Computational modelling of drug disposition lalitajoshi9
computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and developmentPV. Viji
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development , Statistical Modeling , Descriptive Versus Mechanistic Modeling , Statistical Parameters Estimation , Confidence Regions , Non Linearity at the Optimum , Sensitivity Analysis , Optimal Design , Population Modeling
Computational modeling of drug dispositionPV. Viji
Computational modeling of drug disposition , Modeling techniques , Drug absorption , solubility , intestinal permeation , Drug distribution , Drug excretion , Active Transport , P-gp , BCRP , Nucleoside transporters , hPEPT1 , ASBT , OCT , OATP , BBB-choline transporter
REGULATORY AND INDUSTRY VIEWS ON QbD, SCIENTIFICALLY BASED QbD- EXAMPLES OF A...Ardra Krishna
The pharmaceutical Quantity by Design (QbD) is a systemic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quantity risk management.
QbD has been adopted by U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the discovery, development and manufacture of drugs.
Quality- by- design (QbD) is a concept introduces by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q8 guidelines.
Computational modelling of drug disposition lalitajoshi9
computational modelling of drug disposition is the integral part of computer aided drug design. different kinds of tools being used in the prediction of drug disposition in human body. This topic in the CADD explains the details about the drug disposition, active transporters and tools.
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and developmentPV. Viji
Statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development , Statistical Modeling , Descriptive Versus Mechanistic Modeling , Statistical Parameters Estimation , Confidence Regions , Non Linearity at the Optimum , Sensitivity Analysis , Optimal Design , Population Modeling
Computational modeling of drug dispositionPV. Viji
Computational modeling of drug disposition , Modeling techniques , Drug absorption , solubility , intestinal permeation , Drug distribution , Drug excretion , Active Transport , P-gp , BCRP , Nucleoside transporters , hPEPT1 , ASBT , OCT , OATP , BBB-choline transporter
REGULATORY AND INDUSTRY VIEWS ON QbD, SCIENTIFICALLY BASED QbD- EXAMPLES OF A...Ardra Krishna
The pharmaceutical Quantity by Design (QbD) is a systemic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quantity risk management.
QbD has been adopted by U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the discovery, development and manufacture of drugs.
Quality- by- design (QbD) is a concept introduces by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q8 guidelines.
JyotPrakash Gugnani, Student of sem 2 from department of journalism and mass communication, JIMS Vasant Kunj II talk about Areas of Artificial Intelligence. Have a Look!! For more updates: visit: jimssouthdelhi.com
The Revolutionary Progress of Artificial Inteligence (AI) in Health CareSindhBiotech
This Lecture is presented by our 2k23 volunteer Hina Nawaz, she is from Karachi, Pakistan, and she is covering "The Revolutionary Progress of Artificial Inteligence (AI) in Health Care".
Youtube: https://youtu.be/vhJRCj5ZgJc
UNCOVERING FAKE NEWS BY MEANS OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSISpijans
The short access to facts on social media networks in addition to its exponential upward push also made it tough to distinguish among faux information or actual facts. The quick dissemination thru manner of sharing has more high quality its falsification exponentially. It is also essential for the credibility of social media networks to avoid the spread of fake facts. So its miles rising research task to robotically check for misstatement of information thru its source, content material, or author and save you the unauthenticated assets from spreading rumours. This paper demonstrates an synthetic intelligence primarily based completely approach for the identification of the fake statements made by way of the use of social network entities. Versions of Deep neural networks are being applied to evalues datasets and have a look at for fake information presence. The implementation setup produced most volume 99% category accuracy, even as dataset is tested for binary (real or fake) labelling with multiple epochs.
UNCOVERING FAKE NEWS BY MEANS OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSISpijans
The short access to facts on social media networks in addition to its exponential upward push also made it
tough to distinguish among faux information or actual facts. The quick dissemination thru manner of sharing has more high quality its falsification exponentially. It is also essential for the credibility of social media networks to avoid the spread of fake facts. So its miles rising research task to robotically check for
misstatement of information thru its source, content material, or author and save you the unauthenticated
assets from spreading rumours. This paper demonstrates an synthetic intelligence primarily based completely approach for the identification of the fake statements made by way of the use of social network
entities. Versions of Deep neural networks are being applied to evalues datasets and have a look at for
fake information presence. The implementation setup produced most volume 99% category accuracy, even
as dataset is tested for binary (real or fake) labelling with multiple epochs.
