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Gene expression refers to the control of the amount and timing of gene products. It involves two main steps - transcription of DNA into RNA, and translation of RNA into proteins. In prokaryotes, transcription factors bind to DNA to control transcription from operons, groups of genes regulated together. The lac operon and trp operon are examples where repressor proteins bind the operator DNA sequence to block transcription unless an inducer is present. In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled at the transcription and translation stages to regulate which mRNAs are produced and what final proteins result.
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Enhancers are DNA sequences that interact with transcription factors, proteins that regulate gene expression. Transcription factors determine cell differentiation by controlling which genes are expressed in different cell types. Gene expression can be regulated through alternative splicing, protein degradation, and small non-coding RNAs like microRNAs. During development, cytoplasmic determinants and signals from outside the cell direct cell differentiation through regulation of transcription factors.
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Gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms where the different types of cells may possess different gene expression profile.
Regulation of gene expression -2
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of gene regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes including operons, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and factors that control transcription, splicing, translation, and mRNA/protein stability.
2) It provides examples of operon regulation in bacteria like the Lac and Trp operons.
3) In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled at the DNA, transcription, splicing, translation, and protein levels through a variety of mechanisms like chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, hormone signaling, and ubiquitination.
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Promoters are regions of DNA located near gene transcription start sites that initiate gene transcription. There are two main types of promoters based on their CG content: high CG content promoters associated with constitutively expressed genes, and low CG content promoters associated with tissue-specific genes. Bidirectional promoters simultaneously control pairs of genes on opposite DNA strands that are coexpressed. Promoters can be constitutive and initiate transcription in all tissues, inducible and require biotic/abiotic factors, or tissue-specific and active only in certain tissues.
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The document discusses various methods for isolating gene promoters and regulatory elements from DNA, including screening genomic libraries from mutant plants, plasmid rescue, inverse PCR, and genome walking. It also describes different types of promoters such as constitutive promoters that are always active, tissue-specific promoters that function in particular tissues, and inducible promoters that are activated by external factors like chemicals, temperature, or light. Common plant promoters mentioned include the CAMV 35S promoter and seed-specific promoters.
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
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This document discusses different types of plant promoters that control gene expression. It defines a promoter as a DNA sequence that initiates transcription and activates downstream gene expression. There are four main types of promoters discussed: 1) Constitutive promoters that are active in all tissues, 2) Tissue-specific promoters that are active in particular plant tissues, 3) Inducible promoters whose expression is controlled by environmental or chemical stimuli, and 4) Synthetic promoters that are engineered from various promoter elements to regulate gene expression under chemical induction. The document provides examples and functions of each promoter type.
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Eukaryotic promoters are DNA sequences located upstream of genes that recruit transcriptional machinery to initiate gene transcription. Promoters can range from 100-1000 base pairs in length and are located near transcription start sites on the same DNA strand in the 5' region. Promoters serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and help initiate transcription of downstream DNA. The strength of a promoter can be regulated by the presence or absence of binding proteins. There are different types of promoters including constitutive, tissue-specific, synthetic, and inducible promoters. Methods like DNase footprint assays and online prediction tools can determine promoter sites.
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This document summarizes the process of gene expression in three main steps: transcription, post-transcriptional modification, and translation. It first defines a gene as a stretch of DNA that encodes information. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA from DNA. The mRNA then undergoes post-transcriptional modification like capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. The mature mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation by ribosomes into proteins. Additional post-translational modifications can occur to proteins after translation. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, translation and protein degradation.
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This document discusses the regulation of prokaryotic gene expression. It begins by defining genes and gene expression. It then explains the two main types of gene regulation: positive regulation, which increases gene expression through activator proteins, and negative regulation, which decreases expression through repressor proteins. An example of positive and negative regulation is shown in a figure. The document goes on to explain that in prokaryotes, genes involved in metabolic pathways are often arranged in operons, where multiple genes are transcribed together from a single promoter. Two specific operons are discussed in more detail: the tryptophan operon in E. coli, which is repressible, and the lac operon, which is induced by lactose
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Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Gene expression in eukaryotes involves transcription of DNA in the nucleus, processing and export of mRNA, and translation of mRNA on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genes contain both coding exons and non-coding introns; the exons must be spliced together to form mRNA before translation. Three RNA polymerases transcribe different types of RNA in the nucleus, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA and some small nuclear RNAs. Precise binding of transcription factors to promoter elements upstream of genes is required for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.
Control of gene expression in plants
Gene expression is regulated through a variety of mechanisms that control which genes are expressed in a cell. These mechanisms include regulation of transcription, post-transcriptional modification, RNA transport and translation. Regulation allows cells to increase or decrease expression of genes as needed and is essential for cellular differentiation in multicellular organisms. Gene expression can be regulated at many stages including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing and protein modification.
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Gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms where the different types of cells may possess different gene expression profile.
Regulation of gene expression -2
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of gene regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes including operons, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and factors that control transcription, splicing, translation, and mRNA/protein stability.
2) It provides examples of operon regulation in bacteria like the Lac and Trp operons.
3) In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled at the DNA, transcription, splicing, translation, and protein levels through a variety of mechanisms like chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, hormone signaling, and ubiquitination.
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Similar to Zoo ppt
Gene expression
Gene expression and regulation is a complex multi-step process that controls when and where genes are expressed. There are two main stages: transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm. Gene expression can be regulated at many steps, most commonly by controlling the initiation of transcription through transcription factors that bind to regulatory sequences. This precise regulation of genes allows cells to differentiate and adapt, and is essential for development and response to the environment.
