It extends from the etiology to the management measures. A little effort to make people understand LOW VISION. Vivek Chaudhary, Christian College BSc Optometry, Bangalore. Frm NEPAL, LAHAN
This document provides information about scleral lens fitting, including:
1) Scleral lenses are large diameter rigid contact lenses that cover the entire corneal surface and rest on the sclera, providing vision correction, protecting the ocular surface, and comfort.
2) Scleral lenses come in different types depending on their bearing area on the cornea and sclera, and are used to treat conditions like keratoconus as well as postoperative complications.
3) Fitting scleral lenses requires determining clearance, and can be time-consuming due to potential refits and frequent visits, but benefits include decreased pressure on the sclera and improved comfort and stability.
This document discusses sports vision and its importance. Sports vision refers to evaluating an athlete's eyesight and visual functions to improve sports performance. It involves testing vision, eyesight, eye tracking, peripheral vision, visual reaction time, depth perception, eye-hand coordination, and visualization. These visual skills are important for sports like cricket, football, volleyball, tennis, baseball, and others that require clearly seeing fast-moving objects, tracking balls, peripheral awareness, quick reactions, judging distances, and coordinating the body with visual input. Optometrists can help athletes improve these visual abilities through exercises and practice to enhance their sports performance.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
SYNAPTOPHORE
Also known as major amblyoscope
It is haploscopic device based on mechanical dissociation of the two eyes , by the means of two optical tubes
Strength of the lenses with eyepiece +6.50D
OPTICS OF SYNAPTOPHORE
Consist of :
Light source
Slide of focal length of lens
Plane mirror
+6.50D eyepiece
SLIDES
Range of slides
Size of picture on the slides subtends , visual angles of different degrees at nodal point .
Simultaneous macular perception (SMPp slides
Fusion slides
Stereopsis slides
After image slides
Haidinger brushes
This document outlines the steps involved in fitting soft contact lenses. It discusses factors that affect lens fit like modulus of elasticity and water content. The fitting process involves an eye exam, keratometry, measuring the horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), and selecting an initial trial lens based on the base curve, power, diameter, and lens type. The fit of the trial lens is then evaluated based on patient comfort, corneal coverage, centration, movement, push-up test results, lens lag, edge alignment, and over-refraction results. The lens parameters may be altered to improve fit, and a final contact lens order is placed specifying details like base curve, power, diameter, water content, and manufacturer.
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
This document provides information about scleral lens fitting, including:
1) Scleral lenses are large diameter rigid contact lenses that cover the entire corneal surface and rest on the sclera, providing vision correction, protecting the ocular surface, and comfort.
2) Scleral lenses come in different types depending on their bearing area on the cornea and sclera, and are used to treat conditions like keratoconus as well as postoperative complications.
3) Fitting scleral lenses requires determining clearance, and can be time-consuming due to potential refits and frequent visits, but benefits include decreased pressure on the sclera and improved comfort and stability.
This document discusses sports vision and its importance. Sports vision refers to evaluating an athlete's eyesight and visual functions to improve sports performance. It involves testing vision, eyesight, eye tracking, peripheral vision, visual reaction time, depth perception, eye-hand coordination, and visualization. These visual skills are important for sports like cricket, football, volleyball, tennis, baseball, and others that require clearly seeing fast-moving objects, tracking balls, peripheral awareness, quick reactions, judging distances, and coordinating the body with visual input. Optometrists can help athletes improve these visual abilities through exercises and practice to enhance their sports performance.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
SYNAPTOPHORE
Also known as major amblyoscope
It is haploscopic device based on mechanical dissociation of the two eyes , by the means of two optical tubes
Strength of the lenses with eyepiece +6.50D
OPTICS OF SYNAPTOPHORE
Consist of :
Light source
Slide of focal length of lens
Plane mirror
+6.50D eyepiece
SLIDES
Range of slides
Size of picture on the slides subtends , visual angles of different degrees at nodal point .
Simultaneous macular perception (SMPp slides
Fusion slides
Stereopsis slides
After image slides
Haidinger brushes
This document outlines the steps involved in fitting soft contact lenses. It discusses factors that affect lens fit like modulus of elasticity and water content. The fitting process involves an eye exam, keratometry, measuring the horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), and selecting an initial trial lens based on the base curve, power, diameter, and lens type. The fit of the trial lens is then evaluated based on patient comfort, corneal coverage, centration, movement, push-up test results, lens lag, edge alignment, and over-refraction results. The lens parameters may be altered to improve fit, and a final contact lens order is placed specifying details like base curve, power, diameter, water content, and manufacturer.
