DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four types of nucleobases. The nucleotides bond together to form two strands that coil around each other in the shape of a double helix. DNA stores the genetic code in sequences of nucleobases along its backbone and is located in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, where it directs protein synthesis and cell division. James Watson and Francis Crick were the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA in 1950.
This Presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students. This presentation includes the structure of nucliec acids DNA, RNA and biological significance of nucliec acids.
i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc in science college Multan Pakistan
MSC university of education Lahore Pakistan
I love Pakistan and my teachers
This Presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students. This presentation includes the structure of nucliec acids DNA, RNA and biological significance of nucliec acids.
i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc in science college Multan Pakistan
MSC university of education Lahore Pakistan
I love Pakistan and my teachers
this presentation covers about all the topics of nucleic acids.I made this presentation by combining too many presentations. and I also presented the same in the university and I got an A++ :).
best of luck!
Structure & Function of DNA, DNA Replication & Repair,
Expression of Genetic Information: Structure & Function of RNA,Transcription, Genetic code, Translation, Post translational modification.
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdfdeepakarora871
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
They are different in nitrogen base like in DNA ,they have thymine as nitrogen base and in RNA
, they have uracil. In DNA ,they contain the five carbon sugar as deoxyribose and in RNA , the
five carbon sugar as ribose sugar.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded..
A molecule comprised of a foe-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing bas.pdfsantanadenisesarin13
A molecule comprised of a foe-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group
is called: a nucleic acid. a triglyceride. deoxyribonucIeic acid. a polypeptide. a carbohydrate.
The genetic information of an organism is coded within that organism\'s DNA. carbohydrates.
lipids. proteins. cell membranes. DNA\'s shape is: a helix. a pentagon an octahedron. a
heptahedron a scalene triangle. DNA contains an organism\'s genetic material, organized into
sequences called: genes. chromosomes. gametes. nuclei. sperm and egg cells. Genes are
composed of DNA sequences and are condensed into larger structures called: DNA. proteins.
chromosomes. lipids. cell membranes. Messenger RNA is: information copied or transcribed
from DNA. comprised of rRNA. comprised of iRNA. referenced by DNA. used by cells to
communicate with each other. The RNA that brings proteins lo the ribosome is called:
ribosomal RNA. b. transfer RNA. messenger RNA. RNA. helper RNA.
Solution
51
a) Nucleic Acid
52
a) DNA
53
A) HELIX
54
A)GENE
55
C)CHROMOSOMES
56
A) INFORMATION COPIED OR TRANSCRIBED FROM DNA
57
B) TRANSFER RNA
Nucleic acids : they are biopolymers, or substantial biomolecules, fundamental to every single
known type of life. They are made out of monomers, which are nucleotides made of three
segments: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate assemble, and a nitrogenous base. In the event that the
sugar is a straightforward ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic corrosive); if the sugar is
gotten from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic corrosive).
Nucleic acids are seemingly the most critical of all biomolecules. They are found in plenitude in
every living thing, where they capacity to make and encode and after that store data in the core
of each living cell of each life-shape living being on Earth. Thusly, they capacity to transmit and
express that data inside and outside the cell core—to the inside operations of the cell and at last
to the up and coming era of each living being. The encoded data is contained and passed on by
means of the nucleic corrosive succession, which gives the \'stepping stool step\' requesting of
nucleotides inside the particles of RNA and DNA
================================================
Deoxyribonucleic corrosive (DNA) ; It is a nucleic corrosive containing the hereditary guidelines
utilized as a part of the advancement and working of all known living beings. The DNA portions
conveying this hereditary data are called qualities. In like manner, other DNA successions have
auxiliary purposes, or are included in managing the utilization of this hereditary data. Alongside
RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three noteworthy macromolecules that are basic for every
single known type of life. DNA comprises of two long polymers of basic units called
nucleotides, with spines made of sugars and phosphate bunches joined by ester bonds. These two
strands keep running in inverse headings to each other and are, in this manner, hostile t.
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the gen.pdfaptelecom16999
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of
DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of
blueprints or a recipe, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of
cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic
information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved
in regulating the use of this genetic information.
Chemically, DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with
backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in
opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of
four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone
that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the
sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into
the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription.
Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are
duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms
(animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes
(bacteria and archae) it is found in the cell\'s cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin
proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the
interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are
transcribed.
Solution
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of
DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of
blueprints or a recipe, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of
cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic
information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved
in regulating the use of this genetic information.
Chemically, DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with
backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in
opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of
four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone
that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the
sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into
the rela.
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3. WHAT IS DNA?
DNA is a nucleic acid, containing the genetic instructions used in development
and fuctioning of all know living organism
4. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF DNA?
Is used to controled functions, behavior and development of an organism.
5. WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes.
It’s made up of smaller units called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide have three parts:
a) Sugar molecule
b) Phosphate molecule
c) Nitrogenous base
Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes.
6. These two long strands entwine, in the shape of a double helix.
A nucleobase, linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside, and a base linked to
a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide.
Polymers comprising multiple linked nucleotides (as in DNA) are called
a polynucleotide.
7. NUCLEOBASES
Nucleobases are a group of nitrogen-based molecules that are required to
form nucleotides, the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Nucleobases provide the molecular structure necessary for the hydrogen
bonding of complementary DNA and RNA strands, and are key components in
the formation of stable DNA and RNA molecules.
Nucleobases provide the nucleotide structure necessary to form base pairs.
The primary nucleobases are cytosine, guanine, adenine (DNA and RNA),
thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA), (C, G, A, T and U)
8.
9. NUCLEOSIDES
Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase bound to a ribose or
deoxyribose sugar.
Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adeosine, guanisine,
thymidine and inosine.
10. NUCLEOTIDE
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural
units of RNA and DNA.
Nucleotides participate in cellular signaling, and are incorporated into
important cofactors of enzymatic reactions
11.
12. HOW IS IT?
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with
backcones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.
- This two strands run in opposite directions, anti-parallel.
Attached to each sugar is one of four types molecules called nucleobases.
- This sequence along the backbone is the one that encodes information.
- This information is read using the genetic code.
The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA
in a process called transcription.
13. WHERE IS IT STORE?
Eukaryotic organisms like animals, plants, fungi, and protists, store most of
their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as
mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archaea store their DNA only in the cytoplasm.
14.
15. DNA IN CELL DIVISION
During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA
replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes.