The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates fro...iosrjce
The study compared the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from the urinary and
genital tracts of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in Imo State. Urine and High vaginal swab (HVS)
samples were collected from across the three geopolitical zones of Imo State (Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe).
Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu and General
Hospital Okigwe (GHO) were used as focal points. A total of 1197 samples were obtained from women and
used. Infection was significantly more with the urine samples than the HVS samples (P < 0.05) while
polymicrobial growth was more observed with the HVS samples. Escherichia coli was the predominantly
isolated organism (38.3%) from the urine samples while Staphylococcus aureus (29.1%) was the predominant
bacterial isolates in HVS. Other commonly isolated bacterial species include; Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteriodes were solely isolated
from urine while Lactobacillus was solely isolated from HVS. Overall antibiogram showed ciprofloxacin to be
the most effective antibiotic followed by nalidixic acid and pefloxac in for both specimens. Generally, multidrug
resistance was more in urine isolates (55.7%) than vaginal isolates (53.6%) with many showing the same
resistance patterns. The rate of multi/drug resistance in both samples is high (>50%) and worrisome. These call
for routine HVS as well as urine culture to be carried out on all antenatal women to ensure holistic antenatal care/ management.
Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) which isolated and characterized urinary pathogens and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. The main findings were:
1. Escherichia coli was the most common urinary pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
2. The antibiotics chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the urinary pathogens, with 100% susceptibility. Tetracycline, gentamicin and kanamycin were also highly effective at 83% susceptibility.
3. Some isolates showed resistance to commonly prescribed
Clinicobacteriological study of Urinary tract infection in pregnant womeniosrjce
This study examined the clinicobacteriological profile of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 460 pregnant women in India. The key findings were:
1. The overall incidence of significant bacteriuria was 10.21%. It was higher in multigravida (11.74%) compared to primigravida (8.16%) and highest in the third trimester (11.8%).
2. Most cases of significant bacteriuria were asymptomatic (9.25%). The predominant symptom in symptomatic cases was burning urination (47.05%).
3. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.31%). Isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like
The study analyzed urine samples from 100 UTI patients and isolated Proteus bacteria, identifying 10 as ESBL producers. The ESBL-producing Proteus isolates were resistant to several antibiotics but sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. Aqueous extracts of four plants were tested against Proteus isolates, with Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus in urine samples was 10%, with most gram-negative bacteria sensitive to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin.
PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESBL IN SOKOTO PDFNuhu Tanko
This study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. 365 urine samples were collected and analyzed between November 2014 and February 2015. Gram-negative uropathogens made up 60.9% of positive cultures. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%) and Salmonella arizonae (23.4%). 15 isolates (23.3%) were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter gergoviae being the most common. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole but high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin. This study demonstrates
This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel pectinase-producing fungal strains for fruit juice clarification and extraction. Various substrates were tested for solid-state fermentation to produce pectinase enzymes. Orange peel proved the best substrate, yielding the highest pectinase activity of 0.76 IU/ml after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, 5ml inoculum volume, and pH 4. The isolated fungal strain and optimized fermentation conditions were used to clarify fruit juices and extract juice from pulp more efficiently.
Background: The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in emergence of community-acquired antibiotic resistance among uropathogens in outpatient’s population. This constitutes an impediment in the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in both community and hospital settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current antibiotic resistance trends, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and plasmid profile of uropathogens from outpatients. Methods: A total of 370 mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured by standard methods. Isolated uropathogens were identified using appropriate biochemical methods. The modified Kirby Bauer disk method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. The ESBL-producing uropathogens were identified and their plasmid DNA extraction and curing were carried out by standard methods. Results: About 35.7% and 32.7% of uropathogens were multi-drug resistant and ESBL-producing respectively. There was higher prevalence of ESBL-production among isolates from female patients (62.5%) when compared to that from male patients (37.5%). The isolated uropathogens were most resistant to Cefotaxime, and most sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance to antibiotics by ESBL-producing uropathogens was found to be plasmid-mediated. Conclusion: Community acquired Uropathogens from outpatients were multidrug resistant due to ESBL production localized on plasmids, a probable cause of treatment failures experienced in Uyo.
A novel biological rote of α l-fucose in mutans group streptococciAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the inhibitory effects of α-L-fucose on the growth of mutans group streptococci bacteria, which are common causes of dental caries and periodontal disease. Samples were collected from 50 patients, and 20 isolates of mutans streptococci were identified, including 10 Streptococcus mutans, 8 Streptococcus salivaris, and 2 Streptococcus oralis. The study found that α-L-fucose inhibited the growth of these bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentration being 80mM. The mechanism of inhibition is proposed to involve the fucose metabolism pathway in these bacteria. The findings suggest that α-L-fucose may be useful as an anti-
Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates fro...iosrjce
The study compared the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from the urinary and
genital tracts of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in Imo State. Urine and High vaginal swab (HVS)
samples were collected from across the three geopolitical zones of Imo State (Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe).
Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu and General
Hospital Okigwe (GHO) were used as focal points. A total of 1197 samples were obtained from women and
used. Infection was significantly more with the urine samples than the HVS samples (P < 0.05) while
polymicrobial growth was more observed with the HVS samples. Escherichia coli was the predominantly
isolated organism (38.3%) from the urine samples while Staphylococcus aureus (29.1%) was the predominant
bacterial isolates in HVS. Other commonly isolated bacterial species include; Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteriodes were solely isolated
from urine while Lactobacillus was solely isolated from HVS. Overall antibiogram showed ciprofloxacin to be
the most effective antibiotic followed by nalidixic acid and pefloxac in for both specimens. Generally, multidrug
resistance was more in urine isolates (55.7%) than vaginal isolates (53.6%) with many showing the same
resistance patterns. The rate of multi/drug resistance in both samples is high (>50%) and worrisome. These call
for routine HVS as well as urine culture to be carried out on all antenatal women to ensure holistic antenatal care/ management.
Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) which isolated and characterized urinary pathogens and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. The main findings were:
1. Escherichia coli was the most common urinary pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
2. The antibiotics chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the urinary pathogens, with 100% susceptibility. Tetracycline, gentamicin and kanamycin were also highly effective at 83% susceptibility.
3. Some isolates showed resistance to commonly prescribed
Clinicobacteriological study of Urinary tract infection in pregnant womeniosrjce
This study examined the clinicobacteriological profile of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 460 pregnant women in India. The key findings were:
1. The overall incidence of significant bacteriuria was 10.21%. It was higher in multigravida (11.74%) compared to primigravida (8.16%) and highest in the third trimester (11.8%).
2. Most cases of significant bacteriuria were asymptomatic (9.25%). The predominant symptom in symptomatic cases was burning urination (47.05%).
3. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.31%). Isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like
The study analyzed urine samples from 100 UTI patients and isolated Proteus bacteria, identifying 10 as ESBL producers. The ESBL-producing Proteus isolates were resistant to several antibiotics but sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. Aqueous extracts of four plants were tested against Proteus isolates, with Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus in urine samples was 10%, with most gram-negative bacteria sensitive to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin.
PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESBL IN SOKOTO PDFNuhu Tanko
This study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. 365 urine samples were collected and analyzed between November 2014 and February 2015. Gram-negative uropathogens made up 60.9% of positive cultures. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%) and Salmonella arizonae (23.4%). 15 isolates (23.3%) were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter gergoviae being the most common. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole but high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin. This study demonstrates
This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel pectinase-producing fungal strains for fruit juice clarification and extraction. Various substrates were tested for solid-state fermentation to produce pectinase enzymes. Orange peel proved the best substrate, yielding the highest pectinase activity of 0.76 IU/ml after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, 5ml inoculum volume, and pH 4. The isolated fungal strain and optimized fermentation conditions were used to clarify fruit juices and extract juice from pulp more efficiently.
Background: The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in emergence of community-acquired antibiotic resistance among uropathogens in outpatient’s population. This constitutes an impediment in the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in both community and hospital settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current antibiotic resistance trends, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and plasmid profile of uropathogens from outpatients. Methods: A total of 370 mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured by standard methods. Isolated uropathogens were identified using appropriate biochemical methods. The modified Kirby Bauer disk method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. The ESBL-producing uropathogens were identified and their plasmid DNA extraction and curing were carried out by standard methods. Results: About 35.7% and 32.7% of uropathogens were multi-drug resistant and ESBL-producing respectively. There was higher prevalence of ESBL-production among isolates from female patients (62.5%) when compared to that from male patients (37.5%). The isolated uropathogens were most resistant to Cefotaxime, and most sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance to antibiotics by ESBL-producing uropathogens was found to be plasmid-mediated. Conclusion: Community acquired Uropathogens from outpatients were multidrug resistant due to ESBL production localized on plasmids, a probable cause of treatment failures experienced in Uyo.
A novel biological rote of α l-fucose in mutans group streptococciAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the inhibitory effects of α-L-fucose on the growth of mutans group streptococci bacteria, which are common causes of dental caries and periodontal disease. Samples were collected from 50 patients, and 20 isolates of mutans streptococci were identified, including 10 Streptococcus mutans, 8 Streptococcus salivaris, and 2 Streptococcus oralis. The study found that α-L-fucose inhibited the growth of these bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentration being 80mM. The mechanism of inhibition is proposed to involve the fucose metabolism pathway in these bacteria. The findings suggest that α-L-fucose may be useful as an anti-
All clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi tested were capable of biofilm formation in vitro. The optimized conditions for maximum biofilm formation were adherence test medium incubated at 37°C and 150 rpm for 48 hours. Of the Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, 61% were very strong biofilm producers, 29% were strong producers, and 11% were moderate producers. For Salmonella Paratyphi isolates, 69% were very strong producers, 23% were strong producers, and 8% were moderate producers. The ability of these clinical isolates to form biofilms is concerning from a public health perspective as it could facilitate transmission to new hosts and cause disease.
This study analyzed phenotypic virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns in 156 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The researchers found that 85.3% of isolates produced biofilm and 34% produced hemolysin. 62.8% exhibited mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) and 37.2% exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). Biofilm formation correlated with infection type. Resistance was highest for ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. 26.9% of isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. The results indicate relationships
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics of pathogens in pediatric patients using clean intermittent catheterization. The study recruited 50 patients using either conventional or LoFric brand catheters and collected urine samples to analyze bacterial species and antibiotic resistance. Preliminary results found Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis to be the most common pathogens. E. coli often demonstrated resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Patients performing overnight catheterization were more likely to carry potential pathogens. The study aims to determine if LoFric catheters may reduce urinary tract infections in this population compared to conventional catheters.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
Nuhu et al_Poster NAPA2016 correction and observationNuhu Tanko
The study determined the prevalence and genetic profiles of ESBL-producing uropathogens among members of the Enterobacteriaceae family at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. A total of 64 Gram-negative uropathogens were isolated from 365 urine samples, with E. coli and Salmonella arizonae being most prevalent. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. 64.1% of isolates were multidrug resistant. ESBL production was detected in 23.4% of isolates. PCR analysis showed 73.3% of ESBL producers contained the blaCTX-M gene and 26.7
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
This research article examines the ability of 5 nitric oxide donor compounds to disperse biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on surfaces. The study found that all 5 nitric oxide donors were able to significantly disperse both pathogen biofilms, ranging from 35-80% dispersal. However, the degree of dispersal and optimal conditions varied between compounds and bacterial strains. In particular, molsidomine was effective at dispersing up to 50% of pre-formed Salmonella biofilm even at 4°C, suggesting potential use under refrigerated conditions. The study also identified a Salmonella genomic region that appears to be involved in the bacteria's response to nitric oxide signaling.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most versatile nosocomial (i.e.
acquired in hospital) and dangerous human pathogen. In spite of the
introduction of antimicrobial agents and improvements in the
frequency and morbidity of staphylococcal diseases in the twentieth
century, staphylococci have persisted as an important hospital and
community pathogen. Thereafter, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
emerged as a major pathogen worldwide. A total of 38 positive clinical
isolates from various clinical samples received from different hospitals
of Dehradun included from March 2014 to August 2014. 38 samples
had bacterial growth, among these isolates 17(44.7%) were
Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was designed to investigate
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the role of biofilm in isolates of various clinical
samples (Urine, Blood, Semen and Pus), by examining the ability of isolates to form biofilm
and produce signaling molecules and by developing a wound model, to relate laboratory
findings with in vivo activity by exploring the possibility of detecting biofilm markers in
dressings removed from chronic infections. The presence of biofilm was confirmed by
specialized microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Various antibiotics had a
greater effect on viability when used at higher antibiotic concentrations (≥100 mg/L) and on
younger (6h) biofilms. The antibiotics used for antibiotic susceptibility testing were
Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin.
This study analyzed urine samples collected from 2011-2013 at a hospital in Silchar, India to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main findings were:
1) Escherichia coli was the most common cause of UTIs, identified in 38.54% of samples. Resistance to oral antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins was high for E. coli isolates.
2) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was observed in 28.74% of E. coli and 40.74% of Klebsiella isolates.
3) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
This document describes a study that used fiber optic confocal imaging (FOCI) to examine changes in the colonic microvasculature and morphology in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Rats were given dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water to induce mild colitis, and were examined using FOCI after 3, 5, and 7 days. FOCI using tetracycline hydrochloride staining showed attenuation of the colonic epithelium by day 3 and crypt distortion and inflammatory cell infiltrate by days 5 and 7. Dual staining with FITC-dextran revealed increased vascularity, tortuosity and leakage by day 5, and disrupted vascular patterns by day 7. The findings
This document reviews several studies on the microbiological quality of meat and meat products sold in Tripoli, Libya from 2005-2009. The following key points are made:
- Beef burger samples were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli (74.5%), E. coli O157:H7 (27.1%), S. aureus (28.8%) and Aeromonas (18.6%).
- Fresh sausage samples were contaminated with E.coli O157:H7 (39.3%) and salmonella (2.1%).
- Chicken burger samples had E. coli (10.9%) and E. coli O157:H7 (4.68%).
-
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Corynebacterium species are commonly found on human skin and are known biofilm producers. While often considered normal flora, they have been linked to various infections. This study analyzed 140 cultures from ear drainage of 77 patients. Corynebacterium species were the second most frequently isolated pathogen after Staphylococcus. They were found alone in 6 patients and co-isolated with other pathogens in 24 additional patients. Infections with Corynebacterium were associated with chronic granular myringitis and hearing aid use. Most isolates showed resistance to topical fluoroquinolones. The results suggest Corynebacterium can be pathogenic in ear infections and contribute to treatment failure due to antibiotic
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
This work aimed to (i) Identify and characterize Onion yellow dwarf virus potyvirus (OYDV) in the onion plants in Egypt. (ii) Clone and sequence the coat protein gene of the Egyptian isolate of OYDV and comparing it with other OYDV isolates reported in the GenBank database. (iii) Study the influence of therapeutic doses of kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) on production of virus-free onion plantlets and improve its regeneration ability through in vitro micropropagation.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the University Hospital of Befelatanana in Madagascar. The study found 73 ESBL producing isolates over 6 months, representing 6.3% of total bacteria cultured. The most common ESBL species were Klebsiella spp (34.2%), E. coli (32.9%), and Enterobacter spp (30.1%). All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 0% to over 75%. Patients under
This study retrospectively analyzed 314 Gram-positive bacterial isolates from patients diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis between 2008-2018. A variety of Gram-positive bacteria were found, with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the most common pathogen isolated in 188 monomicrobial and 126 polymicrobial cases. Treatment resulted in bacterial eradication in 213 cases, though only 135 patients were clinically cured, while 78 showed bacterial elimination but no clinical improvement. Persistent bacterial infection occurred in 70 cases. The study suggests that Gram-positive pathogens can cause prostatic infection, and multidrug resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci may pose future public health challenges.
Background and study aim: During last two decades, there has been a world-wide trend in increasing occurrence of enterococcal infections in the hospitals. The aim of present study was to determine the spectrum of enterococcal infections, species prevalence, antimicrobial and characteristics of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India.
Patients and Methods: Between January 2013 and July 2014, 152 Enterococcus species were obtained from clinical samples. Enterococci were identified using standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to Clinical resistance
& Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.VRE agar base was used to screen VRE isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of VRE isolates were determined using Epsilometer-test. VRE isolates were also examined by PCR to detect vanA gene.
Results: From 1602 clinical samples, 961 (60%) were culture positive and 152 (15.8%) enterococcal isolates were obtained. Most common species isolated was E. faecalis (63.8%) followed by E. faecium (35.5%). Majority of enterococcal infections were detected from ICUs and surgical wards and clinically presented as UTIs. Disk diffusion method showed 67.1% were resistant to penicillin, 61.2% ampicillin, 58.5% ciprofloxacin, 46.7% high-level gentamicin, 42. 8% high-level streptomycin, 7.9% teicoplanin and none to linezolid. Twenty (13.2%) enterococcal isolates were vancomycin resistant in VRE screen and disk diffusion method. Epsilometer-test of VRE isolates showed 8 (40%) isolates were resistant and 9 (45%) were intermediately resistant. From 20 VRE isolates, six showed VanA and two VanB phenotypes and all six VanA phenotypes had vanA gene cluster.
Conclusion: More accurate and reliable MIC determination tests should be performed in all suspected VRE isolates. Confirmatory PCR is required for identifying resistant gene cluster.
Key words: Enterococci, E. faecalis, E. faecium, VRE, vanA gene
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
All clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi tested were capable of biofilm formation in vitro. The optimized conditions for maximum biofilm formation were adherence test medium incubated at 37°C and 150 rpm for 48 hours. Of the Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, 61% were very strong biofilm producers, 29% were strong producers, and 11% were moderate producers. For Salmonella Paratyphi isolates, 69% were very strong producers, 23% were strong producers, and 8% were moderate producers. The ability of these clinical isolates to form biofilms is concerning from a public health perspective as it could facilitate transmission to new hosts and cause disease.
This study analyzed phenotypic virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns in 156 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The researchers found that 85.3% of isolates produced biofilm and 34% produced hemolysin. 62.8% exhibited mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) and 37.2% exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). Biofilm formation correlated with infection type. Resistance was highest for ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. 26.9% of isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. The results indicate relationships
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics of pathogens in pediatric patients using clean intermittent catheterization. The study recruited 50 patients using either conventional or LoFric brand catheters and collected urine samples to analyze bacterial species and antibiotic resistance. Preliminary results found Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis to be the most common pathogens. E. coli often demonstrated resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Patients performing overnight catheterization were more likely to carry potential pathogens. The study aims to determine if LoFric catheters may reduce urinary tract infections in this population compared to conventional catheters.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
Nuhu et al_Poster NAPA2016 correction and observationNuhu Tanko
The study determined the prevalence and genetic profiles of ESBL-producing uropathogens among members of the Enterobacteriaceae family at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. A total of 64 Gram-negative uropathogens were isolated from 365 urine samples, with E. coli and Salmonella arizonae being most prevalent. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. 64.1% of isolates were multidrug resistant. ESBL production was detected in 23.4% of isolates. PCR analysis showed 73.3% of ESBL producers contained the blaCTX-M gene and 26.7
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
This research article examines the ability of 5 nitric oxide donor compounds to disperse biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on surfaces. The study found that all 5 nitric oxide donors were able to significantly disperse both pathogen biofilms, ranging from 35-80% dispersal. However, the degree of dispersal and optimal conditions varied between compounds and bacterial strains. In particular, molsidomine was effective at dispersing up to 50% of pre-formed Salmonella biofilm even at 4°C, suggesting potential use under refrigerated conditions. The study also identified a Salmonella genomic region that appears to be involved in the bacteria's response to nitric oxide signaling.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most versatile nosocomial (i.e.
