Complete this table. At the completion of this table, students will.pdf
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Complete this table. At the completion of this table, students will be able to: compare the nucleotides of DNA and RNA compare the bases found in DNA and RNA determine which compounds are single or double stranded THIS ASSIGNMENT IS DUE BY FEBRUARY 26 AT 11:59 PM. nucleic acid table.doc Text Submission Attach File Solution (i) Compare the nucleotide of DNA and RNA. DNA Nucleotide RNA Nucleotide PURINES -Deoxyadenylate,Deoxyguanylate Adenylate ,Guanylate . PYRIMIDINES-Deoxycytidylate,Deoxythymidylate Cytidylate,Uridylate -DNA contain deoxyribose sugar RNA contain ribose sugar -At 2nd position of ribose sugar hydroxyl ion is absent -At 2nd position of ribose sugar hydroxyl ion is present (ii) Compare the bases found in DNA and RNA , DNA -cytosine , Adenosine ,Guanine ,Thymine RNA- at the place of thymine urecil is present . (iii) DNA is double standered while RNA is a single standered..
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12.2NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS-1.pptx
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acid polymers. DNA contains the pentose deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the pentose ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Both DNA and RNA form double helical structures and store genetic information, with DNA involved in storage and replication and RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Structure of Dna and Replication 2015
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that make up the genetic material of living organisms. DNA is composed of two strands bound together in a double helix formation. It contains the genes that code for proteins. RNA is similar but contains only a single strand and has the sugar uracil instead of thymine. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process during the S phase of the cell cycle, whereby each original DNA strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand.
Structure of dna
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates. The order of these nucleotides determines the genetic code. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands joined by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases on each strand. This double helix structure allows DNA to efficiently store and replicate genetic information.
Structure of DNA & RNA
The document presents information on DNA and RNA structure. It discusses that Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick originated the double-helix model of DNA. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases including adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The order of these bases determines genetic code. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is typically single-stranded.
Map EA Sapling Learning There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and.pdf
Map EA Sapling Learning There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Nearly all
organisms use DNA, not RNA, as the central repository for genetic information. Choose the
statements that explain this phenomenon. DNA has a double-stranded structure that ensures an
accurate mechanism of duplication. DNA contains guanine as one of its nitrogenous bases DNA
is more resistant against enzymes that break down nucleic acids. DNA contains a hydroxyl group
at the 2\' carbon. DNA is flexible and forms complex catalytic structures.
Solution
DNA has double stranded structure that ensures an accurate mechanism of duplication.
A moecuele that can act as a genetic material is expected to fulfill the following criteria....
REPLICTION- it should have the ability to replicate itself.
STABILITY- it should provide a stability storage for genetic information.
EVOLUTION-it should have the ability to evolve and change itself
EXPRESSION-It should be able to express the information when needed.
In RNA .... There is no complementary base pairing for replication. So RNA cant perform
replication.
Whenever genetic information passing from generation to generation it needs stabilty. In RNA,
at 2\' position there is presence of OH group. And intead of Thymine there is presence of
URACIL. These two things makes RNA unstable.
For evolution there is needof Nucleic acid wich shows slow and gradual change. DNA shows
slowand gradual chamge but RNA shows mutations faster because it is unstable.
Due to these reasons DNA accurate for duplication and evolution than RNA..
Nucleic Acid and its structure
DNA is the molecular store of genetic information in living systems. It consists of nucleotides with four heterocyclic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) linked to a pentose sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate group. RNA is similar to DNA chemically but contains the sugar ribose, and replaces thymine with uracil. The key role of RNA is as a messenger that reads DNA and transports its genetic code to be decoded into proteins.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
Molecular basis of life: Structures and function of DNA and RNA
Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: nitrogenous base like purine and pyrimidine, a sugar and a phosphate group
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12.2NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS-1.pptx
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acid polymers. DNA contains the pentose deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the pentose ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Both DNA and RNA form double helical structures and store genetic information, with DNA involved in storage and replication and RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Structure of Dna and Replication 2015
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that make up the genetic material of living organisms. DNA is composed of two strands bound together in a double helix formation. It contains the genes that code for proteins. RNA is similar but contains only a single strand and has the sugar uracil instead of thymine. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process during the S phase of the cell cycle, whereby each original DNA strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand.
Structure of dna
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates. The order of these nucleotides determines the genetic code. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands joined by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases on each strand. This double helix structure allows DNA to efficiently store and replicate genetic information.
Structure of DNA & RNA
The document presents information on DNA and RNA structure. It discusses that Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick originated the double-helix model of DNA. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases including adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The order of these bases determines genetic code. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is typically single-stranded.
Map EA Sapling Learning There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and.pdf
Map EA Sapling Learning There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Nearly all
organisms use DNA, not RNA, as the central repository for genetic information. Choose the
statements that explain this phenomenon. DNA has a double-stranded structure that ensures an
accurate mechanism of duplication. DNA contains guanine as one of its nitrogenous bases DNA
is more resistant against enzymes that break down nucleic acids. DNA contains a hydroxyl group
at the 2\' carbon. DNA is flexible and forms complex catalytic structures.
Solution
DNA has double stranded structure that ensures an accurate mechanism of duplication.
A moecuele that can act as a genetic material is expected to fulfill the following criteria....
REPLICTION- it should have the ability to replicate itself.
STABILITY- it should provide a stability storage for genetic information.
EVOLUTION-it should have the ability to evolve and change itself
EXPRESSION-It should be able to express the information when needed.
In RNA .... There is no complementary base pairing for replication. So RNA cant perform
replication.
Whenever genetic information passing from generation to generation it needs stabilty. In RNA,
at 2\' position there is presence of OH group. And intead of Thymine there is presence of
URACIL. These two things makes RNA unstable.