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
These lectures has prepared for postgraduate student (Ophthalmology) according to the curriculum of Bangladesh College of Physician and Surgeons (BCPS) and Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Bangladesh
The document discusses rigid gas permeable contact lenses, including their benefits, applications, fitting process, and lens design considerations. Some key points covered include:
1. RGP lenses can automatically correct astigmatism, provide good vision and eye health benefits like increased oxygen transmission.
2. The fitting process involves evaluating the lens-cornea relationship using fluorescein dye to identify any bearing, clearance or sealing issues.
3. Important lens design factors are the overall diameter, optical zone size, base curve, thickness, and peripheral curve to achieve a proper alignment fit.
The ROSE K family of lenses were invented by Paul Rose to closely mimic the cone-like shape of the cornea for keratoconus. The lenses use complex geometry that can be customized for each eye. They provide excellent corneal health and high success rates of over 80%. Design features include aspheric optics, aberration control, and flexible edge lifts. Standard lenses do not ideally fit keratoconus, but ROSE K lenses contour to the cone shape with little tear pooling at the base. Types include ROSE K2 for irregular corneas, post-graft, and nipple cones. Fitting involves selecting the base curve, optimizing the peripheral fit, diameter, location, movement, and
This document provides information about progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their history, design, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages compared to bifocal lenses. Some key points:
- PALs were invented in the late 1950s and gradually increased in popularity as an alternative to bifocal lenses that provides clear vision from distance to near without visible lines.
- PAL designs can be "hard", with a rapid progression, or "soft" with a slower progression. Designs also differ in the size and location of distance, near, and intermediate zones.
- Fitting PALs properly requires selecting the right frame size and shape, measuring pupillary distance and fitting heights, and ver
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting eyeglass frames, including facial shape and features. It describes the seven main facial shapes and recommendations for frame styles that complement each shape. Additional details covered include using an existing frame versus a new frame, frame size, weight and color based on facial features, and bridge and temple designs that can shorten, lengthen or narrow the appearance of the nose. Proper fitting of the bridge and pads is also discussed to ensure comfort and support of heavier frames.
This document summarizes various types of defects that can occur in ophthalmic lenses. It categorizes defects as occurring either in the material of the lens, on the surface of the lens, or from maltreatment of the finished surface. Defects in the material include bubbles, feathers, veins, coloration and strain. Surface defects from production include holes, greyness, polishing burns, waves, rings and generator marks. Maltreatment can cause scratches, chips, bruises and other abuse marks. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of each type of defect.
soft contact lens optics and soft contact lens materialsBipin Koirala
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses and soft contact lens materials. It begins with an introduction to contact lens optics, covering topics like basic optics concepts, conjugate planes, principal planes, back vertex power, and the effectivity relationship. It then discusses how contact lenses impact accommodation and convergence compared to spectacles. Ideal material properties and common soft lens materials like conventional hydrogels and silicone hydrogels are also mentioned. The document provides a concise overview of important optical considerations for contact lenses.
This document discusses contact lens manufacturing methods. It outlines desirable properties for lens materials including being homogeneous, dimensionally stable, and durable. Rigid gas permeable and soft lens materials are listed. Common manufacturing techniques include lathing, cast molding, spin casting, and reverse process III. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Quality assurance testing of preliminary lenses is also mentioned.
This document discusses various anomalies of accommodation and convergence that can cause asthenopia (eye strain) including presbyopia, accommodative insufficiency, ill-sustained accommodation, accommodation inertia, paralysis and spasm of accommodation, as well as convergence insufficiency, paralysis, and spasm. It describes the causes, clinical features, and treatment options for each condition. The management typically involves optical correction, orthoptic exercises, and in some cases surgery to improve binocular vision and reduce symptoms.
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.
This document discusses the fitting of toric contact lenses. It begins with an introduction and discusses preliminary testing, fitting steps, and different toric lens designs. Stabilization techniques for toric lenses like prism ballast, truncation, and reverse prism are explained. The conclusion emphasizes measuring axis mislocation and compensating for lens rotation when determining the final prescription.
