:** The efficiency and speed of data transmission within a network. Topologies like ring and mesh can optimize performance by
providing dedicated communication paths and minimizing latency.
6. **Reliability:** The ability of a network to maintain connectivity and data integrity, even in the face of failures or disruptions. Redundant
topologies like mesh and hybrid are preferred for their fault tolerance and reliability.
7. **Ease of Management:** The simplicity and efficiency of network administration and maintenance. Topologies like star and bus are easier to
manage due to their centralized structure, while more complex topologies like mesh may require more advanced management techniques.

16. THANK YOU
The End