For evolution there is needof Nucleic acid wich shows slow and gradual change. DNA shows
slowand gradual chamge but RNA shows mutations faster because it is unstable.
Due to these reasons DNA accurate for duplication and evolution than RNA..
Nucleic Acid and its structure
DNA is the molecular store of genetic information in living systems. It consists of nucleotides with four heterocyclic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) linked to a pentose sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate group. RNA is similar to DNA chemically but contains the sugar ribose, and replaces thymine with uracil. The key role of RNA is as a messenger that reads DNA and transports its genetic code to be decoded into proteins.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
Molecular basis of life: Structures and function of DNA and RNA
Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: nitrogenous base like purine and pyrimidine, a sugar and a phosphate group
DNA vs RNA Top 8 Common Differences!.pdf
Did you know what are the major differences between RNA vs DNA? We have done a comprehensive comparison of DNA and RNA with 8 common differences. Keep reading
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdf
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
They are different in nitrogen base like in DNA ,they have thymine as nitrogen base and in RNA
, they have uracil. In DNA ,they contain the five carbon sugar as deoxyribose and in RNA , the
five carbon sugar as ribose sugar.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded..
Structure and function of dna
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides that polymerize via phosphodiester bonds. DNA exists as a double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds. The structure of DNA allows it to direct its own replication by using one strand as a template for the other. Gene expression involves DNA being transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS.pptx
Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in 1871. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA stores genetic material and is located in the nucleus. It replicates and transcribes into RNA. RNA has several types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). RNA is more susceptible than
Structure of dna and replication2009
The document discusses DNA replication and the structure of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each original strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. This process is carried out by enzymes like DNA polymerase and results in two new DNA molecules each containing one original and one new strand of DNA.
Nucleic Acid
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
DNA
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four types of nucleobases. The nucleotides bond together to form two strands that coil around each other in the shape of a double helix. DNA stores the genetic code in sequences of nucleobases along its backbone and is located in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, where it directs protein synthesis and cell division. James Watson and Francis Crick were the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA in 1950.
Nucleic acid structure and function
DNA exists as a double-stranded molecule that forms a double helix structure. It contains deoxyribose sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases including adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA is generally single-stranded and contains ribose sugars instead of deoxyribose. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - that play important roles in gene expression and protein synthesis. Small nuclear RNAs are also involved in mRNA processing, while microRNAs and small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression.
Chapter 6 biology 20 12-15
1. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids found in living organisms, with DNA serving as the genetic material in most organisms and RNA serving various roles.
2. DNA is a polymer made of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. The bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
3. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix, with the two strands linked via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
DNa Deoxyribonucleic acid- code of life
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists as a double helix structure with two strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. DNA is found within the nucleus of cells in structures called chromosomes and carries the code for inheritable traits by way of genes.
Nucleic acids 2
The document discusses nucleic acids and their role in genetics. It begins by defining nucleic acids as important biopolymers that contain genetic information and facilitate its transfer between generations. It then describes the two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the full genetic code and resides in the nucleus, while RNA carries messages from DNA and has various functions. The document proceeds to discuss the composition, structure, and functions of nucleic acids in more detail.
Module-4-Lecture-4 Nucleotides.pptx
The document discusses nucleotides, which are the basic units of nucleic acids. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. There are two types of nitrogen bases - purines and pyrimidines. Nucleotides can combine to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which carry the genetic information in cells and direct protein synthesis. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Nucleotides and nucleic acids play crucial roles in storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms.
acs10
Nucleic acids are composed of chains of nucleotides which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The two most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. Hybrid duplexes form between nucleic acids through base pairing between complementary bases. Previous studies show that hybrid duplexes with purine-rich strands are more thermodynamically stable than those with pyrimidine-rich strands. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on various DNA-RNA and DNA-PNA hybrid duplexes to calculate entropy and better understand factors influencing hybrid stability. Results showed that as the number of purine bases on the DNA
Nucleic Acids.pptx
The document discusses nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA. It covers their structure, occurrence, and functions. Nucleic acids were first isolated in 1869 and are found in all living organisms. They are composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures that allow them to store and transfer genetic information through processes like transcription and translation. Their main functions are to encode genetic instructions and direct the production of proteins in cells.
DNA structure
1) DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick to be a double helix with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
2) There are different types of DNA based on location, role, number of base pairs per turn, and shape. Nuclear DNA is located in the cell nucleus while mitochondrial DNA is located in mitochondria. DNA can also be classified as genetic DNA for reproduction or tropic DNA for other cell activities. DNA structure varies between forms like A, B, C, Z, and D.
3) DNA has important functions like carrying genetic information
Unit 2 Notes
The document describes the structure and function of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases. DNA forms a double helix structure with base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. RNA is similar in structure but contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines how DNA is replicated semi-conservatively and how genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and ribosomes.
Microbial genetics lectures 1, 2, and 3
1. The document discusses the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and viral genomes. It explains that DNA contains genes which code for RNA and proteins, while RNA has different types that aid in protein production.
2. The key differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded, more stable, and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
3. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material within a protein coat, and vary in genome size and structure between linear, circular, single-stranded and double-stranded forms.
Nature structure and replication of genetic material
A complete ppt for a detailed explanation of genetic material and its replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are macromolecules found in all cells that are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the cell's genetic instructions and is located in the nucleus. It takes the shape of a double helix and can make copies of itself. RNA assists in carrying out the instructions in DNA and helps make proteins. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. Nucleoproteins are proteins linked to nucleic acids and are important components of chromosomes.