This document summarizes various contact lens manufacturing techniques. It discusses soft lens manufacturing methods like moulding, spin casting, and lathing. It describes how these techniques work, their advantages and disadvantages. Rigid gas permeable contact lenses are lathed from cylindrical buttons using back surface and front surface lathes. Additional processes for both soft and rigid lenses include edge polishing, marking, fenestration and final inspection. The document is intended as an overview of contact lens manufacturing processes.
Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)Manjusha Lakshmi
A contact lens is an artificial device placed on the cornea or sclera for optical or therapeutic purposes. Contact lenses are classified based on their anatomical location, nature of material, and wearing schedule. Key parameters of contact lenses include the base curve, diameter, power, edge clearance, and central thickness. Contact lenses provide vision correction and can also be used for therapeutic reasons like drug delivery or treating corneal diseases.
Binocular vision assessment involves evaluating sensory and motor fusion through tests of phoria, vergence, accommodation, and stereopsis. Key tests include near point of convergence, vergence ranges, and accommodative response. Assessing binocular vision helps diagnose problems like convergence insufficiency, accommodative insufficiency, and other issues that can cause symptoms like eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision. Referral for further orthoptic evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with these types of symptoms.
This document provides an introduction to low vision aids. It defines low vision as visual acuity worse than 6/18 but better than light perception in the better eye, even with proper spectacle correction. Low vision can be caused by visual field loss less than 10 degrees as well. The document discusses different categories of visual impairment including low vision, partial blindness, and subnormal vision. It also discusses common eye disorders that can cause low vision in children and adolescents such as Best's disease, cone dystrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. Finally, it provides an overview of common low vision aids that can help those with low vision including magnifiers, closed circuit televisions, and distance low vision aids.
History taking and examination procedures for contact lensAnand shah
The document discusses the importance and process of history taking for contact lens fitting. It outlines the key components of a thorough history, including demographic data, ocular health history, general medical history, medication use, family history, social history, and history of prior contact lens use. A complete history is essential to identify any contraindications, determine the appropriate lens type, and manage patient expectations. Experts emphasize that the patient's history is one of the most important tools for optometrists and can often lead directly to a diagnosis.
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
Vision therapy involves various eye exercises and techniques to treat eye movement disorders and other vision issues. Some common techniques described in the document include Brock string, barrel card/3 dot card, chiastopic fusion using colored circles or eccentric circles, tranaglyph, and vergence rock. These techniques aim to develop convergence skills, eliminate suppression, increase fusional vergence ranges and facility, and achieve single binocular vision through activities like fusion of targets at varying distances and under different visual conditions. Equipment used includes strings, cards with dots or circles in varying configurations, prisms, and electronic devices to practice fusion. Therapies continue until specific criteria for convergence ability, awareness of eye movements, and fusion are met.
1. This document discusses various types of vertical strabismus and cyclo deviations, classifying them as comitant or incomitant. Comitant deviations occur with horizontal deviations, while incomitant include paretic, restrictive, and dissociated vertical deviations.
2. Incomitant vertical deviations include apparent oblique muscle dysfunction, paretic deviations caused by muscle palsies, and restrictive deviations. Dissociated vertical deviation is also discussed in detail.
3. Treatment depends on the type of vertical deviation and may include orthoptics, prism therapy, or surgical correction such as weakening or strengthening procedures on the oblique muscles.
The optom faslu muhammed is a haploscopic device used to assess binocular vision. It consists of two tubes mounted on a base with a chin rest and forehead rest. Each tube contains a light source, slide carrier, reflecting mirror, and +6.50D eye piece. It is used to test various grades of binocular vision like simultaneous macular perception, fusion, and stereopsis using different slides. It can also be used to measure the inter-pupillary distance, angle of deviation, and range of fusion.
A glimpse through scleral contact lenses (PROSE)GREESHMA G
This document provides an overview of scleral contact lenses. It discusses what scleral lenses are, their evolution and uses, indications for fitting, anatomy considerations, fitting principles, and care and maintenance. Scleral lenses are large diameter gas permeable lenses that completely cover the cornea and rest on the sclera. They are used for conditions like corneal ectasia, scars, and degenerations to create a liquid bandage over the ocular surface and mask irregular astigmatism. Fitting involves assessing total diameter, clearance, landing zone alignment, and vault to provide a fluid reservoir and stabilize the lens.