Analysis of transcriptional interference in gene regulation
The document discusses transcriptional interference in gene regulation. It begins by describing the process of gene expression and regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. It then discusses various stages of prokaryotic transcription including initiation, elongation, termination, and processing. Mechanisms of transcriptional control include promoters, enhancers, and regulation of transcription initiation rates. Examples are given of gene regulation including the Lac operon, which acts like a switch to turn gene expression on and off.
Gene regulation
Gene regulation is the process by which genes are turned on and off, ensuring that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times. It involves two main stages: transcription, where RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA, and translation, where the mRNA directs protein synthesis. Key gene control regions include promoters near the start of genes, which help control transcription, and enhancers or silencers that increase or decrease transcription by binding transcription factors. Gene regulation can be positive, through activator proteins initiating transcription, or negative, via repressor proteins terminating transcription. This process is necessary for unicellular organisms to adapt to their environment and for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and perform specialized functions.
Gene regulation
Gene regulation is the process by which genes are turned on and off, ensuring that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times. It involves two main stages: transcription, where RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA from DNA; and translation, where the mRNA directs protein synthesis. Key gene control regions include promoters near the start of genes, which help control transcription, and enhancers or silencers that increase or decrease transcription by binding transcription factors. Gene regulation can be positive, through activator proteins initiating transcription, or negative, via repressor proteins terminating transcription. This process is necessary for unicellular organisms to adapt to their environment and for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and perform specialized functions.
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Gene expression in plants is controlled similarly to other organisms through promoters and transcription factors. Each gene has its own promoter that works with transcription factors to control the first part of expression. Gene transcription involves RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to create an RNA strand complementary to the DNA template, replacing thymine with uracil. Gene expression is regulated through controlling the amount and timing of gene products, allowing cells to adapt. Regulation can occur at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through a variety of mechanisms.
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1. Gene expression in eukaryotes involves transcription of DNA in the nucleus and translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into a primary transcript which undergoes processing including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to produce mature mRNA.
3. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes and is translated into a polypeptide chain by the process of translation. Gene expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression.pptx
Mr. Prabhat Kumar Singh presented on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. There are two main steps in gene expression - transcription and translation. Transcription involves creating mRNA with RNA polymerase enzymes. Translation involves using mRNA to direct protein synthesis. Regulation can occur at multiple levels including replication, transcription, post-transcription, and translation. Transcriptional regulation differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes due to eukaryotes having nuclei. Prokaryotes use operon systems like the lac and trp operons to regulate transcription. Eukaryotes use promoter elements like TATA boxes. Post-transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes includes RNA splicing and modifications. Pro
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
The document discusses various mechanisms of regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. It explains that regulation can occur at multiple levels, including DNA, transcription, mRNA processing, and protein synthesis. Key points include: (1) Regulation allows adaptation and cellular differentiation; (2) In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated, allowing more complex regulation; (3) Regulation mechanisms include controlling chromatin structure, transcription initiation, mRNA splicing/stability, and protein modifications. Environmental factors like heat and hormones can also induce gene expression changes through transcription factors.
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Gene_Expression.pptx
Regulation of gene expression allows organisms to benefit from efficiency, conserving energy and cell size. In prokaryotes, operons regulate groups of genes, turned on or off by repressors, activators, or inducers. Eukaryotes separate transcription and translation, introducing many regulatory mechanisms. These include epigenetic modifications, transcription factors, RNA processing, stability, and translation factors. Cancer arises from dysregulation of genes controlling cell growth, especially tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION.pptx
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional gene product like a protein. This occurs through two main steps - transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins in the cytoplasm. Regulation of gene expression controls which genes are expressed, such as through the lac operon which expresses lactose metabolism genes only in the presence of lactose. The lac operon provides an example of positive and negative gene regulation through a repressor protein that binds to the operon's DNA to block or allow transcription.
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REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
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Zoo ppt
- 1. By Fariha- un- nisa Curiosity is the essence of our existence.
- 2. Control of gene expression Definition: Regulation of gene expression refers to the control of the amount and timing of appearance of the functional product of a gene. Control of expression is vital to allow a cell to produce the gene products it needs when it needs them; in turn, this gives cells the flexibility to adapt to a variable environment. Introduction: Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product These products are often proteins but in non- protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA)genes, the product is a functional RNA.
- 3. Steps in gene expression The two main steps in gene expression are transcription and translation. Transcription is the name given to the process in which DNA is copied to make a complementary strand of RNA. RNA then undergoes translation to make proteins.
- 4. Mechanism of control of gene expression
- 5. Gene expression in prokaryotes Transcription factors (proteins) binds to enhancers or silencers (DNA) to affect transcription ... Operons are groups of genes whose transcription can be regulated by binding of either repressors or inducers onto a stretch of DNA on the operon called the operator ... Jacob-Monod model describes the lac operon: repressor binds operator (DNA near promoter), blocking transcription
- 6. Gene expression in eukaryotes Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes. Eukaryotic control of gene expression occurs by regulating the processes of transcription and translation, having opportunity to affect, first, what mRNA transcripts are produced (or not) and, second, what final protein product is derived from those transcripts.
- 7. Lac operon and trp operon Lac operon Build a gene network! The lac operon is a set of genes which are responsible for the metabolism of lactose in some bacterial cells. Explore the effects of mutations within the lac operon by adding or removing genes from the DNA. Trp operon The trp operon is an operon—a group of genes that is used, or transcribed, together—that codes for the components for production of tryptophan. The trp operon is present in many bacteria, but was first characterized in Escherichia coli.