Unleashing the Power of Artificial Intelligence.docxgreendigital
Introduction:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not a buzzword; it is a technological revolution that has transcended the realms of science fiction to become an integral part of our daily lives. From voice-activated virtual assistants to predictive algorithms shaping our online experiences. AI is reshaping the way we live, work, and interact. In this article, we will explore the various facets of artificial intelligence, its evolution, current applications. and the profound impact it is likely to have on our future.
Future of Artifical Intelligence and what role companies in Pakistan should playZain Farooq Ansari
The future is to develop and implement more AI tools and project which eliminate human efforts. Pakistan is blessed of talented peoples who can play a vital role in changing the world through AI. Companies should collaborate with the young students who have brilliant ideas and connect them with experience developers to convert the idea into reality.
Currently Pakistan needs to do a lot of work in the field of AI and improve their R&D process to get fruitful results.
The advent of artificial super intelligence and its impactsFernando Alcoforado
Artificial Super Intelligence will be the first technology to potentially surpass humans in all dimensions. Until now, human beings have had a monopoly on decision-making and therefore have control over everything. With Artificial Super Intelligence, this can end. A wide range of consequences can occur, including extremely good consequences and consequences as bad as the extinction of the human species.
How artificial intelligence(AI) will change the world in 2021kalyanit6
From smartphones to chatbots, Artificial intelligence is already pervasive in our digital lives. You may not know it yet. The moment behind AI is capturing, thanks to the huge amount of data that computers can collect every day about our likes, our purchases, and our movements. And experts in Artificial Intelligence Research to train or hate to learn how to train and ICT hint what we need to do to train machines.
Formulation Building blocks: Building blocks for different product formulatio...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Building blocks for different product formulations of
cosmetics/cosmeceuticals. Surfactants - Classification and application. Emollients,
rheological additives: classification and application.
Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design and In Vitro Drug Produ...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Introduction, biopharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, rate–limiting steps in drug absorption, physicochemical nature of the drug formulation factors affecting drug product performance
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics and Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI),
ROBOTICS AND COMPUTATIONAL
FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)
Presented By:
Ms. Prajakta Sawant
First Year M.Pharm (Roll No. 5)
(Dept. of Pharmaceutics)
Sub: COMPUTER AIDED DRUG
DEVELOPMENT (Sem-II)
Alard College Of Pharmacy,
Pune.
Under the Guidance of:
Dr. Nalanda Borkar
Head of Department
(Dept. of Pharmaceutics)
Alard College Of Pharmacy,
Pune.
16
June
2021
1
2. CONTENTS
General overview
Pharmaceutical Automation
Pharmaceutical applications
Advantages and Disadvantages
Current Challenges and Future Directions
16
June
2021
2
3. INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(AI)
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is
“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”.
Also, intelligence distinguish us from everything in the world. As it
has the ability to understand, apply knowledge.
Also, improve skills that played a significant role in our evolution. We
can define AI as the area of computer science.
Further, they deal with the ways in which computers can be made. As
they made to perform cognitive functions ascribed to humans.
16
June
2021
3
5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer or
a computer- enabled robotic system to process information and
produce outcomes in a manner similar to the thought process of
humans in learning, decision making and solving problems.
By extension, the goal of AI systems is to develop systems
capable of tacking complex problems in ways similar to human
logic and reasoning.
Artificial intelligence – AI – is getting increasingly
sophisticated at doing what humans do, albeit more efficiently,
more quickly, and more cheaply.
While AI and robotics are becoming a natural part of our
everyday lives, their potential within healthcare is vast.
16
June
2021
5
6. Artificial Intelligence is a new electronic machine that stores large amount
of information and process it at very high speed.
The computer is interrogated by a human via a teletype It passes if the
human cannot tell if there is a computer or human at the other end.
The ability to solve the problems.
It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs.
It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human
intelligence.
Brief history of AI:
1941- First electronic computer (technology finally available)
1956- Term artificial intellience introduced.
1960s- Checkers –playing program that was able to play with opponents.
1980s- Quality control system.
2000- First sophisticated walking robot.
16
June
2021
6
7. OVERVIEW OF AI :
Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to
perform various tasks went on growing exponentially.
Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of
their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing
size with respect to time.
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues
creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.