DNA strcture and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists as a double helix structure with two strands bonded together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure in 1953, which has a sugar-phosphate backbone and pairs of nucleotides containing one of four nitrogenous bases. The structure allows DNA to stably store and replicate genetic information through its various forms including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
On a Sunday in April, dog bite victims arrive at Carver Memorial Hos.pdf
On a Sunday in April, dog bite victims arrive at Carver Memorial Hospital at a historical rate of
0.6 victim per day. On a given Sunday in April, what is the probability that exactly two dog bite
victims will arrive?
Solution
Given X~Poisson(=0.6)
P(X=x)=(0.6^x)*exp(-0.6)/x!
So the probability is
P(X=2)=(0.6^2)*exp(-0.6)/2=0.09878609.
Molecules like glucose usually need a special transporter protein to.pdf
Molecules like glucose usually need a special transporter protein to provide a tunnel through cell
membranes. Explain why using the chemical properties of the cell membrane.
Solution
Hi,
The cell envelope is made up of lipid bilayer. This bilayer is hydrophobic in nature ( non polar)
and does not allow all molecules to pass freely across the membrane. Only small uncharged
molecules ( O2, CO2) can pass through it. Even the small uncharged polar molecules such as
H2O can pass through it it. But the larger uncharged polar molecules cannot pass through it
freely, such as Glucose.
The charged molecules such as Na+, H+ are polar in nature and hence cannot pass through the
non-polar lipid bilayer regardless of size. They all need specialized transporters to facilitate their
transport without interaction with hydrophobic bilayer..
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DNA vs RNA Top 8 Common Differences!.pdf
Did you know what are the major differences between RNA vs DNA? We have done a comprehensive comparison of DNA and RNA with 8 common differences. Keep reading
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdf
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
They are different in nitrogen base like in DNA ,they have thymine as nitrogen base and in RNA
, they have uracil. In DNA ,they contain the five carbon sugar as deoxyribose and in RNA , the
five carbon sugar as ribose sugar.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded..
Structure and function of dna
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of nucleotides that polymerize via phosphodiester bonds. DNA exists as a double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between strands via hydrogen bonds. The structure of DNA allows it to direct its own replication by using one strand as a template for the other. Gene expression involves DNA being transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS.pptx
Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in 1871. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA stores genetic material and is located in the nucleus. It replicates and transcribes into RNA. RNA has several types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). RNA is more susceptible than
Structure of dna and replication2009
The document discusses DNA replication and the structure of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each original strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. This process is carried out by enzymes like DNA polymerase and results in two new DNA molecules each containing one original and one new strand of DNA.
Nucleic Acid
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
DNA
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four types of nucleobases. The nucleotides bond together to form two strands that coil around each other in the shape of a double helix. DNA stores the genetic code in sequences of nucleobases along its backbone and is located in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, where it directs protein synthesis and cell division. James Watson and Francis Crick were the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA in 1950.
Nucleic acid structure and function
DNA exists as a double-stranded molecule that forms a double helix structure. It contains deoxyribose sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases including adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA is generally single-stranded and contains ribose sugars instead of deoxyribose. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - that play important roles in gene expression and protein synthesis. Small nuclear RNAs are also involved in mRNA processing, while microRNAs and small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression.
Chapter 6 biology 20 12-15
1. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids found in living organisms, with DNA serving as the genetic material in most organisms and RNA serving various roles.
2. DNA is a polymer made of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. The bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
3. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix, with the two strands linked via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
DNa Deoxyribonucleic acid- code of life
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists as a double helix structure with two strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. DNA is found within the nucleus of cells in structures called chromosomes and carries the code for inheritable traits by way of genes.
Nucleic acids 2
The document discusses nucleic acids and their role in genetics. It begins by defining nucleic acids as important biopolymers that contain genetic information and facilitate its transfer between generations. It then describes the two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the full genetic code and resides in the nucleus, while RNA carries messages from DNA and has various functions. The document proceeds to discuss the composition, structure, and functions of nucleic acids in more detail.
Module-4-Lecture-4 Nucleotides.pptx
The document discusses nucleotides, which are the basic units of nucleic acids. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. There are two types of nitrogen bases - purines and pyrimidines. Nucleotides can combine to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which carry the genetic information in cells and direct protein synthesis. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Nucleotides and nucleic acids play crucial roles in storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms.
acs10
Nucleic acids are composed of chains of nucleotides which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The two most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. Hybrid duplexes form between nucleic acids through base pairing between complementary bases. Previous studies show that hybrid duplexes with purine-rich strands are more thermodynamically stable than those with pyrimidine-rich strands. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on various DNA-RNA and DNA-PNA hybrid duplexes to calculate entropy and better understand factors influencing hybrid stability. Results showed that as the number of purine bases on the DNA
Nucleic Acids.pptx
The document discusses nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA. It covers their structure, occurrence, and functions. Nucleic acids were first isolated in 1869 and are found in all living organisms. They are composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures that allow them to store and transfer genetic information through processes like transcription and translation. Their main functions are to encode genetic instructions and direct the production of proteins in cells.
DNA structure
1) DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick to be a double helix with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
2) There are different types of DNA based on location, role, number of base pairs per turn, and shape. Nuclear DNA is located in the cell nucleus while mitochondrial DNA is located in mitochondria. DNA can also be classified as genetic DNA for reproduction or tropic DNA for other cell activities. DNA structure varies between forms like A, B, C, Z, and D.
3) DNA has important functions like carrying genetic information
Unit 2 Notes
The document describes the structure and function of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases. DNA forms a double helix structure with base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. RNA is similar in structure but contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines how DNA is replicated semi-conservatively and how genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and ribosomes.
Microbial genetics lectures 1, 2, and 3
1. The document discusses the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and viral genomes. It explains that DNA contains genes which code for RNA and proteins, while RNA has different types that aid in protein production.
2. The key differences between DNA and RNA are that DNA is double-stranded, more stable, and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
3. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material within a protein coat, and vary in genome size and structure between linear, circular, single-stranded and double-stranded forms.