acquired in hospital) and dangerous human pathogen. In spite of the
introduction of antimicrobial agents and improvements in the
frequency and morbidity of staphylococcal diseases in the twentieth
century, staphylococci have persisted as an important hospital and
community pathogen. Thereafter, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
emerged as a major pathogen worldwide. A total of 38 positive clinical
isolates from various clinical samples received from different hospitals
of Dehradun included from March 2014 to August 2014. 38 samples
had bacterial growth, among these isolates 17(44.7%) were
Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was designed to investigate
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the role of biofilm in isolates of various clinical
samples (Urine, Blood, Semen and Pus), by examining the ability of isolates to form biofilm
and produce signaling molecules and by developing a wound model, to relate laboratory
findings with in vivo activity by exploring the possibility of detecting biofilm markers in
dressings removed from chronic infections. The presence of biofilm was confirmed by
specialized microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Various antibiotics had a
greater effect on viability when used at higher antibiotic concentrations (≥100 mg/L) and on
younger (6h) biofilms. The antibiotics used for antibiotic susceptibility testing were
Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin.
This study analyzed urine samples collected from 2011-2013 at a hospital in Silchar, India to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main findings were:
1) Escherichia coli was the most common cause of UTIs, identified in 38.54% of samples. Resistance to oral antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins was high for E. coli isolates.
2) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was observed in 28.74% of E. coli and 40.74% of Klebsiella isolates.
3) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
This document describes a study that used fiber optic confocal imaging (FOCI) to examine changes in the colonic microvasculature and morphology in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Rats were given dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water to induce mild colitis, and were examined using FOCI after 3, 5, and 7 days. FOCI using tetracycline hydrochloride staining showed attenuation of the colonic epithelium by day 3 and crypt distortion and inflammatory cell infiltrate by days 5 and 7. Dual staining with FITC-dextran revealed increased vascularity, tortuosity and leakage by day 5, and disrupted vascular patterns by day 7. The findings
This document reviews several studies on the microbiological quality of meat and meat products sold in Tripoli, Libya from 2005-2009. The following key points are made:
- Beef burger samples were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli (74.5%), E. coli O157:H7 (27.1%), S. aureus (28.8%) and Aeromonas (18.6%).
- Fresh sausage samples were contaminated with E.coli O157:H7 (39.3%) and salmonella (2.1%).
- Chicken burger samples had E. coli (10.9%) and E. coli O157:H7 (4.68%).
-
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Corynebacterium species are commonly found on human skin and are known biofilm producers. While often considered normal flora, they have been linked to various infections. This study analyzed 140 cultures from ear drainage of 77 patients. Corynebacterium species were the second most frequently isolated pathogen after Staphylococcus. They were found alone in 6 patients and co-isolated with other pathogens in 24 additional patients. Infections with Corynebacterium were associated with chronic granular myringitis and hearing aid use. Most isolates showed resistance to topical fluoroquinolones. The results suggest Corynebacterium can be pathogenic in ear infections and contribute to treatment failure due to antibiotic
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
This work aimed to (i) Identify and characterize Onion yellow dwarf virus potyvirus (OYDV) in the onion plants in Egypt. (ii) Clone and sequence the coat protein gene of the Egyptian isolate of OYDV and comparing it with other OYDV isolates reported in the GenBank database. (iii) Study the influence of therapeutic doses of kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) on production of virus-free onion plantlets and improve its regeneration ability through in vitro micropropagation.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the University Hospital of Befelatanana in Madagascar. The study found 73 ESBL producing isolates over 6 months, representing 6.3% of total bacteria cultured. The most common ESBL species were Klebsiella spp (34.2%), E. coli (32.9%), and Enterobacter spp (30.1%). All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 0% to over 75%. Patients under
This study retrospectively analyzed 314 Gram-positive bacterial isolates from patients diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis between 2008-2018. A variety of Gram-positive bacteria were found, with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the most common pathogen isolated in 188 monomicrobial and 126 polymicrobial cases. Treatment resulted in bacterial eradication in 213 cases, though only 135 patients were clinically cured, while 78 showed bacterial elimination but no clinical improvement. Persistent bacterial infection occurred in 70 cases. The study suggests that Gram-positive pathogens can cause prostatic infection, and multidrug resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci may pose future public health challenges.
Background and study aim: During last two decades, there has been a world-wide trend in increasing occurrence of enterococcal infections in the hospitals. The aim of present study was to determine the spectrum of enterococcal infections, species prevalence, antimicrobial and characteristics of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India.
Patients and Methods: Between January 2013 and July 2014, 152 Enterococcus species were obtained from clinical samples. Enterococci were identified using standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to Clinical resistance
& Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.VRE agar base was used to screen VRE isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of VRE isolates were determined using Epsilometer-test. VRE isolates were also examined by PCR to detect vanA gene.
Results: From 1602 clinical samples, 961 (60%) were culture positive and 152 (15.8%) enterococcal isolates were obtained. Most common species isolated was E. faecalis (63.8%) followed by E. faecium (35.5%). Majority of enterococcal infections were detected from ICUs and surgical wards and clinically presented as UTIs. Disk diffusion method showed 67.1% were resistant to penicillin, 61.2% ampicillin, 58.5% ciprofloxacin, 46.7% high-level gentamicin, 42. 8% high-level streptomycin, 7.9% teicoplanin and none to linezolid. Twenty (13.2%) enterococcal isolates were vancomycin resistant in VRE screen and disk diffusion method. Epsilometer-test of VRE isolates showed 8 (40%) isolates were resistant and 9 (45%) were intermediately resistant. From 20 VRE isolates, six showed VanA and two VanB phenotypes and all six VanA phenotypes had vanA gene cluster.
Conclusion: More accurate and reliable MIC determination tests should be performed in all suspected VRE isolates. Confirmatory PCR is required for identifying resistant gene cluster.
Key words: Enterococci, E. faecalis, E. faecium, VRE, vanA gene
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document summarizes a case report of a 51-year-old woman diagnosed with uterine carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the uterus). She presented with complaints of abnormal bleeding and abdominal pain. Imaging showed a large pelvic mass. She underwent a hysterectomy which revealed a polypoidal mass containing areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Microscopic examination found an admixture of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components. Uterine carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer composed of both carcinoma and sarcoma elements. While hysterectomy is the main treatment, the high rates of recurrence and metastasis require additional treatment such as lymph node removal and chemotherapy.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document summarizes a study examining intestinal parasites in children with diarrhea in Delhi, India. The researchers analyzed stool samples from 127 children under 14 years old attending a pediatric clinic with diarrhea. They found intestinal parasites in 46.5% of samples, with the most common being Cryptosporidium (18.9%) and Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica (both 11%). Only a few cases of helminths Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were observed. The highest number of cases was in children ages 1-5 years. The researchers concluded that intestinal parasites are a common cause of diarrhea in children in Delhi and recommend screening stool samples for parasites like Crypt
Studies on the intestinal helminths infestation among primary school children...Alexander Decker
This study examined 283 primary school children in Gwagwada, Nigeria for intestinal helminth infections. The overall prevalence of infection was 67.1%, with the most common helminths being Ascaris lumbricoides (30.7%), Taenia spp (23.0%), and Schistosoma mansoni (11.7%). There was no significant association between infection prevalence and sex. Prevalence decreased weakly with increasing class level but correlated more strongly negatively with age. Source of drinking water and contact with water bodies were associated with higher prevalence rates of certain helminths.
Asymptomatic urinary tract infection amongst some Students of Michael Okpara ...Premier Publishers
This work was carried out to determine Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection amongst some students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and the sensitivity pattern of the isolates from urine. Using aseptic technique, midstream urine were collected from sixty (60) students, urinalysis was carried out on the urine samples and was then cultured on CLED and MacConkey agar using pour plate method. Growth was observed in 26 (87%) of the sample while there was no growth in 4 (13%) of the sample. Out of the 26 (87%) samples with growth, 14 (47%) had significant bacteria growth while 12 (40%) had no significant growth. Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was higher in females 8 (57%) than males 6 (38%). The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the Gram positive isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin and all resistance to Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin. The Gram negative isolates were mostly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin and Ofloxacin. Therefore, these drugs could be considered as the first line of drug for the treatment of asymptomatic urinary tract infection.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
This study examined bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in 120 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Iraq. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated bacteria (37.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.83%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.67%). Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics, with high resistance to trimethoprim, carbenicillin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Understanding local bacterial causes and antibiotic susceptibility is important for guiding treatment of CSOM.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This study examined 692 stool samples from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh, India. The samples were tested for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Of the samples, 116 (16.8%) tested positive for parasites. The most common parasite was Entamoeba histolytica at 42.24% of positive samples, followed by Giardia lamblia at 24.13%. Giardia infections were highest in the 21-40 age group. The study found a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections compared to other areas, indicating a need for better diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and health education on environmental hygiene.
This study analyzed 103 stool samples from infants under 12 months old with diarrhea in Iraq. Rapid immunochromatography tests found that 52 samples (50.5%) were positive for rotavirus, 30 (29.1%) for norovirus, and 21 (20.4%) for adenovirus. The most affected age group was 1-4 months. Rural infants had higher rates of viral diarrhea than urban infants. Mixed feeding was associated with more cases than breastfeeding alone. Common symptoms included watery stool, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The major causes of infantile diarrhea in the study area were identified as rotavirus, followed by norovirus and adenovirus.
Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium ...iosrjce
Urinary schistosomiasis in most cases is complicated with bacterial infections because the so called
normal flora of the genito- urinary tract has a better chance of entering and invading the underlying internal
tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny schistosomal eggs. The study was
carried ou ton seasonal variations in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary
infections among school age children in 8 irrigation rural communities of four Local Government Areas of
Kano State from March 2012 to February 2013, in order to determine the incidence of S. haematobium and its
co-infection with bacterial pathogens among the pupils. Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal
Basic Education Board (SUBEB). Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers and
transported to the laboratory in cold box for the laboratory procession. Urine sedimentation was carried out
using centrifugation method, followed by microscopic examination the of S. haematobium. Urinalysis was
carried out on each sample particularly to detect the presence of important makers of urinary schistosomiasis
and urinary tract infections. Sample culture was carried out on Blood Agar and cystein lactose electrolyte
deficiency (CLED) medium; Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for characterization of
the Bacterial pathogens. A total of 960 pupils were examined (480 in each of the dry and rainy seasons
respectively), of which 306 (31.88%) were males and 112 (11.66%) were females; 165 (34.73%) male pupils
and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with S. haematobium during the dry season whereas 141
(14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were found to be infected during the rainy season. The highest
prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13years age group in dry season while the lowest
prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16years age group the dry seasons. In rainy season, the 11-
13 years age group had the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16years age group had the lowest
prevalence (17) (3.54%).With regard to urinary tract pathogens, (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male
pupils were found to be infected during dry season while in rainy season, 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%)
male pupils were infected. Considering co-infection, the rainy season had highest prevalence (4.38%) while dry
season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%); the overall co-occurrence being 8.13%.The study shows no
significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens and seasonal variation has no
profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an important role in urinary tract infections.
In developed countries aseptic delivery techniques, hygienic cord care and prompt antimicrobial therapy have decreased the occurrence as well as the severity of Omphalitis. However, the condition remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing country. The objective is the risk factors, clinical and bacteriological profile of neonates with Omphalitis in Iraq. Regarding the patients sixty-four neonatal Omphalitis admitted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Children Welfare Teaching Hospital and Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Al-elwya Teaching Hospital in Baghdad Iraq, during 8 months from October 2011 to May 2012. The risk factors and clinical, bacteriologic and relevant investigational profiles and outcomes were studied in neonates with Omphalitis. For the study purpose Omphalitis was classified into four categories based on severity. The result was show that the incidence of Omphalitis was higher in home births and in neonates with low birth weight. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen isolated from umbilical swabs followed by Escherichia coli. Regarding conclusion low birth weight and home delivery are considered as risk factors for Omphalitis in Iraq. The treatment should be received for Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganism because of the predominance of Gram-negative microorganisms in neonatal infant with Omphalitis.
Abstract—The aim of the study was to observe the prevalence of various microorganisms from throat swab specimens in patients attending a tertiary care hospital at Chinakakani, Guntur. Throat swab specimens were collected aseptically from 100 patients and cultured on appropriate bacteriological media. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests & antimicrobial susceptibility performed by standard methods. Out of 100 Samples, culture was positive in 25 samples. So Bacterial infection was found in 25% of Pharyngitis. Streptococcus pyogenes was the commonest isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Majority of bacteria were Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. In 60% it was mixed infection. The susceptibility patterns varied depending on the drugs, but most of the organisms were susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and vancomycin. Improved personal hygiene and health education of the masses on how to care for ear, nose and throat will greatly reduce these microbial infections. This study will be useful for control strategies and for predicting pathogen prevalence in throat swabs.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Ascaris lumbricoides and other Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites among Qe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study examined the incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in 86 pregnant women and 56 non-pregnant women in Iran. Bacteriological and microscopic urine analysis found that 29.1% of pregnant women had asymptomatic bacteriuria compared to 5.4% of non-pregnant women, and 20.9% of pregnant women had pyuria compared to 5.4% of non-pregnant women. The most common bacteria found in pregnant women was Staphylococcus epidermidis (36%). The study concludes that the incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is significantly higher in pregnant women, especially in the first trimester, compared to non-pregnant women. Urine culture is necessary for screening
Evaluation of Helminth Infection among Infants in Umunakanu Ama Autonomous Co...Premier Publishers
The prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in Umunakanu Ama autonomous community in Imo State was assayed by macroscopic examination followed by microscopic examination of the stool sample using both direct smear method and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Out of 30 samples collected and examined, 20 were positive for intestinal helminth infections. The results showed that the parasitic infestation rates were 76.67%, and the helminthes observed include Enterobius vermicularis (6.67%), Schistosoma interclatum (13.33%), Trichuris trichuria (10.00%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.67%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (23.33%). The 7 – 12-months age group has the highest prevalence rate which increases as the infant grow. The females had the highest prevalence rate (75%) in terms of gender evaluation, infants whose parents/guardian are farmers held the highest prevalence rate (90%). This was a result of constant exposure to soil and close contact to animals like goats, sheep, etc.
This study aimed to estimate the distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum among patients in Alribat University hospital in Sudan. Stool samples were collected from 120 patients and analyzed using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. The results showed that C. parvum was more prevalent among female patients (50.8%) than males (27.3%), and was most prevalent in the age group over 50 years old (62.5%). C. parvum was also found to be more prevalent among HIV/AIDS patients (100%) compared to other groups. The study concludes that C. parvum is more common among female patients and those over 50 or with HIV/AIDS. It recommends routine
The document summarizes a study on asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) among antenatal women in India. The study found:
1) The prevalence of ABU was 11.5%, with Escherichia coli being the most common organism isolated.
2) Lower socioeconomic status and education level were significant risk factors for ABU.
3) Nitrofurantoin showed the highest effectiveness against bacterial isolates, with a resistance rate of only 3%.
A retrospective study was conducted reviewing 400 medical files of females suspected of having urinary tract infections (UTIs) at two hospitals in Western Nepal from September 2018 to January 2019. Of the 400 samples, 173 (43.3%) showed bacterial growth. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (65.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing found amikacin to be the most effective treatment, with a 94% sensitivity rate. Ampicillin had the highest resistance at 75%. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is needed to effectively treat UTIs.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
This study analyzed 365 urine samples collected from November 2014 to February 2015 in Sokoto, Nigeria. Of the 105 positive cultures, 60.9% contained Gram-negative uropathogens. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%), Salmonella arizonae (23.4%), and Klebsiella species (15.6%). Many isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole but susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Of the 64 Gram-negative isolates, 15 were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter species being the most common. The study concludes that ESBL-producing Gram-negative uropathogens are present in Sokoto, Nigeria.
This document reports on a study that investigated the prevalence of bacterial agents of gastroenteritis among nursery and primary school pupils aged 0-6 years in Dutsin-Ma Town, Nigeria. The study found the highest prevalence of bacterial agents was 56.89% among children aged 0-2 years. A total of 5 bacterial species were isolated from stool samples, including Escherichia coli (45.16% prevalence), Proteus (59.26% prevalence), Shigella (56.52% prevalence), Enterobacter (41.67% prevalence), and Klebsiella (25% prevalence). The study concluded that bacterial agents are associated with gastroenteritis among school children in Dutsin-Ma
This document reports on a study that investigated the prevalence of bacterial agents of gastroenteritis among nursery and primary school pupils aged 0-6 years in Dutsin-Ma Town, Nigeria. The study found the highest prevalence of bacterial agents was 56.89% among children aged 0-2 years. A total of 5 bacterial species were isolated from stool samples, including Escherichia coli (45.16% prevalence), Proteus (59.26% prevalence), Shigella (56.52% prevalence), Enterobacter (41.67% prevalence), and Klebsiella (25% prevalence). The study concluded that bacterial agents are associated with gastroenteritis among school children in Dutsin-Ma
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Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Www.Iosrphr.Org Volume 3, Issue 9(October 2013), Pp 53-59
Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections Among Children Between
Ages 1-5 Years In A Children’s Specialist Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara
State, Nigeria.
Oluwagunke Theresa Osamudiame
Nigerian Institute For Oceanography And Marine Research, Lagos,Nigeria.
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the incidence of symptomatic bacteriuria among male and female
children aged between 1-5 years at chidren’s specialist hospital,Ilorin Metropolis, Ilorin, Kwara State. The aim
of this study was to isolate the organisms responsible for symptomatic bacteriuria and determine the antibiotic
susceptibility pattern of the isolates. The bacterial agents were isolated from a total of 200 early morning midstream urine samples collected between November 2005 and January 2006. Eight bacterial species were
isolated out of which Escherichia coli was the most predominant with a frequency of 21.57% while
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis had the lowest frequency of 2.27% each. Their susceptibility
patterns to seven antibiotics: Augumentin, Sparfloxacin, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol,
Ceftazindine and Tetracycline was determined. Incidence of symptomatic bacteriuria among the children was
found to be 44% with female preponderance over male. Female had a higher incidence of symptomatic
bacteriuria(60.2%). Children aged 1 year had the highest incidence (26.1%) while those aged 2 years had the
lowest (13.6%). The bacterial isolates showed varying degree of antibiotic resistance sensitivity pattern
(between 50 and 80%) with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis showing resistance to four
antibiotics. All the isolates showed varying degrees of multidrug resistance with S.aureus, S.epidermidis and
P.aeruginosa showing complete drug resistance. It is important to undertake regular monitoring of
uroparhogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to find sufficient ways to control the abuse of
antibiotics in the community.
KEY WORDS: Children, Drug resistance, Escherichia coli, Symptomatic bacteriuria.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The presence of a significant count (usually ≥ 105 or 106 organisms/ml of bacteria in the urine of a
person without symptoms is usually referred to as asymptomatic bacteriuria[1,2]. Asymptomatic bacteriuria may
precede symptomatic urinary tract infection, characterised by dysuria, pain and fever. This accounts for over 6
million outpatients each year[3]. Children with asymptomatic bacteriuria may have underlying urinary tract
abnormalities. More than 30% of infants and children with asymptomatic bacteriuria have vesicoureteral reflux
and about 37% have renal scarring or other abnomalities(the lower prevalence generally reflecting more
stringent definitions of abnormality), whereas such abnomalities are not common in the general population of
children[4,5]. The risk of acquiring bacteriuria varies with age and sex. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in infants is
more common in males(estimated prevalence of 2.0-2.9% against 0.0-1.0% in females) but it is considerably
more common in girls after age 1(0.7-2.7% in girls against 0.0-0.4% in boys)[6].
A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in infants and children can be referred to as the detection of significant
bacteria in the urine with associated specific and non-specific signs and symptoms. Current evidence shows that
lower colony counts may be of paramount importance in young children, especially those not yet toilet
trained[7]. Children with a neurogenic bladder, have the most frequent medical complication, which is urinary
tract infections[8]. In children with symptomatic UTI with or without reflux, oral therapy may be initiated with
amoxicillin,ampicillin,sulfisoxazole acetyl, a combination drug containing trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole,
nitrofuratoin or cephalosporins.Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be referred to as the ability of a living cell to
show resistance to a wide variety of structurally and functionally unrelated compound[9]. Even though, urinary
tract infection is a common bacterial infection encountered in children, there are few studies showing resistance
of uropathogens to drugs among the pediatric population[10]. Therefore, the aim of this present study was to
determine the incidence of symptomatic bacteriuria in children between ages 1-5 years, find out if there is a
difference in incidence of symptomatic bacteriuria in male and female children, isolate the organisms
responsible for symptomatic bacteriuria and determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates.
53
2. Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections Among...
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried in the pediatric department of the Children’s Specialist hospital, Ilorin,Kwara
State. A total of 200 early morning mid-stream urine samples of children (117 boys and 83 girls) between the
ages of 1-5 years were collected from November 2005 to January 2006.A sterile wide mouth bottle was given
to the parents’ of the patients to collect early morning mid-stream urine samples. The samples were transported
to the laboratory, where they were centrifuged at 3000rev/min for 5mins and observed for the presence of pus
cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells,casts and crystals. Microscopic analysis of the urine was done primarily to
detect the presence of high numbers of white blood cells as a sign of infection in the urinary tract[2,11]. A
standard loop(0.01) technique[2,11] was used to place 0.01ml of urine on MacConkey and blood agar media.
All plates were incubated at 37oC for 18-24 hrs. Then the plates were examined to quantify the organisms
present. The colony count was evaluated and organisms were identified by using standard laboratory
methods[12]. Significant Colonies from the plates were selected on the basis of colonial morphology and
subcultured onto sterile solidified Nutrient and MacConkey agar using the streaking technique. The plates were
incubated at 37oC for 24hrs and then examined for purity.The organisms that were isolated were further
subjected to biochemical tests to identify them into species. Such biochemical tests include citrate utilization test
using simmon’s citrate agar slope, indole test, oxidase test, urease test, motility test, coagulase test, catalase test
and sugar fermentation test, optochin and bactracin for Stretococci.
III.
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST
Antibiotic susceptibility patterns to commonly prescribed antibiotics were performed on uropathogens
isolated from children. Data were analysed separately for all age groups used in this study. The antibiotic
susceptibility-testing pattern was determined using disc-diffusion method[13]. The antibiotics and their disc
contents were described by Chessbrough and are shown as follows: Augumentin(30µg), Sparfloxacin(30µg),
Erythromycin(15µg), Gentamicin(10µg), Chloramphenicol(30µg), Ceftazidime(30µg) and Tetracycline(30µg).
Isolates were recorded as sensitive when the zone of inhibition was wider than, equal to or not more than 3mm
and resistant when isolates had no zone of inhibition or less than 3mm.
IV.
RESULT.
A total of 200 urine samples were collected from the patients(children) that visited the specialist
hospital. Out of 200 samples that were collected, 88(44%) were infected. The age distribution of the subjects
and incidence of infection in them are shown in Table 1. The highest number of infected cases was found in
children aged 1 year(26.1%) and the lowest(13.6%) among children aged 2 years. Considering the sex of the
children, the number of males were predominant (Table 2). Nevertheless,bacterial pathogens were isolated from
53 female children and 35 male children. These represented 60.23% and 39.77% of the total number of cases
respectively,corresponding to a female to male ratio of 1.5 : 1.
Table 1: Age Distribution and incidence of urinary tract infections in children.
Age
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Number of children,a(%)
37(18.5)
42(21.0)
33(16.5)
34(17.0)
54(27.0)
200(100)
Number with UTI,b
23
12
16
15
22
88
Incidence (b/a
x100%)
62.16
28.57
44.48
44.12
40.74
Table 2: Sex Distribution of Infected Children
Sex
Male
Female
Total
Infected
35
53
88
Noninfected
82
30
112
54
Total
117
83
200
%
Infected
39.77
60.23
Infected children as
% of total cases (b/88
x 100)%
26.14
13.64
18.18
17.04
25.00
3. Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections Among...
4.1 BACTERIAL ISOLATES
A total of eight (8) bacterial species were encountered in the samples. They were tentatively identified
as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter
aerogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. The frequency of
occurrence of the isolates is shown on Table 3. Esherichia coli was the most freqeuntly encountered (31.15%)
evidently Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis were the least encountered (3.28%). In terms of sex
distribution, the organisms isolated were more frequently encountered among females (Figure 2).However,
Escherichia coli was more frequently encountered in children of ages 1 and 2 years, while Klebsiella
pneumoniae, was more frequently encountered in children of ages 3 and 5 years(Table 5).
Table 3: Bacteria isolated from urine samples of infected chidren between ages
1-5 years.
Isolate
code no.
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
Bacterial Isolates
Esherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterobacter aerogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus mirabilis
No.of Infected Children(%)
19 (31.15%)
18 (29.51%)
7(11.48%)
6 (9.84%)
4 (6.56%)
3 (4.92%)
2 (3.28%)
2 (3.28%)
14
12
10
8
Male
6
4
Female
bi
lis
ira
P.
m
no
sa
P.
ae
ru
gi
S.
py
og
en
es
E.
ae
ro
ge
ne
s
au
re
us
S.
er
m
ep
id
S.
K.
pn
eu
m
on
i
id
is
a
2
0
E.
co
li
No. of Children infected
Sex Distribution of Children Infected with Urinary Tract Infections
Bacterial Isolates
Figure 2: Sex Distribution of children Infected with Urinary Tract Infections.
.
55
4. Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections Among...
Table 4: Distribution of bacterial Isolates among Infected children of various
Ages.
Bacterial Isolates
Age Groups in Years
1
2
3
4
5
Esherichia coli
6
6
2
2
3
Klebsiella pneumoniae
3
1
7
2
5
Staphylococcus epidermidis
1
2
0
1
0
Staphylococcus aureus
3
0
2
1
0
Enterobacter aerogenes
1
0
1
2
0
Streptococcus pyogenes
1
0
1
0
1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
0
1
1
0
0
Proteus mirabilis
0
1
0
0
1
4.2
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY
The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial species is shown on Figure 3. Antibiotic resistance
was more observed in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed resistance to three
of the antibiotics. Four of the bacterial species showed resistance to Erythromycin (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus). In addition, Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Proteus mirabilis resisted tetracycline while
S.epidermidis,S aureus,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resisted Augumentin. Resistance to Cefazidime was noted
in three bacterial species(S.epidermidis, S. pyogenes and P.aeruginosa),while six bacterial species were
susceptible to Sparfloxacin (E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.aureus, S.pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter
aerogenes) and two bacterial species showed resistance to Sparfloxacin (S. epidermidis, and P.aeruginosa).
