Compiler designs presentation by group 2 final final
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The document is a project presentation on compiler design by Group 2 students Ilias Ahmed, Arifur Islam, Tasnia Islam and MD.Abdur Rahim Khan. It discusses the objectives of lexical analysis, syntax analysis and symbol tables in compiler design. Specifically, it explains how a compiler works, the need for a compiler, and the functions of lexical analysis including tokenizing source code and recognizing keywords, identifiers and constants. It also describes syntax analysis including parsing source code into a parse tree and how symbol tables store identifier information for quick access.
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Lexical analysis is the first step in compiler construction and involves breaking a program into individual tokens. A Lex program has three sections: declarations, translation rules, and auxiliary code. The declarations section defines regular expressions and global variables. The translation rules section matches regular expressions to tokens and executes C code actions. When a regular expression is matched in the input stream, its corresponding action is executed to return the appropriate token.
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The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1) The front end checks the syntax and semantics of the source code and the back end translates it to assembly code.
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Role-of-lexical-analysis
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A simple approach of lexical analyzers
Simple Approaches To Implement A Lexical Analyzer, First phase of a compiler, Notational Short-hands, Implementing a Transition Diagram.
3. Lexical analysis
Lexical analyzer, tokenizer, scanner, or lexer is a function that is invoked by the syntax analyzer. This function returns the nxt lexicon or word in the source file.
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The document discusses the role and process of a lexical analyzer in compiler design. A lexical analyzer groups input characters into lexemes and produces a sequence of tokens as output for the syntactic analyzer. It strips out comments and whitespace, correlates line numbers with errors, and interacts with the symbol table. Lexical analysis improves compiler efficiency, portability, and allows for simpler parser design by separating lexical and syntactic analysis.
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Yacc topic beyond syllabus
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The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans source code and converts it to tokens.
2. Syntax analysis checks token arrangements against the grammar to validate syntax.
3. Semantic analysis checks that rules like type compatibility are followed.
4. Intermediate code is generated for an abstract machine.
5. Code is optimized in the intermediate representation.
6. Code generation produces machine code from the optimized intermediate code.
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The document discusses different types of parsing techniques:
- Parsing is the process of analyzing a string of tokens based on the rules of a formal grammar. It involves constructing a parse tree that represents the syntactic structure of the string based on the grammar.
- The main types of parsing are top-down parsing and bottom-up parsing. Top-down parsing constructs the parse tree from the root node down, while bottom-up parsing constructs it from the leaf nodes up.
- Predictive and recursive descent parsing are forms of top-down parsing, while shift-reduce parsing is a common bottom-up technique. Each method has advantages and limitations regarding efficiency and the type of grammar they can handle.
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Role-of-lexical-analysis
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3. Lexical analysis
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This document discusses compilers, tokenizers, and parsers. It defines a compiler as having two main components: a lexer (tokenizer) that reads input and generates tokens, and a parser that converts tokens into a structured data format. It describes how a tokenizer works by defining states, scanning for patterns, and returning a list of tokens. It recommends optimizations for tokenizers like using little memory, partial reading, and avoiding unnecessary function calls. Finally, it states that the parser analyzes the token stream and constructs an object-oriented tree structure, avoiding non-tail recursion to prevent hitting stack limits.
Lexical Analysis
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ProjectCompilers.pdfPage 1 of 6 Project Con.docx
ProjectCompilers.pdf
Page 1 of 6
Project: Construction of a Simple Parser
INSTRUCTIONS:
You will illustrate the basic phases of the compilation process (lexical, syntax, and
semantic analysis) through a simple compiler for a programming language model
“NEWLANG”.
The programming language “NEWLANG” is very simple.
A. Lexical Conventions of NEWLANG
1. The keywords of the language are the following:
declare read write
All keywords are reserved, and must be written in lower case.
2. Special symbols are the following:
{ } ( ) = + - ;
3. Other tokens are NAME that represents a string of letters and numbers, starting with a
letter, and NUMBER that represents a sequence of digits.
Lower and upper case letters are distinct.
4. White space consists of blanks, newlines, and tabs. White space is ignored except it
must separate NAME’s, NUMBER’s, and keywords.
Page 2 of 6
B. Syntax and Semantics of NEWLANG
The syntax of “NEWLANG” is described by the grammar rules defined as follows:
program : { statement_list }
;
statement_list : statement ; statement_list
| ε
;
statement : declaration
| assignment
| read_statement
| write_statement
;
declaration : declare var
;
assignment : var = expression
;
read_statement : read var
;
write_statement : write expression
;
expression : term
| term + term
| term - term
;
term : NUMBER
| var
| ( expression )
;
var : NAME
;
The semantics of ‘NEWLANG” should be clear: a “NEWLANG” program consists of a
sequence o f read/write or assignment st ate men ts. There are integer-valued v a r i a b l e s
Page 3 of 6
(which need to be declared before they are used), and expressions are restricted to
addition and subtraction.