The document discusses the major causes of low vision in adults, including age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, multiple sclerosis, myopic degeneration, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. For each condition, it describes how visual acuity and visual fields are typically affected and recommends approaches to low vision management such as magnification, filters, prisms, lighting aids, and mobility training. Overall, the document provides an overview of the leading causes and treatment considerations for low vision in the adult population.
Low vision is visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with standard glasses or contact lenses and results in a best corrected visual acuity of worse than 6/18. Low vision rehabilitation aims to maximize functional vision through optical devices like magnifiers and non-optical aids. Common causes of low vision include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. A low vision assessment evaluates visual needs, prescribes optical devices, and provides counseling. Lack of low vision services has negative impacts including developmental delays in children and isolation in adults. Expanding low vision care is needed to serve the large underserved population with vision impairment.
The document discusses rigid gas permeable contact lenses, including their benefits, applications, fitting process, and lens design considerations. Some key points covered include:
1. RGP lenses can automatically correct astigmatism, provide good vision and eye health benefits like increased oxygen transmission.
2. The fitting process involves evaluating the lens-cornea relationship using fluorescein dye to identify any bearing, clearance or sealing issues.
3. Important lens design factors are the overall diameter, optical zone size, base curve, thickness, and peripheral curve to achieve a proper alignment fit.
The ROSE K family of lenses were invented by Paul Rose to closely mimic the cone-like shape of the cornea for keratoconus. The lenses use complex geometry that can be customized for each eye. They provide excellent corneal health and high success rates of over 80%. Design features include aspheric optics, aberration control, and flexible edge lifts. Standard lenses do not ideally fit keratoconus, but ROSE K lenses contour to the cone shape with little tear pooling at the base. Types include ROSE K2 for irregular corneas, post-graft, and nipple cones. Fitting involves selecting the base curve, optimizing the peripheral fit, diameter, location, movement, and
This document provides information about progressive addition lenses (PALs), including their history, design, markings, fitting process, advantages, and disadvantages compared to bifocal lenses. Some key points:
- PALs were invented in the late 1950s and gradually increased in popularity as an alternative to bifocal lenses that provides clear vision from distance to near without visible lines.
- PAL designs can be "hard", with a rapid progression, or "soft" with a slower progression. Designs also differ in the size and location of distance, near, and intermediate zones.
- Fitting PALs properly requires selecting the right frame size and shape, measuring pupillary distance and fitting heights, and ver
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting eyeglass frames, including facial shape and features. It describes the seven main facial shapes and recommendations for frame styles that complement each shape. Additional details covered include using an existing frame versus a new frame, frame size, weight and color based on facial features, and bridge and temple designs that can shorten, lengthen or narrow the appearance of the nose. Proper fitting of the bridge and pads is also discussed to ensure comfort and support of heavier frames.
This document summarizes various types of defects that can occur in ophthalmic lenses. It categorizes defects as occurring either in the material of the lens, on the surface of the lens, or from maltreatment of the finished surface. Defects in the material include bubbles, feathers, veins, coloration and strain. Surface defects from production include holes, greyness, polishing burns, waves, rings and generator marks. Maltreatment can cause scratches, chips, bruises and other abuse marks. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of each type of defect.
soft contact lens optics and soft contact lens materialsBipin Koirala
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses and soft contact lens materials. It begins with an introduction to contact lens optics, covering topics like basic optics concepts, conjugate planes, principal planes, back vertex power, and the effectivity relationship. It then discusses how contact lenses impact accommodation and convergence compared to spectacles. Ideal material properties and common soft lens materials like conventional hydrogels and silicone hydrogels are also mentioned. The document provides a concise overview of important optical considerations for contact lenses.
This document discusses contact lens manufacturing methods. It outlines desirable properties for lens materials including being homogeneous, dimensionally stable, and durable. Rigid gas permeable and soft lens materials are listed. Common manufacturing techniques include lathing, cast molding, spin casting, and reverse process III. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Quality assurance testing of preliminary lenses is also mentioned.
This document discusses various anomalies of accommodation and convergence that can cause asthenopia (eye strain) including presbyopia, accommodative insufficiency, ill-sustained accommodation, accommodation inertia, paralysis and spasm of accommodation, as well as convergence insufficiency, paralysis, and spasm. It describes the causes, clinical features, and treatment options for each condition. The management typically involves optical correction, orthoptic exercises, and in some cases surgery to improve binocular vision and reduce symptoms.
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.
