This study demonstrated the possibility of propagation imported peach rootstocks "Cadaman, Nemaguard, Okinawa and Nemared" locally by using hardwood cuttings to limit import from abroad and save hard currency for the country.

1. COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON
THE PROPAGATION OF SOME
IMPORTED PEACH
ROOTSTOCKS BY USING
HARDWOOD CUTTINGS.
Dr/ GALAL ISMAIL ELIWA
Head of Pomology Dep.
Fac. of Agric.- Damietta Univ.
EGYPT

2. INTRODUCTION
• Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is the most important stone fruit trees
grown in Egypt.
• root-knot nematodes are a major problem and can limit expansion of
peach growing in different areas in Egypt especially in sandy soil.
• So, most of peach orchards were grafted on Nemaguard rootstock
because its root-knot nematode resistant.
• The most common method to propagate peach rootstocks worldwide is
by seed germination.
• Availability of seeds, less labor needed, and economics are the main
advantages compared to vegetative propagation methods.

3. INTRODUCTION
• However, Seedling rootstocks often lack homogeneity because of
outcrossing can occur in peach orchards, reaching up to 33%
depending upon several biotic and abiotic conditions.
• In Europe there has already been an increasing trend to replace
peach seedlings with clonal rootstocks, especially due to
advances in tissue culture and other vegetative methods .
• Propagation from cuttings (cloning) produces a plant with the
same characteristics as the parent and thus maintains desirable
fruiting traits.

4. INTRODUCTION
• In comparison with other types of cuttings (semi-hardwood,
softwood and so on) hardwood cuttings are easy to take, handle, and
store which allows for flexibility in the preparation of the cutting
and in general, less precision than cuttings that include actively
growing tissue.
• The date of the cuttings collection is very important, because the
phenological state of the stock plants has an influence on rooting.
• Endogenous content of sugars, sucrose, starch, indol-3-acetic acid
(IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in peach shoots also changes during
the year and can influence rooting on cuttings.

5. INTRODUCTION
• Auxin treatments are commonly used in plant propagation to increase
rooting percentages, hasten root initiation, increase the number and quality
of roots, and encourage uniformity of rooting.
• Indole-3-butyric acid considered to be a well-accepted rooting auxin in
cuttings, because it is nontoxic to plants over a wide concentration range
and is effective in promoting rooting of a large number of plant species.
• Cadaman has introduced to Egypt via El-Maghraby company from Italy as
tissue culture seedlings in 2013. Also, Egypt is importing Nemagaurd,
Okinawa and Nemared seeds from USA, Italy, Spain and France via the
privet sector every year which cost many million dollars yearly.

6. THE AIMS OF THIS STUDY
• To increase the percentage of hardwood cuttings of Cadaman,
Nemagaurd, Okinawa and Nemared peach rootstocks that
form roots by treating the cutting with IBA, to hasten root
initiation, increase the number and quality of roots per cutting
and rise the survival percentage of rooted cuttings. Also, to
find the time or period when the percent of rooted cuttings is
maximal.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• 1- Plant material:
• The present investigation was conducted during two successive
seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 as a trial to propagate four
imported peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) rootstocks locally by
using hardwood cuttings (Cadaman, Nemaguard, Okinawa and
Nemared)
• The mother plants of these rootstocks were 3-5 old-years, free
from diseases, growing in loamy soil in the farm of Horticulture
Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt.

8. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• The hardwood cuttings were prepared from sub-
terminal part of one -year-old shoots at two dates
(1st December and 1st January).
•The hardwood cuttings (18-22 cm length and 0.8-1.1 cm diameter,
with normally spaced internodes having 6-7 buds) The basal
portion of cuttings was dipped in benlate (Fungicide) at 1 g/L.
Then treated with one
of the following
treatments: -
a)Dipping in IBA at 2000 ppm for 1 minuet.
b)Soaking in IBA at 200 ppm for 24 hours.
c)Soaking in tap water for 24 hours
(control).

9. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The treated cuttings were placed in
polyethylene bags filled with moist peat moss
• Stored in the refrigerator
at 2-4°C for a month
planted in plastic
boxes (53 x 26 x 6.5
cm)
• Filled with a mixture of peat moss, clean
sand and vermiculite (1:1:1 v/v) treated with
benlate (Fungicide) (1g/kg mixture).
The plastic boxes Kept
in the greenhouse
•Maintained bottom heat at 18-
21ºC and irrigated with mist
irrigation (15s/6min).

11. THE DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT
• The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split-Plot Design
with three replications and 30 cuttings per replication
planted in one plastic box (53 x 26 x 6.5 cm). Main plots
consisted of two cuttings collecting dates (1st December
and 1st January), subplots consisted of the 4 peach
rootstocks (Cadaman, Okinawa, Nemaguard, and
Nemared) and sub-subplots consisted of three auxin
concentrations (0, 200 and 2000 ppm).

12. CHEMICAL DETERMINATION IN MATURE SHOOTS AT
COLLECTING DATES OF HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
• A fresh sample from sub-terminal position of one-year old
shoots were taken at the collecting dates (1st December
and 1st January) of cuttings to determine :-
• * Total indoles
• ** Total phenols
• *** Total carbohydrates
• **** Total nitrogen

13. THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERSWERE
DETERMINED :
• Sprouting (Visual diagnostic)
• %Rooted cuttings (After two months from planting date)
• Average number of roots per rooted cutting
• Average length of roots per rooted cutting
• %survival of rooted cuttings (At the end of the growing
season)

14. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• The data were statistically analyzed as a factorial
experiment in completely randomized design with three
replicates by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the
statistical package software SAS (SAS Institute Inc., 2000,
Cary, NC., USA). Comparisons between means were made
by using Duncan's multiple range test at 5 % significance
level (Duncan, 1955).

15. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Chemical content in mature shoots at collecting dates of
hardwood cuttings:
• Total indoles and total phenols (as mg/g d. wt.):-
• Total carbohydrate and nitrogen contents (as mg/g d. wt.):

16. Rootstocks
Total indoles
(mg/g d. wt.)
Total phenols
(mg/g d. wt.)
Total indoles / Total phenols
ratio
1st Dec. 1st Jun. Mean 1st Dec. 1st Jun. Mean 1st Dec. 1st Jun. Mean
FIRSTYEAR
Cadaman 0.176b 0.105b 0.141b 3.013b 2.252d 2.805c 0.058b 0.047a 0.053a
Nemaguard 0.041d 0.055d 0.048d 2.923c 3.310b 3.117b 0.014d 0.017d 0.015d
Okinawa 0.329a 0.134a 0.232a 4.283a 4.541a 4.412a 0.076a 0.029b 0.052b
Nemared 0.123c 0.068c 0.096c 2.371d 3.239c 2.632d 0.052c 0.021e 0.034c
Mean 0.167A 0.091B 3.148B 3.335A 0.050A 0.029B
SECONDYEAR
Cadaman 0.301b 0.240b 0.271b 2.312c 2.454a 2.388b 0.130a 0.098b 0.114b
Nemaguard 0.214c 0.093d 0.154d 2.490b 1.791d 2.141c 0.086d 0.052d 0.069d
Okinawa 0.315a 0.290a 0.303a 2.700a 2.390b 2.545a 0.117b 0.121a 0.119a
Nemared 0.214c 0.141c 0.178c 2.085d 2.170c 2.128d 0.102c 0.065c 0.084c
Mean 0.261A 0.191B 2.588A 2.201B 0.109A 0.084B
Table (1): Total indoles, total phenols contents and total indoles / total phenols ratio in mature
shoots at collecting dates of hardwood cuttings of Cadaman, Nemaguard, Okinawa and Nemared
peach rootstocks during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05

17. Rootstocks
Total carbohydrate
mg/g d.wt
Total nitrogen
(mg/g d.wt)
C/N ratio
1st Dec. 1st Jun. Mean 1st Dec. 1st Jun. Mean 1st Dec. 1st Jun. Mean
FIRSTYEAR
Cadaman 28.22c 28.34c 28.28c 1.82c 1.84d 1.83d 15.35b 14.14b 14.75 b
Nemaguard 27.98d 28.46a 28.22d 2.15a 2.24a 2.20a 13.42d 12.69d 13.06 d
Okinawa 28.34b 28.46a 28.40b 1.81d 2.01c 1.91c 15.65a 15.38a 15.52 a
Nemared 28.86a 28.42b 28.63a 1.96b 2.11b 2.03b 14.41c 13.50c 13.96c
Mean 28.35B 28.42A ----- 1.93B 2.05A ---- 14.73A 13.93B ----
SECONDYEAR
Cadaman 28.77b 28.46c 28.61c 2.22b 2.30c 2.26b 13.02c 12.49b 12.76b
Nemaguard 25.91d 28.74b 27.32d 2.28a 2.43a 2.35a 11.37d 11.88d 11.63d
Okinawa 28.86a 28.86a 28.86a 1.98d 2.20d 2.09d 14.55a 12.91a 13.73a
Nemared 28.46c 28.86a 28.66b 2.16a 2.37b 2.26b 13.17b 12.17c 12.67c
Mean 28.00B 28.73A ----- 2.15A 2.32B ----- 13.03A 12.36B ----
Table (2): Total carbohydrates, total nitrogen contents and C/N ratio in mature shoots at
collecting dates of hardwood cuttings of Cadaman, Nemaguard, Okinawa and Nemared peach
rootstocks during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05

18. SPROUTING:
• In spite of the rootstocks under this study differ greatly in their chilling
units (CU) requirements 150 CU for Okinawa rootstock to 850 CU for
Nemaguard rootstock, all the rootstocks took the same duration in
sprouting which extended 2-3 weeks for the two dates of cuttings
collections and that is could attributed to the cooled storage for the
cuttings before planting in the refrigerator at 2-4°C. for a month had
achieved the chilling units requirements of the rootstocks.
• The hardwood cutting treated with IBA took minimum duration in
sprouting where as it was longest in control.

19. SPROUTING

21. Rooting potentiality
of rooted cuttings:

22. Table (3): Effect of IBA treatments on percentage of rooted cuttings at two cuttings collection
dates of some peach rootstocks during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.
Rootstock IBA ppm
2015/2016
1st Dec. 1st Jan. Mean
Cadaman
control 5.88e 4.28h 5.08e
200 59.25c 64.78b 62.02b
2000 73.91b 76.82a 75.37a
Nemaguard
control 0.00f 0.00i 0.00e
200 26.37d 24.28g 25.33d
2000 30.72d 29.04f 29.88d
Okinawa
control 9.16e 5.33h 7.25e
200 84.07a 54.28cd 69.18a
2000 61.72c 57.13c 59.43b
Nemared
control 0.00f 0.00i 0.00e
200 57.61c 45.88e 51.75c
2000 62.94c 53.52d 58.23bc
Mean 39.30A 34.61B ----
2016/2017
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
4.46fg5.42e3.51ef
57.21c61.36b53.05c
73.01a74.44a71.58a
0.00g0.00e0.00f
28.96e30.56d27.41d
30.51e28.99d32.04d
6.66f6.66e6.66e
64.39b60.04b68.75ab
68.31ab69.86a66.75ab
0.00g0.00e0.00f
50.68d45.55c55.81c
56.57c49.02c64.13b
---35.99B37.47A
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05.

23. Table (4): Effect of IBA treatments on Av. No, of roots/Rooted cutting at two cuttings collection dates of
some peach rootstocks during 2015/2017 and 2016/2017 seasons.
2015/2016
IBA ppmRootstock
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
2.50d3.00cd2.00dcontrol
Cadaman 34.17a32.67a35.67a200
18.00b19.00b17.00bcd2000
0.00ed0.00d0.00dcontrol
Nemaguard 8.17bcd6.00cd10.33bcd200
13.17bc4.00cd22.33ab2000
1.50d1.67cd1.33dcontrol
Okinawa 16.67b14.33bc19.00bc200
3.83cd4.67cd3.00cd2000
0.00d0.00d0.00dcontrol
Nemared 9.33bcd3.67cd15.00bcd200
18.17b22.67ab13.67bcd2000
----9.3B11.61AMean
2016/2017
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
1.00de1.00d1.00c
20.17a20.33a20.00a
15.67ab16.00ab15.33ab
0.00e0.00d0.00c
7.67cd6.33bcd9.00bc
14.33abc9.00d19.67a
1.33de1.00d1.67c
15.17ab13.00bc17.33ab
7.00cde7.00bcd7.00bc
0.00e0.00d0.00c
7.17cde3.33cd11.00bc
12.50bc14.67ab10.33abc
---7.64B9.36A
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05.

24. 2015/2016
IBA ppmRootstock
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
8.51de10.77de6.25dcontrol
Cadaman 81.33a80.67a82.00a200
59.00a63.00ab55.00abc2000
0.00e0.00e0.00dcontrol
Nemaguard 16.92cde19.17cde14.67cd200
31.03cd12.77de49.30abc2000
3.33e3.17e3.50dcontrol
Okinawa 57.72ab52.00abc63.43ab200
8.25de12.50de4.00d2000
.000e0.00e0.00dcontrol
Nemared 14.58cde6.17e23.00cd200
34.75bc43.00cd26.50bcd2000
---25.27B27.30AMean
2016/2017
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
3.50d3.00ef4.00c
53.18a54.60ab51.77a
56.25a63.17a49.33a
0.00d0.00f0.00c
26.30bc26.60d26.00b
36.38b15.50de57.27a
6.08d8.83ef3.33c
50.57a48.73bc52.40a
52.08a52.67abc51.50a
0.00d0.00f0.00c
21.07c11.67ef30.47b
36.30b40.00c32.60b
---27.06B29.89A
Table (5): Effect of IBA treatments on Av. Length of roots/Rooted cutting (cm) at two cuttings
collection dates of some peach rootstocks during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05.