16
June
2021
7
8. PHILOSOPHY OF AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of
human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like
humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating
similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in
humans.
Goals of AI
To Create Expert Systems.
To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines.
16
June
2021
8
11. WHAT IS AI TECHNIQUE?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties:
Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently
in such a way that: It should be perceivable by the people who provide
it.
It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or
inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it
is equipped with.
16
June
2021
11
13. ADVANTAGES OF AI :
a. Error Reduction:
We use artificial intelligence in most of the cases. As this helps us in
reducing the risk.
Also, increases the chance of reaching accuracy with the greater
degree of precision.
b. Difficult Exploration:
In mining, we use artificial intelligence and science of robotics. Also,
other fuel exploration processes.
Moreover, we use complex machines for exploring the ocean. Hence,
overcoming the ocean limitation.
16
June
2021
13
14. c. Daily Application:
As we know that computed methods and learning have become
commonplace in daily life.
Financial institutions and banking institutions are widely using AI. That is
to organize and manage data.
Also, AI is used in the detection of fraud users in a smart card based
system.
d. Digital Assistants:
“Avatars” are used by highly advanced organizations. That are digital
assistants.
Also, they can interact with the users. Hence. They are saving human
needs of resources.
As we can say that the emotions are associated with mood.
That they can cloud judgment and affect human efficiency. Moreover,
completely ruled out for machine intelligence.
16
June
2021
14
15. e. No breaks:
Machines do not require frequent breaks and refreshments for humans. As
machines are programmed for long hours.
Also, they can continuously perform without getting bored.
f. Increase Work Efficiency:
For a particular repetitive task, AI-powered machines are great with
amazing efficiency.
Best is they remove human errors from their tasks to achieve accurate
results.
g. Reduce cost of training and operation:
Deep Learning and neural networks algorithms used in AI to learn new
things like humans do.
Also, this way they eliminate the need to write new code every time.
16
June
2021
15
16. DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE:
a. High Cost:
Its creation requires huge costs as they are very complex machines.
Also, repair and maintenance require huge costs.
b. No Replicating Humans:
As intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature.
An ethical argument continues, whether human intelligence is to be
replicated or not.
c. Lesser Jobs:
As we are aware that machines do routine and repeatable tasks much
better than humans.
Moreover, machines are used of instead of humans. As to increase
their profitability in businesses.
16
June
2021
16
17. d. Lack of Personal Connections:
We can’t rely too much on these machines for educational oversights.
That hurt learners more than help.
e. Addiction:
As we rely on machines to make everyday tasks more efficient we use
machines.
f. Efficient Decision Making:
As we know computers are getting smarter every day.
Also, they are demonstrating not only an ability to learn but to teach
other computers.
16
June
2021
17
18. APPLICATIONS OF AI IN
PHARMACEUTICALS
AI have various applications in health care and pharmacy which are as
follows:
Disease Identification
Personalize treartment
Drug Discovery/Manufacturing
Clinical Trial Research
Radiology and Radiotherapy
Smart electronic health record
16
June
2021
18
19. DISEASE IDENTIFICATION:
2015- Report by Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America-
more than 800 drugs and vaccines are in trial phase to treat cancer.
Google’s DeepMind Health, announced multiple partnerships including
some eye hospitals in which they are developing technology to address
macular degeneration in aging eyes.
Oxford’s Pivital® Predicting Response to Depression Treatment
(PReDicT) project is aiming to produce commercially-available emotional
test battery for use in clinical setting.
PERSONALIZED TREATMENT:
Micro biosensors and devices, mobile apps with more sophisticated health-
measurement and remote monitoring capabilities; these data can further be
used for R&D.
DermCheck; app available in Google play store in which images are sent
to dermatologists(human not machines).
16
June
2021
19
20. DRUG DISCOVERY/MANUFACTURING:
From initial screening of drug compounds to predicted success rate based
on biological factors.
R&D discovery technology; next-generation sequencing. Previous
experiments are used to train the model.
Optimization softwares (example: FormRules) Designing of the processes.
CLINICAL TRIAL RESEARCH:
Machine learning- to shape, direct clinical trials.
Advanced predictive analysis in identifying candidates for clinical trials.
Remote monitoring and real time data access for increased safety;
biological and other signals for any sign of harm or death to participants.
Finding best sample sizes for increased efficiency; addressing and
adapting to differences in sites for patient recruitments; using electronic
medical records to reduce data errors.
16
June
2021
20
21. RADIOLOGY AND RADIOTHERAPY:
Google’s DeepMind Health is working with University College London
Hospital (UCLH) to develop machine learning algorithms capable of
detecting differences in healthy and cancerous tissues.
SMART ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS:
AI to help diagnosis, clinical decisions, and personalized treatment
suggestions.
Handwriting recognition and transforming cursive or other sketched
handwriting into digitized characters.
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22. AI technique use in Drug Discovery:
Deep learning technique known as a generative adversarial network (GAN)
by Baltimore based company, Insilico Medicine.
GPU (graphics processing unit)-accelerated deep learning to target cancer
and age-related illnesses by above organization.
Benevolent Bio’s deep learning software, powered by the NVIDIA DGX-1
AI supercomputer (it ingests & analyzes the information to find connections
and propose drug candidates).
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23. CURRENT CHALLENGES/ FUTURE
ASPECT
Many big Pharmaceutical companies began investing in AI
in order to develop better diagnostics or biomarkers, to
identify drug targets and to design new drugs and products.
Merck partnership with Numerate generating novel small
molecule cardiovascular disease target. in March 2012
focusing on drug leads for unnamed
In December, 2016 Pfizer and IBM announced partnership to
accelerate drug discovery in immunooncology.
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24. INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
Robotics is defined to include intelligent machines and systems used in
space, exploration, human services or manufacturing where as
automation includes the use of automated methods in various
applications, for example, system factory, office, home, or
transportations to improve performance and productivity.
Objective: Robots are aimed at manipulating the objects by perceiving,
picking, moving, modifying the physical properties of object, destroying
it, or to have an effect thereby freeing manpower from doing repetitive
functions without getting bored, distracted, or exhausted.
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25. Robots in laboratory, life science and pharmaceutical applications
perform tasks at rates beyond human capability.
These robots function in potentially hazardous settings in proximity to
biological dangers, the threat of radioactive contamination and toxic
chemotherapy compounds.
Robotics is called upon to assemble and package a variety of medical
devices and implants as well as preparing prescriptions for mail-order
pharmacies or hospitals.
Robots are doing assay analysis and automating the movement of test
tubes in research laboratories.
Because of the high number of samples that need analysis and the
amount of data collection required, the process and costs are easily
validated with robotics.
In pharmaceutical applications, hospitals use robots to mix potentially
hazardous cancer drugs and those associated with radiation.
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27. TYPES OF AUTOMATION TYPES OF
AUTOMATION
1.Feedback control
2.Sequential control & logical sequence control
3. Computer control
ROBOTS USED IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Pharmaceutical Container Replacement Robot
Cylindrical Robot for High Throughput Screening
Six-Axis Robots suit Class 1 Clean Room Applications
Space Saving Ceiling Mounted Robot
Metal Detector Targets Pharmaceutical Industry
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28. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Research and Development (R&D)
Control Systems
Sterilization and Clean Rooms
Packaging Operations
Flexible Feeding 3
Vision Systems
Grinding Applications
Sterile Syringe Filling
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29. LABORATORY ROBOT IN OPERATIONAL
RESEARCH
Laboratory robotics is the act of using robots in biology or chemistry
labs.
For example, pharmaceutical companies employ robots to move
biological or chemical samples around to synthesize novel chemical
entities or to test pharmaceutical value of existing chemical matter.
Advanced laboratory robotics can be used to completely automate the
process of science, as in the Robot Scientist project.
Laboratory processes are suited for robotic automation as the processes
are composed of repetitive movements (e.g. pick/place, liquid & solid
additions, heating/cooling, mixing, shaking and testing).
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30. COMBINATORIAL LIBRARY SYNTHESIS
Robotics has applications with Combinatorial Chemistry which has great
impact on the pharmaceutical industry.
The use of robotics has allowed for the use of much smaller reagent
quantities and mass expansion of chemical libraries.
The "parallel synthesis" method can be improved upon with automation.
The main disadvantage to "parallel-synthesis" is the amount of time it
takes to develop a library; automation is typically applied to make this
process more efficient.
The main types of automation are classified by the type of solid- phase
substrates, the methods for adding and removing reagents, and design of
reaction chambers.
Polymer resins may be used as a substrate for solid-phase.
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32. PURIFICATION
Simulated distillation, a type of gas chromatography testing method used in
the petroleum, can be automated via robotics.