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A complete ppt for a detailed explanation of genetic material and its replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are macromolecules found in all cells that are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the cell's genetic instructions and is located in the nucleus. It takes the shape of a double helix and can make copies of itself. RNA assists in carrying out the instructions in DNA and helps make proteins. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. Nucleoproteins are proteins linked to nucleic acids and are important components of chromosomes.
DNA strcture and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists as a double helix structure with two strands bonded together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure in 1953, which has a sugar-phosphate backbone and pairs of nucleotides containing one of four nitrogenous bases. The structure allows DNA to stably store and replicate genetic information through its various forms including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
Similar to Complete this table. At the completion of this table, students will.pdf (20)
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdf
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdf
Nature structure and replication of genetic material
Nature structure and replication of genetic material
More from fasttrackscardecors
On a Sunday in April, dog bite victims arrive at Carver Memorial Hos.pdf
On a Sunday in April, dog bite victims arrive at Carver Memorial Hospital at a historical rate of
0.6 victim per day. On a given Sunday in April, what is the probability that exactly two dog bite
victims will arrive?
Solution
Given X~Poisson(=0.6)
P(X=x)=(0.6^x)*exp(-0.6)/x!
So the probability is
P(X=2)=(0.6^2)*exp(-0.6)/2=0.09878609.
Molecules like glucose usually need a special transporter protein to.pdf
Molecules like glucose usually need a special transporter protein to provide a tunnel through cell
membranes. Explain why using the chemical properties of the cell membrane.
Solution
Hi,
The cell envelope is made up of lipid bilayer. This bilayer is hydrophobic in nature ( non polar)
and does not allow all molecules to pass freely across the membrane. Only small uncharged
molecules ( O2, CO2) can pass through it. Even the small uncharged polar molecules such as
H2O can pass through it it. But the larger uncharged polar molecules cannot pass through it
freely, such as Glucose.
The charged molecules such as Na+, H+ are polar in nature and hence cannot pass through the
non-polar lipid bilayer regardless of size. They all need specialized transporters to facilitate their
transport without interaction with hydrophobic bilayer..
Missy Crane opened a public relations firm called Goth on August 1, 2.pdf
Missy Crane opened a public relations firm called Goth on August 1, 2018 The During
Septembe following amounts summarize her business on August 31, 2018 2018, the business
completed the following transactions 1 (Click the icon to view the transactions.) EE (click the
icon to view the amounts) Analyze the effects of the transactions on the accounting equation of
Goth. Analyze the events chronologically, one transaction at a time. Beginning with transaction
a, calculate the balance in each account after analyzing the effect of the transaction on the
accounting equation. (Complete onily the necessary answer boxes for your transaction lines [Do
not enter any zeros for your transaction lines ] Carry down all balances to the \"Bal.\" line,
including zero balance accounts, entening a \"O\" for any zero balances Enter a decrease in an
account with a minus sign or parentheses. Abbreviations used AP Accounts Payable /R -
Accounts Receivable: Adv Advertising, Cap -Crane, Capital; Exp Expense, Liab Liabilities Rev.
Revenue, Sup = Supplies withdr = Crane, withdrawals ) ASSETS LIAB.+ EQUITY Cash + A/R
+ Office + Land = A/P + Cap Service Rent Adv Sup RevEXp 3,400 Exp Bal 2300 3.400 12.000
= 8,0006 300 0 Bal
Solution
Assets
=
Liabilities
+
Equity
cash
+
A/r
+
Office supplies
+
land
=
A/p
+
cap
-
withdrawls
+
Service revenue
-
Rent expense
-
Adve expense
bal
2300
3400
0
12000
8000
6300
0
3400
0
0
a
16000
16000
bal
18300
3400
0
12000
8000
22300
0
3400
0
0
b
1600
1600
bal
19900
3400
0
12000
8000
22300
0
5000
0
0
c
(8000)
(8000)
bal
11900
3400
0
12000
0
22300
0
5000
0
0
d
600
600
bal
11900
3400
600
12000
600
22300
0
5000
0
0
e
2100
(2100)
bal
14000
1300
0
12000
0
22300
0
5000
0
0
f
(1100)
1100
bal
12900
1300
0
12000
0
22300
1100
5000
0
0
g
5000
5000
bal
12900
6300
0
12000
0
22300
1100
10000
0
0
h.1
(1100)
1100
h.2
(450)
450
bal
11350
6300
0
12000
0
22300
1100
10000
1100
450
Journal entries
Capital Cr. 16000
Service revenue Cr. 1600
Cash Cr. 8000
Accounts payable Cr. 600
A/R Cr. 2100
Cash Cr. 1100
Service revenue Cr. 5000
Cash Cr. 1100
2. Advertising expense Dr. 450
Cash Cr. 450
Assets
=
Liabilities
+
Equity
cash
+
A/r
+
Office supplies
+
land
=
A/p
+
cap
-
withdrawls
+
Service revenue
-
Rent expense
-
Adve expense
bal
2300
3400
0
12000
8000
6300
0
3400
0
0
a
16000
16000
bal
18300
3400
0
12000
8000
22300
0
3400
0
0
b
1600
1600
bal
19900
3400
0
12000
8000
22300
0
5000
0
0
c
(8000)
(8000)
bal
11900
3400
0
12000
0
22300
0
5000
0
0
d
600
600
bal
11900
3400
600
12000
600
22300
0
5000
0
0
e
2100
(2100)
bal
14000
1300
0
12000
0
22300
0
5000
0
0
f
(1100)
1100
bal
12900
1300
0
12000
0
22300
1100
5000
0
0
g
5000
5000
bal
12900
6300
0
12000
0
22300
1100
10000
0
0
h.1
(1100)
1100
h.2
(450)
450
bal
11350
6300
0
12000
0
22300
1100
10000
1100
450.