25. 2015/2016
IBA ppmRootstock
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
3.24ab3.17ab3.31acontrol
Cadaman 2.52bcde2.66abc2.38abcd200
3.11bc3.21ab3.00ab2000
0.00g0.00d0.00fcontrol
Nemaguard 2.24def3.17ab1.32de200
2.65bcd3.20ab2.10bcde2000
2.46bcdef2.17bc2.75abccontrol
Okinawa 3.48a3.53a3.43a200
1.61f2.11bc1.11e2000
0.00g0.00d0.00fcontrol
Nemared 1.67ef1.72c1.61de200
1.97def2.04bc1.89cde2000
---2.25A1.91BMean
2016/2017
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
3.50bc3.00b4.00b
3.11c3.00b3.23b
3.50bc3.72b3.29b
0.00d0.00c0.00d
3.38bc3.69b3.07b
2.32c1.72bc2.91b
5.24b9.08a1.39cd
3.41bc3.76b3.05b
7.38a7.10a7.65a
0.00d0.00c0.00d
3.00c3.31b2.69bc
3.05c2.99b3.11b
----3.44A2.56B
Table (6): Effect of IBA treatments on av. Root length/Rooted cutting (cm) at two cuttings
collection dates of some peach rootstocks during 2015/2016 2016/2017 seasons.
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05.

26. 2015/2016
IBA ppmRootstock
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
4.75h4.28g5.21gcontrol
Cadaman 61.15bc63.04b59.25b200
74.38a74.85a73.91a2000
0.00h0.00g0.00hcontrol
Nemaguard 19.49g14.28f24.71f200
26.54f22.37e30.72e2000
3.89h3.95g3.83ghcontrol
Okinawa 65.84b54.28c77.40a200
57.76cd53.80c61.72b2000
0.00h0.00g0.00hcontrol
Nemared 46.74e45.88d47.61d200
53.23d53.52c52.94c2000
--32.52B36.44AMean
2016/2017
Mean1st Jan.1st Dec.
4.10f5.08ff3.11f
55.60c58.03bc53.18c
69.38a71.11a67.65a
0.00f0.00f0.00f
28.25e30.10e26.39e
30.02e27.99e32.05d
2.94f1.89f3.99f
63.48b57.95c69.02a
60.61bc59.86b61.35b
0.00f0.00f0.00f
49.66d45.55d53.77c
56.57c52.35c60.80b
----34.16B35.94A
Table (7): Effect of IBA treatments on % Survival of rooted cuttings at two cuttings collection
dates of some peach rootstocks during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at level P ≤ 0.05.

27. SUMMARY
• The best date for collecting hardwood cuttings is 1st December
since the mature shoots of the rootstocks contented highest
values of total indoles, total phenols and total carbohydrates and
lowest value of total nitrogen.
• The rooting potential of cuttings recorded a positively correlated
with their content of total indoles, total phenols, total
indoles/total phenols ratio, total carbohydrate and C:N ratio,
while had negative correlation with their content of total nitrogen.

28. SUMMARY
• The capacity of hardwood cuttings to develop adventitious
roots vary among the rootstocks and between the IBA
treatments.
• IBA at 2000 ppm recorded the highest values of %Rooted
cuttings (75.37 and 73.01%), and %Survival of rooted
cuttings (74.83 and 69.38%) in Cadaman(as the mean of
two dates during the two seasons of study respectively).

29. SUMMARY
• IBA at 200ppm was more effective in %Rooted cuttings (69.18
and 64.39%), av. No. of roots/cutting (16.67 and 15.17), average
length of roots/cutting (57.72 and 50.57cm), av. root
length/cutting (3.48 and 3.41cm) and %Survival of rooted
cuttings (65.84 and 63.48%) in Okinawa (as the mean of two dates
during the two seasons of study respectively).
• Nemaguard recorded the lowest values in % Rooted cuttings and
% Survival, while Nemared recorded moderate values in these
respects.

30. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
• The optimal time for collecting hardwood cuttings of peach
rootstocks is 1st December. We particularly recommend the use
of IBA at the 200 ppm (24 h soaking) or 2000 ppm (1 min. dipping)
concentration and store in the refrigerator at 2-4°C for a month
to increase the percentage of hardwood cuttings that form roots,
hasten root initiation, increase the number and quality of roots
per cutting and rise the survival percentage of rooted cuttings of
Cadaman, Nemagaurd, Okinawa and Nemared peach
rootstocks.

31. Propagation of such rootstocks by hardwood cuttings can be
a viable option and have commercially valuable to limit
import from abroad and save hard currency for the country.