An older method used a system called ORCA (Optimized Robot for
Chemical Analysis) was used for the analysis of petroleum samples by
simulated distillation (SIMDIS).
ORCA has allowed for shorter analysis times and has reduced maximum
temperature needed to elute compounds.
One major advantage of automating purification is the scale at which
separations can be done.
Using microprocessors, ion exchange separation can be conducted on a
Nano liter scale in a short period of time.
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33. Robotics has been implemented in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) to
streamline the process of preparing biological samples using 96-well
plates.
This is an alternative method to solid phase extraction methods and
protein precipitation, which has the advantage of being more
reproducible and robotic assistance has made LLE comparable in
speed to solid phase extraction.
The robotics used for LLE can perform an entire extraction with
quantities in the micro liter scale and performing the extraction in as
little as ten minutes.
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34. ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTICS
One of the advantages to automation faster processing, but it is not
necessarily faster than a human operator.
Repeatability and reproducibility are improved as automated systems
as less likely to have variances in reagent quantities and less likely to
have variances in reaction conditions.
Typically productivity is increased since human constraints, such as
time constraints, are no longer a factor.
Efficiency is generally improved as robots can work continuously and
reduce the amount of reagents used to perform a reaction. Also there is
a reduction in material waste.
Automation can also establish safer working environments since
hazardous compounds do not have to be handled.
Additionally automation allows staff to focus on other tasks that are
not repetitive.
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35. DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTICS
Typically the costs of a single synthesis or sample assessment are
expensive to set up and startup cost for automation can be expensive.
Many techniques have not been developed for automation yet.
Additionally there is difficultly automating instances where visual
analysis, recognition, or comparison is required such as color changes.
This also leads to the analysis being limited by available sensory
inputs.
One potential disadvantage is an increases job shortage as automation
may replace staff members who do tasks easily replicated by a robot.
Some systems require the use of programming languages such as C++
or Visual Basic to run more complicated tasks.
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36. CURRENT CHALLENGES/ FUTURE
ASPECT
In medical device manufacturing, robotics plays an active role in assembly. The
manufacturing process is highly regulated and must be approved by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). Manufactures use robotics to reduce cost.
Robotics performs important tasks in surgical procedures.
Robots are used for delivery of radiation and for proton therapy. The goal is to
administer the smallest dose of radiation as possible to the precise location.
Robots are very precise, positioning equipment and patients accurately in three-
dimensional space.
Robots are loading and unloading injection moulding machines, assembling
medical devices and polishing implants. In pharmaceutical production, robots
handle bottles in the cell culture process, loading and unloading autoclaves and
packaging machines, as well as de- nesting syringe tubs.
Robotics has a certain future in laboratory, life science and pharmaceutical
applications. There is increased activity for bench-toproboticsperforming
various protocols. These stations are reprogrammable and many are complex.
Robotics is essential to modern scientific .
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37. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC
(CFD)
Computational fluid dynamics can be a viable tool to analyze and
troubleshoot various process equipment used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Because typical unit operations process large amounts of fluid, even small
improvements in efficiency and performance may increase revenue and
decrease costs.
The integration of CFD methods can lead to shortened product-process
development cycles, optimization of existing processes, reduced energy
requirements, efficient design of new products and processes, and reduced
time to market.
Unit operations in the pharmaceutical industry typically handle large amounts
of fluid. As a result, small increments in efficiency may generate large
increments in product cost savings.
Thus, research and development staffs as well as plant and production
managers should understand the benefits of CFD so that it can be integrated
into the development process.
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40. APPLICATION OF CFD IN
PHARMACEUTICS
The application of CFD to a few key unit operations and processes in
the pharmaceutical industry was described as follows:
CFD for mixing.
CFD for solids handling.
CFD for separation.
CFD for dryers.
CFD for packaging.
CFD for energy generation and energy-transfer devices.
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41. CFD FOR MIXING:
CFD methods can be applied to examine the performance of static mixers
and to predict the degree of mixing achieved, thus indicating whether more
mixing elements are required shows surface mesh and blade orientation for a
Kinecs mixer depicts the mass fraction concentration of the two species
being mixed.
The degree of mixing is shown as the color proceeds from distinct inlet
streams (red and blue) to the fully mixed outlet stream (green).
A CFD solution can be used to derive the pressure drop, hence the power
required.