C. Example of NEWLANG source program
A simple NEWLANG program is shown below:
f
{
declare xyz;
xyz = (33+3)-35;
write xyz;
}
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With the aid of the lexical analysis generator tool Flex, you will construct the lexical
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With the aid of the syntax analysis generator tool Bison, you will construct the syntax
analyzer, the parser, in order to check whether the sequence of tokens is grammatically
correct, according to the grammar rules that define the syntax of the source language.
Looking at the grammar rules for “NEWLANG” (see section B, above) it seems clear
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5. Code optimization improves the intermediate code.
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CC Week 11.ppt
Intermediate representations span the gap between source and target languages by being closer to the target language while remaining mostly machine independent. This allows optimizations to be performed in a machine-independent way.
There are two main types of intermediate languages: high-level representations like syntax trees that are close to the source language, and low-level representations like three-address code that are closer to the target machine. Syntax trees separate parsing from subsequent processing while three-address code translates expressions into single assignment form using temporaries.
Semantic analysis enforces static semantic rules by constructing a syntax tree, evaluating attributes, and checking properties that can be analyzed at compile time. Attribute grammars annotate syntax rules with semantic attributes to define meaning while dynamic
Handout#09
The document discusses the design of a lexical analyzer to identify tokens such as keywords, identifiers, numbers, and operators. It explains that the lexical analyzer classifies lexical units into classes and builds descriptor tokens containing the class and table entry number. The analyzer is implemented in C language. The front end of the compiler performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis and produces intermediate representation tables and code. The back end performs memory allocation and code generation based on the target architecture.
Plc part 2
This document provides information about the CS213 Programming Languages Concepts course taught by Prof. Taymoor Mohamed Nazmy in the computer science department at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. It describes the syntax and semantics of programming languages, discusses different programming language paradigms like imperative, functional, and object-oriented, and explains concepts like lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, symbol tables, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation which are parts of the compiler design process.
Chapter One
This document provides an overview of compiler construction principles and practices. It introduces the basic components of a compiler, including scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization phases. It also discusses related tools like assemblers, linkers, and debuggers. The document outlines the translation process from source code to target code and describes major data structures used in compilers like symbol tables and syntax trees.
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Lisp in Small Parts
Introduction
Debugging in LispWorks
Getting Started
Lists
Expressions
Defining Procedures
Variables
Manipulating Lists
Strings
Printing
Testing a Result
Creating Dialogue Boxes
Writing Programs
Processing Items in a List
Repeating Operations
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Generalising Procedures
Projects
Animals
Anagrams
Recipes
Map
Turtle Graphics
Logic Mazes
Number Countdown
Answers to Exercises
Index of Procedures
Suggested sites
Answers to Exercises
Not all the exercises have answers yet.
Lists
1.
(list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4)))
Expressions
Defining Procedures
1. Square a number
(defun square (number)
(* number number))
2. Find the nth triangular number
(defun triangular (n)
(/ (* n (+ n 1)) 2))
3. Find the result of throwing two dice
(defun two-dice ()
(+ (+ 1 (random 6)) (+ 1 (random 6))))
Variables
1. Convert between km and miles
(defparameter kilometresinmiles 0.621371192)
(defun convert-km (km)
(* km kilometresinmiles))
(defun convert-miles (miles)
(/ miles kilometresinmiles))
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(defun average3 (number1 number2 number3)
(/ (+ number1 number2 number3) 3))
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(defun cubesum (a b)
(let* ((total (+ a b))
(answer (* total total total)))
answer))
4. Substitute values into a quadratic equation
(defun pseudo-primes (x)
(+ (- (* x x) x) 41))
Manipulating Lists
1. Swap the first two items in a list
(defun swap (lst)
(cons (second lst) (cons (first lst) (rest (rest lst)))))
2. Duplicate the first item in a list
(defun dup (lst)
(cons (first lst) lst))
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(defun random-elt (lst)
(nth (random (length lst)) lst))
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(defun last-elt (lst)
(nth (- (length lst) 1) lst))
Strings
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Vlan
Virtual LANs (VLANs) logically segment a network into broadcast domains to restrict communication between devices. VLANs group devices by function, department, application or other criteria without regard to physical location. Routers provide connectivity between VLAN segments. Implementing VLANs on a switch creates separate bridging tables for each VLAN so frames are only switched between ports in the same VLAN. VLANs improve security, flexibility and management of the network compared to relying solely on physical segmentation.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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- Validate access.