Justify that the following circuit represents the functionality of a .pdf
Justify that the following circuit represents the functionality of a Full-Adder circuit.
Solution
1) Sender, receiver, medium, message, and protocol.
2) Internet draft A working Internet document (a work in progress) with no official status and a
six-month lifetime.
Proposed Standard: It was a standard developed by IETF as a less mature and well defined
standard.
3) a. If one connection fails, the other connections will still be working.
b. The other devices will still be able to send data through the hub; there will be no
access to the device which has the failed connection to the hub.
c. All transmission stops.
d. The failed connection may disable the whole network unless it is a dual ring.
4) Application Layer: Packet
Network Layer: IP Datagram
DataLink Layer: Frame
5) Application Layer: sagarsetti4u@gmail.com
Network Layer:Logical Addresses
Data Link Layer: Link Layer Addresses
6) No, multiplexing/ de-multiplexing at transport layer does notmean combining several upper-
layer packets (from the sameor different applications) into one transport-layer packet. Itonly
means that each of the transport-layer protocols such asTCP can carry a packet from any
application-layer protocolthat needs its service. However, a transport-layer packet cancarry one,
and only one, packet from an application layerprotocol. For instance, UDP can carry a message
from FTPin one user datagram and a message from HTTP in anotheruser datagram
7) a) Print your Boarding Pass and check in your Luggage.
b) Head to Security
c) Find your gate/terminal
d) Wait for Your Plane
e) Wait for Your Announcement
f) Get the Boarding pass checked
g) Enter the aircraft
h) Get Settled Down
We can Prove that it is a full adder by constructing Truth Table.
Initially Full adder Truth Table is given by
x
y
z
Sum
Carry
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Now Let us See For (xy) Cin and For (xy) Cin+xy
x
y
Cin
(xy)
(xy) Cin
(xy) Cin
xy
(xy) Cin+xy
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
Hence we can see that (xy) Cin and Sum are identical.
(xy) Cin+xy and Carry are Identical.
Hence it a Full Adder
x
y
z
Sum
Carry
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1.
Inventor classwhat is the purpose of using assemply constraints.pdf
Inventor class
what is the purpose of using assemply constraints?
Solution
You use assembly constraints and the purpose is to create parametric relationships between parts
in the assembly. Just as you use 2D constraints to control 2D geometry, you use 3D constraints
in an assembly to position parts in
relation to other parts.
IncompressibilityI cant understand some parts in a book.The .pdf
Incompressibility
I can\'t understand some parts in a book.
\"The pointwise incompressibility condition i.s. the condition of vanishing dilatational strain,
provides certain constraints to the assumed displacement finite element formulation. As an
example the displacements for a four node rectangular plane strain element can be assumed as
These three conditions of constraint will limit the element motion to only two possible
deformation modes which, of course, cannot represent more general state of strain.\"
My questions: I understand that these constraints limit the element motion, but why just two
possible deformation modes are available?
How can I know which of them?
Solution.
If you were to illuminate an Elodea leaf with light at 550 nm, would.pdf
If you were to illuminate an Elodea leaf with light at 550 nm, would you expect CO2
consumption by the leaf? Why?
Solution
Answer:
CO2 consumption by the Elodea leaf depends on the rate of photosynthesis. The light at 550nm
corresponds to green light which is not favourable for photosynthesis. The chlorophyll pigment
reflects green light and absorbs other wavelengths of light between 400-700nm for
photosynthesis. Se we expect less consumption of CO2 at 550nm.
Identify the three major types of controls that organizations can us.pdf
Identify the three major types of controls that organizations can use to protect their information
resources ?
Solution
1. At secure organizations, information security is supported by senior management. Support
includes making resources and budget available for information security, as well as clear
statements by senior management that information security is a priority for the organization.
Since senior managers establish priorities and set the tone for an organization, it is difficult to be
a secure organization without their clear and consistent support. As a result of the recent spate of
high-profile security breaches, most senior managers now understand the importance of
information security and will support information security efforts.
2. Secure organizations regularly identify and document how sensitive data --customer and/or
proprietary -- flows in, through and out of the organization. This enables an organization to focus
its time, effort and money on protecting its sensitive data. Conversely, it\'s difficult for an
organization to protect what it doesn\'t know about, and organizations struggle to protect their
data if they don\'t perform this exercise
3. Secure organizations create and maintain a formal, documented inventory of all systems that
process, transmit or store sensitive data -- including the operating system, if it\'s physical or
virtualized, and what major applications have been installed. Without such an inventory, an
organization can\'t fully understand what systems it must protect. Having such an inventory
allows an organization to quickly determine whether a particular security vulnerability is relevant
to the organization\'s systems.
4. Secure organizations segment sensitive systems from non-sensitive systems through jump
servers, firewall rules, router ACLs or switch VLANs. This minimizes the attack surface for an
organization\'s sensitive systems and allows access to the systems to be tightly controlled and
logged.
5. Secure organizations have a strong change-control process that is rigorously enforced.
Changes, including emergency changes, are fully documented then formally reviewed and
approved. Unapproved changes can lead to security vulnerabilities that nobody knows about
until there\'s a breach.
6. Secure organizations have a strong configuration management process. Sensitive systems are
hardened and built only with necessary functionality via an automated build process or a
managed configuration software tool such as Puppet or Chef. After the initial build,
configuration software tools, which regularly check the configuration of systems, are used to
ensure systems stay hardened or strong change control is used to maintain system configuration
and prevent server creep..
