IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
This document discusses a proposed system called the Farmer's Analytical Assistant, which aims to help farmers in India maximize crop yields through predictive analysis and recommendations. It analyzes agricultural data on factors like soil properties, rainfall, and past crop performance using machine learning techniques to predict optimal crops for different regions based on the environmental conditions. The proposed system would allow farmers to input local data, receive personalized yield predictions and crop suggestions, and get advice from experts online. The methodology section describes how climate/rainfall and soil data is collected and analyzed using machine learning models to provide crop recommendations. The goal is to improve upon traditional crop selection methods and help increase farmers' incomes.
This document discusses the scope and importance of farm mechanization. It notes that farm mechanization involves the use of machinery in agriculture, such as tractors and tube wells. The document outlines how farm mechanization improves efficiency, increases productivity and crop yields, reduces costs and labor needs, and helps conserve resources. It provides examples of how mechanizing operations like tilling, sowing, irrigation and harvesting can help ensure timely completion of tasks. The document estimates that farm mechanization can result in savings of 15-30% for seeds, fertilizers, time and labor, and an overall 10-15% increase in farm productivity.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
This document discusses a proposed system called the Farmer's Analytical Assistant, which aims to help farmers in India maximize crop yields through predictive analysis and recommendations. It analyzes agricultural data on factors like soil properties, rainfall, and past crop performance using machine learning techniques to predict optimal crops for different regions based on the environmental conditions. The proposed system would allow farmers to input local data, receive personalized yield predictions and crop suggestions, and get advice from experts online. The methodology section describes how climate/rainfall and soil data is collected and analyzed using machine learning models to provide crop recommendations. The goal is to improve upon traditional crop selection methods and help increase farmers' incomes.
This document discusses the scope and importance of farm mechanization. It notes that farm mechanization involves the use of machinery in agriculture, such as tractors and tube wells. The document outlines how farm mechanization improves efficiency, increases productivity and crop yields, reduces costs and labor needs, and helps conserve resources. It provides examples of how mechanizing operations like tilling, sowing, irrigation and harvesting can help ensure timely completion of tasks. The document estimates that farm mechanization can result in savings of 15-30% for seeds, fertilizers, time and labor, and an overall 10-15% increase in farm productivity.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Production Efficiency of small holder Sugarcane Farmers in Swaziland: A Case ...inventionjournals
Instating production efficiency is imperative for increased productivity and profitability in sugarcane production. This study aimed at establishing efficiencies and their relationship with farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. The study used primary data collected from 147smallholder sugarcane farmers of which 76 were inHhohho (KDDP &Vuvulane) and 71 in Ubombo (Poortzicht& LUSIP). This study estimated farmers’ efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the farmers interviewed were females (59.2% in Ubombo& 55.3% in Hhohho), with 32.4%(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 44.7% (KDDP &Vuvulane) of farmers attained secondary education, average mean age of 58 (Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 55 (KDDP &Vuvulane)years, farming experience of 10 (Ubombo&Hhohho, respectively) years, cultivate about 5.9 (Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 3.1 (KDDP &Vuvulane) hectares and obtained95.82 (Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 92.45 (KDDP &Vuvulane) tonnes per hectare per annumofsugarcane.Farmers’ estimated technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency were 90.18%, 85.43% and 77.07%(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 89%, 84.48% and 75.82% (KDDP &Vuvulane), respectively.The results suggest that farmers can still improve efficiencies by9.82%, 14.57% and 22.93%(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 11%, 15.52% and 24.18% (KDDP &Vuvulane), respectively without changing the available technologies.Technicalefficiencywas affected byage, irrigation system (10% significant levels), education, experience (1% significant levels), fertilizer (5% significant level) (Poortzicht& LUSIP) andhousehold size (10% significant level), age, ripener, herbicide (5% significant levels), education, occupation and irrigation system (1% significant levels) (KDDP &Vuvulane). Allocative efficiency was influenced bywater, irrigation system (1% significant levels), ripener (10% significant level)(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and education (10% significant level), age, occupation, water, fertilizer, ripener and irrigation system(1% significant levels) (KDDP &Vuvulane). Economic efficiency was affected by education (5% significant level), experience, water, fertilizer, irrigation system (1% significant levels) (Poortzicht&LUSIP) and herbicide (5% significant level) age, education, occupation, water, ripenerand irrigation system (1% significant levels) (KDDP &Vuvulane).The study therefore recommends formulating rural development programmes and policies that target young farmers’ engagement and participation in sugarcane production and consider farmers’ socio-economic factors for increased productivity