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- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
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- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
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https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Compiler designs presentation by group 2 final final
- 1. A PROJECT PRESENTATION ON BY GROUP2: ILIAS AHMED ARIFUL ISLAM TASNIA ISLAM MD.ABDUR RAHIM KHAN GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 1
- 2. Project presentation submitted to Taneja Ane Lecturer Of Peoples university of Bangladesh GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 2
- 3. WHAT IS A COMPILER? A Compiler is a SYSTEM Software to convert Higher level code to Machine level code without changing the purpose of the HLL code. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 3
- 4. NEED OF A COMPILER A Compiler allows a Programmer to write a program in HLL irrespective of the underlying Hardware configuration.GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 4
- 5. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT LEXICAL ANALYSIS SYNTAX ANALYSIS SYMBOL TABLE GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 5
- 6. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 6
- 7. Lexical Analysis or Linear Analysis or Scanning, in which the stream of characters making up the source program is read from left-to-right and grouped in to tokens, sequence of characters having a collective meaning. The blanks separating the characters of the tokens and the comments statements appearing within the program would be eliminated during lexical analysis. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 7
- 8. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 8 FUNCTION OF LEXICAL ANALYSIS 1) CONVERT THE SOURCE CODE INTO STREAM OF TOKENS 2) REMOVING WHILE SPACES 3) REMOVING COMMENTS 4) RECOGNIZE KEYWORD AND IDENTIFER 5) RECOGNIZEING OF CONSTANT 6) SHOW ERROR WHEN THE LEXEME DOES NOT MAKE PATTREN
- 9. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 9 ROLE OF LEXICAL ANALYSIS 1:1ST PHASE OF COMPILER 2: READ I/P CHRACTER AND PRODUCE O/P SEQUENCE OF TOKENS THAT THE PARSER 3:USES FOR SYNTAX ANALYSIS 4:LA ELEMINATING COMMENTS AND WHITE SPACES 5:GENRATING ERROR MESSAGE AND CORECTING IT WITH SOURCE PROGRAM
- 10. TOKEN LEXEME AND STRING A lexeme is a sequence of characters in the source program that matches the pattern for a token and is identified by the lexical analyzer as an instance of that token. A token is a pair consisting of a token name and an optional attribute value. ... The token names are the input symbols that the parser processes .String within double quote some LEXEME PATTERNTOKEN EXAMPLE OF GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 10
- 11. TOKEN PATTREN LEXEME IF Character if else Character e,l,s,e else comparisin <or. Or <=or>= <= != id Letter followed letter and digit Pi,score,d2 Example of token pattern and lexeme GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 11
- 12. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 12 HOW MANY TOKEN ARE THRE?CAN ANYONE SAY PLEASE DOUBLE SALARY=BASIC SALARY + ‘HOUSE RENT +BONUS*30%’;
- 13. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 13 HOW MANY LEXEME ARE THERE? E=M*C**2;
- 14. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 14 SYNTAX ANALYSIS
- 15. Syntax Analysis or Hierarchical Analysis, in which characters or tokens are grouped hierarchically into nested collections with collective meaning. Hierarchical analysis also termed as Parsing, involves grouping the tokens of the source program into grammatical phrases that are used by the compiler to synthesize output. Usually, the grammatical phrases of the source program are represented by a Parse tree.GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 15
- 16. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 16 Float position, initial, rate Position =initial +rate*60 LA SYNTAX ANALYZER ID1=ID2+ID3*60 PARSE TREE /SYNTAX TREE S=>ID=E E=>E+T/T T=>T*T/F E=>ID/NUM grammer
- 17. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 17 WHEN WE COMPRESS PARSE TREE OPERATION WILL BE INTERNAL NODE AND OPERAND WILL BE LEAVE NODE INTERNAL NODE=OPERATOR LEAVE NODE=OPERAND
- 18. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 18
- 19. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 19 SYNTAX TREE
- 20. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 20 A symbol table is a data structure containing a record for each identifier, with fields for the attributes of the identifier. The data structure allows us to find the record for each identifier quickly and to store or retrieve data from that record quickly. SYMBOL TABLE
- 21. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY S/N V/N V/TYPE 01 POSITION FLOAT 02 INITIAL FLOAT 03 RATE FLOAT FLOAT POSITION,INITIAL,RATE POSITION = INITIAL +RATE * 60
- 22. <TOKEN NAME,ATTRIBUTE VALUE> <ID1,1><=><ID2,2><+><ID3,3><*><60> GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 22
- 23. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 23 Requirements for symbol table management • quick insertion of an identifier • quick search for an identifier • efficient insertion of information (attributes) about an id • quick access to information about a certain id • Space- and time- efficiency
- 24. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 24 THANKS ALL
- 25. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 25 GOOD BYE
- 26. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 26
- 27. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 27
- 28. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 28
- 29. GROUP 2 DESIGN BY 29