I have C++ question that I do not know how to do, Can you teach me t.pdf
I have C++ question that I do not know how to do, Can you teach me this question:
Draw a CLASS diagram for Binary Search Tree (BTS) :
can you explain me each step, thank you
Solution
//program to convert Binary Tree to Binary Search Tree
#include
#include
// A binary tree node structure
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
void storeInorder (struct node* node, int inorder[], int *index_ptr)
{
// Base Case
if (node == NULL)
return;
// first store the left subtree
storeInorder (node->left, inorder, index_ptr);
// Copy the root\'s data
inorder[*index_ptr] = node->data;
(*index_ptr)++; // increase index for next entry
// finally store the right subtree
storeInorder (node->right, inorder, index_ptr);
}
/* A helper function to count nodes in a Binary Tree */
int countNodes (struct node* root)
{
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
return countNodes (root->left) +
countNodes (root->right) + 1;
}
// Following function is needed for library function qsort()
int compare (const void * a, const void * b)
{
return ( *(int*)a - *(int*)b );
}
/* A helper function that copies contents of arr[] to Binary Tree.
This functon basically does Inorder traversal of Binary Tree and
one by one copy arr[] elements to Binary Tree nodes */
void arrayToBST (int *arr, struct node* root, int *index_ptr)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return;
/* first update the left subtree */
arrayToBST (arr, root->left, index_ptr);
/* Now update root\'s data and increment index */
root->data = arr[*index_ptr];
(*index_ptr)++;
/* finally update the right subtree */
arrayToBST (arr, root->right, index_ptr);
}
// This function converts a given Binary Tree to BST
void binaryTreeToBST (struct node *root)
{
// base case: tree is empty
if(root == NULL)
return;
/* Count the number of nodes in Binary Tree so that
we know the size of temporary array to be created */
int n = countNodes (root);
// Create a temp array arr[] and store inorder traversal of tree in arr[]
int *arr = new int[n];
int i = 0;
storeInorder (root, arr, &i);
// Sort the array using library function for quick sort
qsort (arr, n, sizeof(arr[0]), compare);
// Copy array elements back to Binary Tree
i = 0;
arrayToBST (arr, root, &i);
// delete dynamically allocated memory to avoid meory leak
delete [] arr;
}
/* Utility function to create a new Binary Tree node */
struct node* newNode (int data)
{
struct node *temp = new struct node;
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
/* Utility function to print inorder traversal of Binary Tree */
void printInorder (struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
/* first recur on left child */
printInorder (node->left);
/* then print the data of node */
printf(\"%d \", node->data);
/* now recur on right child */
printInorder (node->right);
}
/* Driver function to test above functions */
int main()
{
struct node *root = NULL;
/* Constructing tree given in the above figure
10
/ \\
30 15
/ \\
20 5 */
root = newNode(10);
root->left = newNode(30.
I need proper and details explanation for this case study Financial .pdf
I need proper and details explanation for this case study Financial statement part (i, ii & iii Area
of concern)
Analyse the financial statements that have been prepared by Home Range Ltd’s financial
director. In particular, comment on the following aspects of the company:
i. Areas of concern in financial performance, focusing mainly on information from the income
statement
ii. Areas of concern in financial health, focusing on ratios dependent on the income statement
and the balance sheet
iii. Areas of concern in cash flow management, focusing on information available from the cash
flow statement.
Assess the value of Clare Lombardo’s parent’s recent concern that ‘the company has not spent its
significant cash resources wisely in the past year’ (the year to 31 December 2017). What
practical steps should Clare Lombardo now undertake in order to help to maximise the value of
the business for resale in about 3 years?
Case study
Home Range Ltd
Clare Lombardo comes from a family that has bought, renovated and sold or rented houses as a
side-line to their main forms of employment for a number of years. This family interest has
proved to be a profitable small business. Her father is an electrician by trade but has developed
skills in other areas such as basic plumbing and carpentry. This has greatly reduced the cost of
‘doing up’ old properties. Clare’s mother works as a part-time bookkeeper so she has enough
spare time to keep proper financial records for the business.
Clare’s favourite subject at school was Art. While still at school Clare discovered a knack for
helping her parents to tastefully furnish renovated properties in preparation for their sale or rent.
After school Clare studied interior design while helping run her parent’s business.
About 20 years ago Clare was left money by a grandparent. She used this to open her first Home
Range shop in an exclusive part of London. It sells high quality home furnishings and
accessories to mainly wealthy customers who have limited time.
Clare’s luck, good taste and business acumen has proved very successful. She formed the private
company Home Range Ltd 18 years ago, and it has grown to consist of a chain of 25 stores in
wealthy parts of London and the south east of England. The retail outlets have been
complimented by an effective and profitable website.
Clare is the majority shareholder while her parents own the remaining shares in the business.
Clare has recently decided she wants to sell the business in about three years. She is conscious
that her parents are growing old and she also want to spend more time with her young family.
Clare’s parents have decided to retire from formal employment in the next few months. They
will still run their property business. While they are essentially passive shareholders in Home
Range Ltd, Clare still relies on them for common sense advice she can trust.
Home Range Ltd has been particularly profitable since the global financial crash beginning in
2007. It appears.
How is Vietas contribution to mathematics distinctly modern in spi.pdf
How is Vieta\'s contribution to mathematics distinctly modern in spirit?
Solution
At the end of 16th century, mathematics was placed under the dual aegis of the Greeks, from
whom they borrowed the tools of geometry, and the Arabs, who provided procedures for the
resolution. At the time of Vieta, algebra therefore oscillated between arithmetic, which gave the
appearance of a list of rules, and geometry which seemed more rigorous. Meanwhile, Italian
mathematicians Luca Pacioli, Scipione del Ferro, Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Ludovico Ferrari,
and especially Raphael Bombelli (1560) all developed techniques for solving equations of the
third degree, which heralded a new era.
On the other hand, the German school of the Coss, the Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde
(1550) and the Dutchman Simon Stevin (1581) brought an early algebraic notation, the use of
decimals and exponents. However, complex numbers remained at best a philosophical way of
thinking and Descartes, almost a century after their invention, used them as imaginary numbers.