This document discusses the fitting of toric contact lenses. It begins with an introduction and discusses preliminary testing, fitting steps, and different toric lens designs. Stabilization techniques for toric lenses like prism ballast, truncation, and reverse prism are explained. The conclusion emphasizes measuring axis mislocation and compensating for lens rotation when determining the final prescription.
This document summarizes various contact lens manufacturing techniques. It discusses soft lens manufacturing methods like moulding, spin casting, and lathing. It describes how these techniques work, their advantages and disadvantages. Rigid gas permeable contact lenses are lathed from cylindrical buttons using back surface and front surface lathes. Additional processes for both soft and rigid lenses include edge polishing, marking, fenestration and final inspection. The document is intended as an overview of contact lens manufacturing processes.
Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)Manjusha Lakshmi
A contact lens is an artificial device placed on the cornea or sclera for optical or therapeutic purposes. Contact lenses are classified based on their anatomical location, nature of material, and wearing schedule. Key parameters of contact lenses include the base curve, diameter, power, edge clearance, and central thickness. Contact lenses provide vision correction and can also be used for therapeutic reasons like drug delivery or treating corneal diseases.
Binocular vision assessment involves evaluating sensory and motor fusion through tests of phoria, vergence, accommodation, and stereopsis. Key tests include near point of convergence, vergence ranges, and accommodative response. Assessing binocular vision helps diagnose problems like convergence insufficiency, accommodative insufficiency, and other issues that can cause symptoms like eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision. Referral for further orthoptic evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with these types of symptoms.
This document provides an introduction to low vision aids. It defines low vision as visual acuity worse than 6/18 but better than light perception in the better eye, even with proper spectacle correction. Low vision can be caused by visual field loss less than 10 degrees as well. The document discusses different categories of visual impairment including low vision, partial blindness, and subnormal vision. It also discusses common eye disorders that can cause low vision in children and adolescents such as Best's disease, cone dystrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. Finally, it provides an overview of common low vision aids that can help those with low vision including magnifiers, closed circuit televisions, and distance low vision aids.
History taking and examination procedures for contact lensAnand shah
The document discusses the importance and process of history taking for contact lens fitting. It outlines the key components of a thorough history, including demographic data, ocular health history, general medical history, medication use, family history, social history, and history of prior contact lens use. A complete history is essential to identify any contraindications, determine the appropriate lens type, and manage patient expectations. Experts emphasize that the patient's history is one of the most important tools for optometrists and can often lead directly to a diagnosis.
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
Vision therapy involves various eye exercises and techniques to treat eye movement disorders and other vision issues. Some common techniques described in the document include Brock string, barrel card/3 dot card, chiastopic fusion using colored circles or eccentric circles, tranaglyph, and vergence rock. These techniques aim to develop convergence skills, eliminate suppression, increase fusional vergence ranges and facility, and achieve single binocular vision through activities like fusion of targets at varying distances and under different visual conditions. Equipment used includes strings, cards with dots or circles in varying configurations, prisms, and electronic devices to practice fusion. Therapies continue until specific criteria for convergence ability, awareness of eye movements, and fusion are met.
1. This document discusses various types of vertical strabismus and cyclo deviations, classifying them as comitant or incomitant. Comitant deviations occur with horizontal deviations, while incomitant include paretic, restrictive, and dissociated vertical deviations.
2. Incomitant vertical deviations include apparent oblique muscle dysfunction, paretic deviations caused by muscle palsies, and restrictive deviations. Dissociated vertical deviation is also discussed in detail.
3. Treatment depends on the type of vertical deviation and may include orthoptics, prism therapy, or surgical correction such as weakening or strengthening procedures on the oblique muscles.
The optom faslu muhammed is a haploscopic device used to assess binocular vision. It consists of two tubes mounted on a base with a chin rest and forehead rest. Each tube contains a light source, slide carrier, reflecting mirror, and +6.50D eye piece. It is used to test various grades of binocular vision like simultaneous macular perception, fusion, and stereopsis using different slides. It can also be used to measure the inter-pupillary distance, angle of deviation, and range of fusion.
A glimpse through scleral contact lenses (PROSE)GREESHMA G
This document provides an overview of scleral contact lenses. It discusses what scleral lenses are, their evolution and uses, indications for fitting, anatomy considerations, fitting principles, and care and maintenance. Scleral lenses are large diameter gas permeable lenses that completely cover the cornea and rest on the sclera. They are used for conditions like corneal ectasia, scars, and degenerations to create a liquid bandage over the ocular surface and mask irregular astigmatism. Fitting involves assessing total diameter, clearance, landing zone alignment, and vault to provide a fluid reservoir and stabilize the lens.