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42. CFD FOR SOLIDS HANDLING:
CFD techniques can be applied to analyze such flows and minimize or
eliminate the risk of erosion.
CFD also can be applied to analyze the unsteady and chaotic flow
behavior in fluidized beds.
Simulation of such a flow field requires unsteady flow calculations and
small time increments.
As a result, performing calculations can take an extensive amount of
time.
Simulations of gas–solid flows in complex three-dimensional reactors
can take months of computational time and are not practically feasible
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43. CFD FOR SEPARATION:
CFD techniques are used for analyzing separation devices such as cyclones and
scrubbers.
The following example incorporates CFD methods to optimize and predict
performance of an existing cyclone design.
CFD solutions depict particle paths for various particle sizes.
In this example, CFD techniques were used to perform what-if analysis for
optimization of the design.
The performance computed with CFD closely
matched that observed in physical testing wherein 90%
of 10-m particles were removed, but only 10%
of 1-m particles were separated from the air stream.
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44. CFD FOR DRYERS:
We used CFD to analyze the
performance of an industrial spray
dryer before making major structural
changes to the dryer.
This strategy minimizes the risk of
lost profit during changeover,
especially if the improvement does
not materialize.
CFD was applied to examine
configuration changes, thus
minimizing risk and avoiding
unnecessary downtime during testing
shows the velocity distribution
(skewed flow).
This flow is a result of uneven
pressure distribution in the air
dispersing head.
CFD models were applied to
determine optimum equipment
configuration and process settings.
CFD results provided the necessary
confidence that the proposed
modifications would work so capital
equipment would be ordered and
field- testing could be scheduled.
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45. CFD FOR PACKAGING:
CFD can be applied to conduct virtual experiments before changes are
made to the filling lines or to the package geometry.
This method allows a wide range of conditions to be tested and leads
to an optimized filling process, depicts the filling of a container.
The figures shown are typical of solution results that are used to
optimize filling processes to increase throughput and reduce foaming.
(a)filling process, liquid surface location, strong
splash; (b) filling process, liquid surface location,
no splash.
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46. CFD FOR ENERGY GENERATION AND ENERGY- TRANSFER
DEVICES:
CFD techniques can be applied to analyze thermal and flow fields within
such devices.
CFD modeling methods also can be applied to gain insight into flame
characteristics.
Maintaining flame stability and burner efficiency is very critical to the
proper functioning of a process heater, power plant, or furnace. Flame
length, shape, and size can influence the process.
If the flame is too long, then it can impinge on critical regions of the
apparatus and cause thermal damage.
If the flame is too short, then it may wear out the burner tip.
Replacing the burner or associated apparatus results in downtime and loss
of product revenue.
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47. ADVANTAGES OF CFD
A great time reduction and cost reduction in new designs.
There is a possibility to analyze different problem whose experiments
are very difficult and dangerous.
The CFD techniques offer the capacity of studying system under
conditions over its limits.
The level of detail is practically unlimited.
The product gets added value.
The possibility to generate different graph permits to understand the
features of the result. This encourages buying a new product.
Hi-Tech CFD is a computer aided engineering company which
provides total solutions to engineering problems in the field of
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),Computational
Electromagnetic, Computational Structural Mechanics, Dynamics and
Controls.
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48. DISADVANTAGES OF CFD
Accuracy in the result is doubted i.e. in certain situations we will not
obtain successful result.
It is necessary to simplify mathematically the phenomenon to facilitate
calculus. If the simplification has been good the result will be more
accurate.
There are several incomplete models to describe the turbulence,
multiphase phenomenon, and other difficult problems.
Untrained user of CFD has the tendency to believe that the output of
the pc is always true
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49. CURRENT CHALLENGES/ FUTURE
ASPECT
The integration of CFD methods can shorten product-process development
cycles, optimize existing processes, reduce energy requirements, and lead to the
efficient design of new products and processes.
Unit operations in the pharmaceutical industry handle large amounts of fluid. As
a result, small increments in efficiency, such as those created by implementing
CFD solutions, can lead to significant product cost savings.
Key processes in the pharmaceutical industry can be improved with CFD
techniques.
The aerospace and automobile industries already have integrated CFD methods
into their design process. T
he chemical process and the pharmaceutical industries now are beginning to
integrate this technology.
The full potential for process improvements using CFD solutions is yet to be
realized.
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