% Resistivity
Antibiotic Susceptibility pattern of the Bacterial Isolates.
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
Esherichia coli
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
Staphylococcus Staphylococcus
epidermidis
aureus
Enterobacter
aerogenes
Streptococcus
pyogenes
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Proteus mirabilis
Bacterial Isolates
Figure 3: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Bacterial Isolates.
4.3
MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
Multi-drug resistance was observed in all the isolates. Although, the incidence varied among the
different bacterial species (Figure 4). All(100%) the Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccus epidermidis and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed multidrug resistance,nevertheless Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Proteus mirabilis, showed the least, incidence of 50% while the other species exhibited between 75 and 80%.
56
Aug
Spar
Ery
Gen
Chlo
Cef
Tetra
5. Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections Among...
120
100
80
%MDR
60
40
20
bi
lis
ira
P.
m
no
sa
P.
ae
ru
gi
S.
py
og
en
es
E.
ae
ro
ge
ne
s
au
re
us
S.
er
m
ep
id
S.
K.
pn
eu
m
on
i
id
is
a
0
E.
co
li
Multidrug Resistance (%)
Incidence of Multidrug Resistance among the Bacterial Isolates
Bacterial Isolates
Figure 4: Incidence of Multidrug-Resistance among the bacterial Isalates.
V.
DISCUSSION.
Urinary Tract Infection in children is a significant source of the occurence of a disease. Further
investigation and continuous urinary monitoring is required in order to avoid complications. UTI is still
misdiagnosed and managed incompetently, although treatment is simple. During the first two years of life,UTI
is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality[14]. Results obtained from this study shows that 44% of the
children examined had UTI. Estimates of the true incidence of UTI depend on rates of diagnosis and
investigation[15].Children aged 1 year had an incidence of 62% were found to be infected and accounted for
26.1% of total cases of infection. Children aged 5 years, which accounted for 27% of subjects had an incidence
of 40.74% and accounted for 25% of UTI cases. The lowest incidence of UTI(28.57%) was among children
aged 2 years which made up 21% of the subjects and contributed 13.6% of the total UTI cases.Although male
subjects constituted 58.5%, there was a higher incidence of UTI among the females (63.86%). The females
accounted for 60.2% of all UTI cases encounted as against 39.8% from males. These agrees with previous
studies which shows a higher incidence of UTI among females[2,16]. The females are more susceptible to UTI
because they have a shorter urethra than males[10]. In this study, eight bacterial species were isolated from the
urine samples. This suggests that a favourable condition existed for the bacteria to thrive. The species isolated
include those that are usually associated with urinary tract infections,such as E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonuae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa[17]. Escherichia coli were isolated from 21.59% of cases,from all age groups. All the
same, it was more encounted in children aged 1 and 2 years. E.coli is a major cause of UTIs among
children[18]. It accounts for about 85-90% of all urinary tract infections in the age group. K.pneumoniae
accounts for 20.45% of all cases and from all age groups. It was encountered among children that are aged 5
years. The distribution of the bacterial isolates suggest that E.coli and K.pneumoniae are more likely to be
primary agents of UTI. Enteric bacteria are the organisms usually associated with urinary tract infections. This
is because they easily gain access to the urethral opening due to proximity to the anus[19].
Stapylococcus aureus, was isolated from 6.82% of all cases. It was mostly encountered among the
males. S. aureus an opportunistic pathogen is a part of the normal human flora. It is also present on the skin,
axilla, external ear, nose and nasopharynx, lower ileum and large intestine[20].Staphylococcus epidermidis
accounts for 7.95% of all total cases. It was isolated majorly from children that are aged 5 years. It is not as
virulent as S.aureus and are responsible for fewer infections. S.epidermidis is the commonest coagulasenegative species associated with human infections[21].Proteus mirabilis, was isolated from 2.77% of all cases,
and from age groups 2 and 5 years. It was majorly encountered among the females. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
accounts for 2.27% of total cases and was encountered in age groups 2 and 3 years. These results are similiar
with other recent publications[22,23]. The antibiotic sensitivity profile showed that many of the isolates were
resistant to some of the antibiotics. This can be because some of these antibiotics have been abused. Strains of
bacterial isolate whose levels of susceptibility are above 50% are known to be resistant while those that are
below 50% are known to be sensitive.
57
6. Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections Among...
From this study, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae had a resistance of 5.3% and 27.8%
respectively to Gentamicin. This suggests that they are highly susceptible to this antibiotic and can be used to
treat urinary tract infections. Gentamicin, though inexpensive is only availabe in an injectable form and
therefore difficult to administer by non-medical personnel and more difficult to abuse[24]. Staphylococcus
epidermidis was found to be resistant to Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol at levels below 50%. This suggests
that it is susceptible to these antibiotics.Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to Erythromycin and susceptible to
Gentamicin. S. aureus was found to be resistant to Tetracycline at levels above 50%. This finding agrees with
that of other workers[16].Enterobacter aerogenes was resistant to Sparfloxacin at levels below 50%. This also
suggests that Sparfloxacin is sensitive to urinary tract infections caused by this pathogen.Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis have been found to be highly resistant to chloramphenicol but sensitive to
Erythromycin. This also suggests that Erythromycin can be used to treat urinary tract infections. Results of the
antibiotic susceptibility due to multidrug resistance showed that 78.9%(15 of 19) of the E. Coli isolates were
resistant to three or more antibiotics and are thus considered multidrug resistant. Among the multidrug resistant
isolates,26.3% were resistant to augumentin,73.7% were resistant to erythromycin and 5.3% were resistant to
gentamicin and ceftazidime. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis was found to have a multidrug
resistance of 50% while Pseudomonas aeruginosa is completely multidrug resistant(100%). Concurrent
resistance to antibiotics of different structural classes has risen in a multitude of bacterial species and may
complicate the therapeutic management of infections, including those of the urinary tract[9].
VI.
CONCLUSION
UTIs are a common bacterial illness in infants and children[25]. Eight bacterial species have been
isolated in this study, with Esherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae standing out as major causes of urinary
tract infections(UTI) in children. A pattern of multidrug resistance is seen among the isolates, which portend
grave danger for the management of UTI in chidren. It is therefore important that more effort should be focused
on preventing UTI in chidren. Also the abuse of antibiotics should be greatly discouraged.
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