Only positive solutions were considered and using geometrical proof was common.
The task of the mathematicians was in fact twofold. It was necessary to produce algebra in a
more geometrical way, i.e., to give it a rigorous foundation; and on the other hand, it was
necessary to give geometry a more algebraic sense, allowing the analytical calculation in the
plane. Vieta and Descartes solved this dual task in a double revolution. Firstly, Vieta gave
algebra a foundation as strong as in geometry. He then ended the algebra of procedures (al-Jabr
and Muqabala), creating the first symbolic algebra. In doing so, he did not hesitate to say that
with this new algebra, all problems could be solved (nullum non problema solvere).
In his dedication of the Isagoge to Catherine de Parthenay, Vieta wrote, \"These things which are
new are wont in the beginning to be set forth rudely and formlessly and must then be polished
and perfected in succeeding centuries. Behold, the art which I present is new, but in truth so old,
so spoiled and defiled by the barbarians, that I considered it necessary, in order to introduce an
entirely new form into it, to think out and publish a new vocabulary, having gotten rid of all its
pseudo-technical terms...\"
Vieta did not know \"multiplied\" notation (given by William Oughtred in 1631) or the symbol
of equality, =, an absence which is more striking because Robert Recorde had used the present
symbol for this purpose since 1557 and Guilielmus Xylander had used parallel vertical lines
since 1575.
Vieta had neither much time, nor students able to brilliantly illustrate his method. He took years
in publishing his work, (he was very meticulous) and most importantly, he made a very specific
choice to separate the unknown variables, using consonants for parameters and vowels for
unknowns. In this notation he perhaps followed some older contemporaries, such as Petrus
Ramus, who designated the points in geomet.
Fungal associations with plants Examine a type of fungal association .pdf
Fungal associations with plants Examine a type of fungal association by completing each
sentence. Then, arrange the sentences in a logical paragraph order.
Solution
1. NUTRIENT
The plant provides nutrients to the fungi as fungi doesnot has its green pigment called
Chlorophyll,which helps the plant in photosynthesis.As it doesnot has the chlorophyll,the plant
helps it by providing the nutrients basically the carbon amount so that it will be live and help the
plant in providing lots of nutrients and minerals.
2. MINERAL AND NUTRIENTS
The fungi has different roles in the plant system. The fungi makes a symbiotic relationship with
the plant.By the help of Mycorrhizae ,the plant obtain phosphate and other minerals like Zinc
and Copper . Hyphae are the long extensions which can grow into small soil pores and can allow
the Phosphorous nutrients to the plant body.
3. MYCORRHIZAE, ROOTS
The soil consists of lot of nutrients and minerals. The plant itself cannot intake all the
nutrients,so it takes help of certain symbiotic relationship. By this relationship the plant obtains
Phosphate and other minerals by the help of fungus. While the fungus obtains the sugars from
the roots of the plant.
4. HYPHAE
Hyphae is a lonf,branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is main mode of vegetative
growth. The hyphae helps the plant in distributiing and absorbing the nutrients and minerals from
the soil..
For each problem in this homework, your assignment is to determine .pdf
For each problem in this homework, your assignment is to determine modes of inheritance for a
set of phenotypes each of which is determined by genotypes at two independently assorting loci.
The data come from an alien species of fly whose genetics is identical to that of earth flies. As
part of your assignment, you must confirm your hypothesized modes of inheritance by applying
a chi-square analysis. NOTE ABOUT DEGREES OF FREEDOM: In situations where the
observed counts and the expected counts for a category are both 0, that category does not figure
into the chi-square calculation, so that the degrees of freedom is reduced by one in such
situations. The possible modes of inheritance are: (i) Autosomal recessive; (ii) Homozygous
lethal (dominant); (iii) Sex-linked recessive. The Sex-linked recessive mode can only occur in
females parents. Counts of phenotype pairs for the F1 generation give you clues as to the mode
of inheritance of each phenotype. Good luck! ONE PHENOTYPE PER PARENT, TWO
PHENOTYPES TOTAL For the Tratagorian Kumbus Fly, that lives on the planet Zeon, parental
matings occur only among flies in which each parent has a disease phenotype at one locus and is
wild-type at the other locus. Problem 4. A female with Flonasean eye color mates with a male
with Muppetrus eye shape, producing the following counts: F1 Generation Males WT-WT
Disease-WT WT-Disease Disease-Disease 0 242 0 247 Females WT-
WT Disease-WT WT-Disease Disease-Disease 239 0 253 0
Solution
It is sex linked recessive mode of inheritance due to which males are not affected and females
are affected..
For each story problem, identofy the opertaion and the interpretatio.pdf
For each story problem, identofy the opertaion and the interpretation of the operationg. Then,
consider the context of each story problem and identify what, if anything, might be problematic
about the context. Pick three of the story problems that you hae idenitfied as having a
problematic context and rewrite each of the story problems.
-Jake, Jenn, and Juile was triplets. For their birthday, their parents bought them 7 presents each.
How many presents did their parents buy all together?
-Terrence scored 27 points in a one-on-one basketball game. Devon scored 34. How many points
did Devon win by?
-Janice gets $40 a week for allowance If she save up for her money for the next 12 weeks, how
much more will she have in all?
-Ramon and Julio got detention after school for 90 minutes every day for a week. How much
time will they spend in detention all together?
Solution
-Jake, Jenn, and Juile was triplets. For their birthday, their parents bought them 7 presents each
parents buy all together 7+7+7 =21 presents
-Terrence scored 27 points in a one-on-one basketball game. Devon scored 34.
Devon win by 34-27 =7 points
-Janice gets $40 a week for allowance If she save up for her money for the next 12 weeks,
she have in all =40*12 =480$
-Ramon and Julio got detention after school for 90 minutes every day for a week.
week has 7 days
time they will spend in detention all together=90*7=630 minutes.
Explain a. casting b. overloading c. sentinel d. echoSolution.pdf
Explain: a. casting b. overloading c. sentinel d. echo
Solution
Casting-
Changing the datatype of 1 variable to another datatype is called casting. Each program has its
own rule.
eg: int can be converted to double.
overloading-
Multiple function when used with same name but have different signature is called overloading
in programs.
sentinel-
It is the flag value that is used in loop like for loop or while which is used for the termination of
loops or recursive algorithm.
eg flag=1
while(flag<5)
{
.....
}
echo-
It is the keyword that is used to print the message or variable in the PHP language
echo \"Hi\";
It will print Hi on screen..
Find all the square roots of the complex number 14i. Write the squar.pdf
Find all the square roots of the complex number 14i. Write the square roots in polar (re^i) form,
with the smaller angle first. Give angles in degress
Solution
this is the polar form r(cos()+isin())
we compare it with 1-4i
rcos =1
rsin=-4
squaring and adding them
r^2(cos^2 +sin^2) = 1 +(-4)^2
r^2 = 1+16
r= sqrt(17) =4.1
tan = -4/1
= arc tan(-4)
= -76 degree
square root of r(cos()+isin()) is ±r(cos(/2)+isin(/2)).
square root form is ±(4.1) (cos(-76/2) + isin(-76/2)
±4.1(cos38 -isin38)
in polar form 4.1 e^(-38i).
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fe.pdf
Describe the flow of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus\' systemic circulation and
deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. Be sure to include all five structures that
allow for fetal circulation to take place effectively.
Solution
Placenta receives blood from two systems: a uteroplacental system that delivers maternal blood
to the placenta; and the fetoplacental system that receives from the fetus.
The umbilical vein carries blood from the placenta to the fetus. A majority of it enters liver and
1/3rd is diverted to ductus venosus and carried to inferior vena cava. In liver proper, the blood
enters from its inferior border. A branch of the umbilical vein joins the portal vein. The blood is
then supplied to the right atrium of the heart. The heart has an opening connecting left and right
atrium called foramen ovale. Due to this opening, the blood bypasses the pulmonary circulation
and is directly circulated to the body of the fetus, via the aorta. Some of the blood moves to the
placenta through iliac and then umbilical arteries into the mother\'s blood circulation for the
exchange of gasses and removal of waste products.
A part of the blood that enters the atrium of the fetus enters left ventricle and is pumped to the
pulmonary artery The pulmonary artery of the fetus is connected to the aorta via ductus atriosus
and thus the blood enters aorta and escapes from entering the lungs. The blood in aorta takes the
same route as described earlier..
describe two different forms of bindingSolutionTwo forms Co.pdf
describe two different forms of binding
Solution
Two forms :
Compile time Binding : thus is done at compile time where the symbols are resolved i.e the type
is assigned during compile time.also called early or static binding.
Runtime binding where the functions, variables methods and properties are assiged type during
run time. also called as late or dynamic binding.
Examples:
Compile time - method overloading
Run time - method overriding.
Connect onnect mheducation.co.pdf
Connect onnect mheducation.com/flow/connect.html?isReg true&returnuri;
https%3A%2F%2Fconnect.mheducation com%2Fpa C a Search uiz (Lecture 4) Taxonomy is the
branch of systemic biology that studies the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms.
Answer True False Help
Solution
2. False
Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying living organisms
3. Presence of a jaw
4. True.
Consider the following interrupting system. The active-edge inputs o.pdf
Consider the following interrupting system. The active-edge inputs on PJ7 and PP7 can occur at
any time, including at the same time. The object is to count the number of each type of interrupt.
How would you best describe the usage of Count in this system? a) This is a perfectly
appropriate usage of Count, because there are two permanently allocated variables with private
scope, such that each variable counts the number of interrupts for each ISR. b) There is a critical
section bug because of the read/modify/write access to a shared global. c) Because both ISRs
share the same Count, the system can not distinguish between a PJ7 and a PP7 interrupt. d)
Count is initialized each interrupt, so its value is not the total number. e) The acknowledge
statements in the two ISRs are not friendly because they affect all 8 bits of the flag register. f)
None of the above is true. void interrupt 24 KeyHanJ (void) ( unsigned short static Count-0; PIFJ
= 0x80; // acknowledge Countt count the number of PU7 edges void interrupt 56 KeyHanP
(void) ( unsigned short static count=0; PIFP = 0x80; // acknowledge Count++count the number
of PP7 edges
Solution
Looking around, we find ourselves to be surrounded by various types of embedded systems. Be
it a digital camera or a mobile phone or a washing machine, all of them has some kind of
processor functioning inside it. Associated with each processor is the embedded software. If
hardware forms the body of an embedded system, embedded processor acts as the brain, and
embedded software forms its soul. It is the embedded software which primarily governs the
functioning of embedded systems.
During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were developed using
assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no mechanism to find what the
program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used to check correct execution of the program.
Some ‘very fortunate’ developers had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they were too costly and
were not quite reliable as well.
As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-only as the programming language
reduced and embedded systems moved onto C as the embedded programming language of
choice. C is the most widely used programming language for embedded processors/controllers.
Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions of the code where very high
timing accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime requirements.
Initially C was developed by Kernighan and Ritchie to fit into the space of 8K and to write
(portable) operating systems. Originally it was implemented on UNIX operating systems. As it
was intended for operating systems development, it can manipulate memory addresses. Also, it
allowed programmers to write very compact codes. This has given it the reputation as the
language of choice for hackers too.
As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly language didn’t offer
portability across systems. To overcome this disadv.
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