The document discusses the major causes of low vision in adults, including age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, multiple sclerosis, myopic degeneration, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. For each condition, it describes how visual acuity and visual fields are typically affected and recommends approaches to low vision management such as magnification, filters, prisms, lighting aids, and mobility training. Overall, the document provides an overview of the leading causes and treatment considerations for low vision in the adult population.
Low vision is visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with standard glasses or contact lenses and results in a best corrected visual acuity of worse than 6/18. Low vision rehabilitation aims to maximize functional vision through optical devices like magnifiers and non-optical aids. Common causes of low vision include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. A low vision assessment evaluates visual needs, prescribes optical devices, and provides counseling. Lack of low vision services has negative impacts including developmental delays in children and isolation in adults. Expanding low vision care is needed to serve the large underserved population with vision impairment.
This document discusses common causes of low vision including cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachment. It provides details on symptoms, treatments, and prevalence for each condition. Additionally, it covers factors that affect prognosis for low vision rehabilitation such as visual acuity, duration of vision loss, visual fields, age, motivation, and personality.
The document discusses visual impairment in children and its evaluation and diagnosis. It defines various types of visual impairment including reduced visual acuity and visual field loss. It describes examining a child's visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field. Common causes of visual impairment in children mentioned include congenital glaucoma, leucocoria (white eye reflex), cataracts, retinopathy of prematurity, and refractive errors. The evaluation process involves taking a history, performing eye examinations, and conducting investigations to confirm diagnoses. Treatment aims to detect issues early to prevent vision loss and may include optical devices, non-optical methods, and visual rehabilitation.
Enhancing Daily Living for Patients with Low VisionEnhanced Vision
This document discusses visual impairment and low vision rehabilitation. It begins by defining visual impairment as reduced vision that cannot be fully corrected. The most common causes of visual impairment are then outlined, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy. For each condition, the document explains how the condition leads to vision loss. It then discusses the effects of visual impairment on daily living and introduces low vision rehabilitation and devices that can help enhance vision, such as magnifiers, filters, and video magnifiers. The document aims to educate about visual impairment and the options available to maximize remaining vision.
WHAT IS LOW VISION | LOW VISION INSTRUMENTS | LOW VISION SYMPTOMS | TYPES OF...Naeem Ahmad
1. A person with low vision has impairment of visual functioning even after treatment or refractive correction and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 but is still able to use their vision.
2. Low vision can be caused by various eye diseases and conditions that cause blurred vision, central field loss, peripheral field loss, or hemianopic defects.
3. There are various optical and non-optical low vision aids that can help people with low vision perform tasks like reading, writing, and mobility by enhancing magnification, contrast and lighting.
Vision in older adults fall 2013 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an overview of vision in older adults. It describes normal age-related changes in vision as well as common eye diseases that affect older adults, including cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. For each condition, it outlines signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and nursing considerations to promote healthy vision. The goal is to educate nurses on properly assessing vision in older patients and identifying vision problems that require medical attention.
Low Vision Managment, Age Related Macular Degeneration ARMDmahendra singh
This document discusses age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), including its definition, types, risk factors, functional implications, evaluation, and management. ARMD is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 65 and has two main types - dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular). Dry ARMD is characterized by drusen and geographic atrophy, while wet ARMD involves choroidal neovascularization and scarring. Evaluation includes visual acuity testing, Amsler grid, and visual fields. Management focuses on magnification, illumination, refraction, and non-optical devices to aid reading and daily tasks. Counseling and low vision rehabilitation are also important parts of ARMD management.
Vision in older adults spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
The document discusses vision in older adults, describing age-related changes to vision, common eye diseases such as cataracts and glaucoma, and the importance of assessing vision in older patients. It covers topics like the anatomy of the eye, normal age-related changes to vision, visual impairments that increase with age, diseases affecting vision, associated signs and symptoms, and nursing considerations.
This document discusses various age-related changes that can occur in the eye and vision. It begins by defining what is considered "normal" aging vision in those over 65. It then discusses general physiological changes that commonly occur, such as a thinning lens and decreased pupil size. Specific diseases that are more prevalent with age, like cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, are also outlined. Treatment options and risk factors for these conditions are provided. Other topics covered include dry eye, low vision aids, and general visual performance changes associated with the aging process.
The document discusses visually handicapped and visually challenged individuals. It defines different types of blindness from complete blindness to mild or moderate vision impairment. The leading causes of vision loss globally are uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts. Some key causes of blindness include glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and certain eye diseases. Symptoms may include cloudy vision, inability to see shapes, or poor night vision. Blindness is diagnosed through eye exams and can sometimes be treated through glasses, surgery, medication or learning adaptive skills depending on the cause and severity of vision loss.
Low vision aids opthalmology by mior.pptxroweisAdel1
Low visiin aids presentations for patients wuth low vision below 6/18 wuth unkown cause and know cause prepared by a resident in giza ophthalmology research institute for opthalmlogy . There also a clinic in our institute to recieve referal from multiple clinics
This document discusses ophthalmic issues that commonly affect the elderly population. It notes that visual impairment is an important health problem in elderly individuals, with the most common causes being age-related cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. The document provides details on the pathogenesis and treatment of these common ocular conditions, as well as other geriatric ophthalmic problems including dry eye, presbyopia, corneal diseases, eyelid disorders, and ocular surface tumors. Regular eye exams are recommended for early detection and management of vision issues in senior citizens.
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its classification, grading, clinical varieties, etiology, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Myopia occurs when parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina, in contrast to emmetropia where the focus is on the retina. It is classified by etiology such as axial or curvatural myopia. Treatment includes optical options like glasses/contacts and surgical procedures like LASIK. Preventive measures aim to slow progression by reducing near work and increasing outdoor activity.
Low vision rehabilitation in patients with retinal dystrophyAmrit Pokharel
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the rehabilitation of patients with retinal dystrophy on the part of LOW VSION. It also details the features the patients present with and specific tests that are launched.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
1. Childhood blindness is a major global issue, with an estimated 1.4 million blind children worldwide and 40,000 in Bangladesh alone.
2. The leading causes of childhood blindness in Bangladesh are cataract, which can be cured by surgery, and refractive errors, which can be corrected with glasses.
3. Other common eye conditions in children include vitamin A deficiency, which can cause blindness if left untreated, and congenital glaucoma.
This document discusses low vision and provides definitions, classifications, common causes, and management strategies.
[1] Low vision is defined as visual impairment even after treatment that results in visual acuity worse than 6/18 but ability to use vision. It can be caused by conditions like macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, and glaucoma.
[2] Low vision affects people's ability to perform visual tasks and can cause blurry or decreased vision, loss of peripheral vision, and light sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing vision and goals, while management includes low vision devices and counseling.
[3] Common low vision devices include telescopes, magnifiers, and electronic
This document provides an overview of common eye and vision disorders, including their assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It also covers glaucoma, describing its pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, and goal of treatment to prevent further optic nerve damage. Cataracts are also summarized, including risk factors, clinical signs, and surgical management through removal of the lens and replacement with an artificial one. Postoperative nursing care is outlined.
The document discusses various ways that vision can be affected in people with low vision, including reductions in visual acuity, central visual field, peripheral visual field, contrast sensitivity, problems with glare, slow light adaptation, poor dark adaptation and night vision, reduced color vision, and other effects on daily living. Conditions like macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa can cause these types of visual impairments and associated functional limitations. Practitioners need to understand how specific visual functions are impacted to determine the best low vision aids and strategies to help each person.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. .
Low vision can be described as reduced vision which cannot be
corrected by optical or surgical means
WHO, “ A person with low vision is one who has impairment
and/or standard refractive correction and has a visual acuity of less
than 6/18 to light perception in the better eye or a visual field of
less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses or is
potentially able to use, vision for planning and/or execution of a
task”
3. Conditions causing low vision
It includes :
ARMD ( Age Related Macular Degeneration) – Central loss
Diabetes- Retinopathy Laser treatment
Acquired (traumatic) brain injury
Nystagmus
Congenital cataract
Multiple sclerosis
Glaucoma
Albinism
Retinitis pigmentosa
4. 1.ARMD
Idiopathic. Age is the primary factor for ARMD
Also caused by cigarette and nutritional imbalance.
Most common cause of visual loss in Western countries
Causes central vision loss
Non-exudative ARMD causes slow progress of vision loss
Exudative ARMD causes rapid progress of vision loss
5.
6. Visual Acuity may vary with the extent of the degeneration :
• With dry stages ARMD, acuity can range from 6/6 to 6/120.
• With wet stage(exudative) ARMD, the acuity can show worse than
6/120
• Main problem is very difficulty to reading or writing.
8. 2. Diabetic Retinopathy
leading cause of blindness in the U.S for patients age 20 to 74.
Vision loss due to two major problems : a. Macular edema b. proliferative DR
Effects on vision ;
• Fluctuating vision
• Loss f central sharp vision
• Profound loss of vision
• Color vision impairment
• Reduced side vision after LASER
• Night Blindness after LASER
• Glaucoma
• Cataracts
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Loss of Visual Field : homonymous hemianopia mostly
Visual spatial disorders and visual neglect
Vertigo, dizziness and impaired eye movements
Double vision
Eye strain and difficulty in reading
Light sensitivity , Dry eyes
Visual hallucinations
Impaired visual memory
16.
17.
18.
19. Nystagmus
Def : Involuntary, rhythmic shaking of the eyes (dancing eyes
or jerking eyes).
Effects on vision
Fluctuating vision
Null position : unusual head and eye position
Binocular vision impairment
20. Congenital Cataracts
Cataract formation since birth
Occurs due to birth defects like Down syndrome, congenital rubella, inherent
cataract and so on
OR due to drug infection like Tetracycline which is given for pregnant women for
infection
Very rare to occur
21.
22. Multiple Sclerosis
Def : demyelinating disease in which the insulating cover of nerve
cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
Visual symptoms include Optic neuritis, Nystagmus and Diplopia
23.
24. Glaucoma
2nd leading cause of blindness
Portions of VF lost usually with no warning signs or symptoms prior to
Vn deterioration
Decreased peripheral vision is the first sign.
Damages the optic nerve at the back of the eye leading to blindness
Visual effects include gradual blurred Vn, photophobia, seeing halos
around light and vision loss in end stage
Problem with orientation and mobility
25.
26. Albinism
Def : defect in melanin pigment production
Effects on eyes , skin and hair
Is inherited in an X-lined fashion
No RPE makes blood vessels visible of the choroid
Visual symptoms include light blue eyes, photosensitivity, nystagmus and
strabismus
VA ranges from 20/40 to 20/200
31. Needs
Those with worsening sight and the prognosis of eventual blondness are at
comparatively high risk of suicide.
These people can be given low vision aids
LVA enhances the residual vision
Makes individual do regular life activities.
Via devices which are Optical , Non optical , electro-optical devices
Aim is to magnify the image to be visible to patient
32. Optical devices for distance
Telescopes Handheld or spectacle mounted
Keplerian Telescope
Galiliean telescope
33. Optical devices for near
Spectacle : bifocals
Magnifiers : handheld , stand and illuminated or non illuminated
Electronic devices :CCTV
Others : clip on loupes
Bioptic
Microscpoic lenses
High addition lenses
34.
35. Non optical devices
Typoscopes
Writing guide (signature, text, cheque)
Illuminations
Clour or tint
Glare control devices
Contrast enhancing
38. History
Ocular history : to know the cause of the LV and progress of the disease
Systemic disease that may pose difficulty in using certain devices : arthritis or
tremors
39. Refraction and visual acuity
Distance visual acuity : light house distance visual acuity test chart
Near visual acuity : light house near visual acuity test chart
Benefits of lighthouse test chart over Snellen
GP of each optotype size from line to line
Five letters on each line
Test distance of 2 m can be used to cover VA of 20/400
40.
41. Others
Contrast sensitivity
Visual filed analysis ;
Peripheral field using Humphrey or octopus perimetry
Central field using amsler grid
glare : history and measuring VA with or without illumination in the chart
Colour vision
42. Low vision & low vision rehabilitation
A person with a significant reduction in visual acuity due to ocular
diseases that is not correctable by surgery, conventional eye
glasses or contact lenses has Low Vision.
The process of helping a person with low vision achieve the
highest level of visual function, independence, and quality of life
possible is Low Vision Rehabilitation
43. Objectives
To develop independent living skills of visually impaired people and help
them regain self confidence for reintegrating into the community
Identification
Assessment of LV
Assessment of handicap
Management of LV to make it useful vision
Device and training
Social and environmental adaptation
44. Smart management : Things to do
Listen , listen and listen
Detail explanation about LV rehab programme
Psychological management
Friendly advice and counselling
Follow up