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
This document analyzes the value chain of sesame in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia. It identifies the major actors in the sesame value chain as producers, wholesalers, rural collectors, cooperatives, brokers, retailers, exporters, and NGOs. It uses survey data and statistical analysis to examine factors that influence farmers' choices of market outlets. The analysis finds that years of experience, cooperative membership, household size, education level, land area under sesame cultivation, quantity supplied, participation in training, and distance to the nearest market significantly impact farmers' decisions on where to sell their sesame. The study recommends strengthening farmers' cooperatives, improving infrastructure and access to transportation, enhancing farmers' knowledge through
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
Present Status and Future Prospectus of Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmiriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
- The document analyzes the allocative and technical efficiencies of resources used in cocoyam production among small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
- Results of the allocative efficiency analysis showed that farm size, fertilizer, herbicide, and seeds were underutilized, while labor was overutilized.
- The technical efficiency analysis used a stochastic frontier production function model to estimate the production frontier and efficiency levels. It found room for improving efficient use of resources like land, fertilizer, herbicide, and seeds among cocoyam farmers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
Analysis of technical Efficiency of traditional wheat farming in Fezzan regio...Premier Publishers
Although the efforts to enhance the productivity of wheat in Libya, it is still low and there is no improvement in wheat yield over the last decade indicating the usage of inputs in process of production is not efficient. Though some farms use modern methods in planting wheat, nevertheless a lot of wheat farmers are still using the traditional method of production. This paper aims to examine the technical efficiency of traditional wheat farming in Fezzan region, Libya as well as factors affecting technical inefficiency. A set of questionnaires was used to obtain data from 149 traditional wheat farmers selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The slack based data envelopment analysis model (SBM) was used to estimate technical efficiency and fractional regression model to determine factors response for inefficiency. Results showed that, the average technical efficiency of the farms was 0.69 indicating that farmers were operating at a low level of technical efficiency. This indicates that there is a need to improve technical efficiency by about 0.31 with the same level of inputs. The results of slack analysis revealed that the total inputs used by the traditional farmers would be reduced by 42 kg/ha for DAP, 58 kg/ha for seed, 14kg/ha for urea, 33 kg/ha for organic fertilizers and 12.9 man-days/ha for labour.
Economic Viability of Floriculture in Kashmir Himalayas: A Geographical Study...IRJET Journal
This document discusses infrastructural facilities for floriculture development in Kashmir, India. It finds that infrastructure in the study area is inadequate, as there are only 5 refrigerated vans and 14 walk-in cold rooms for storage, some of which are non-functional. There is also a lack of packing, post-harvest technology assistance for growers. Only 11 training rooms exist for floriculturists. The document aims to study current floriculture cultivation and recommend improvements like more storage, training facilities and support for growers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
The document discusses the agroprocessing industry, which transforms agricultural products. It defines agroprocessing as including industries that process raw materials from agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Agroprocessing includes a wide range of industries from simple preservation to capital-intensive production of complex manufactured goods. The food industry processes perishable goods, while non-food industries require more processing and use agricultural products as inputs. The document also provides statistical evidence that agroprocessing represents a large share of manufacturing in both developed and developing economies.
ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES WITH THE PRICE FIXING IN SELLING ...Mohd Asif Shah
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the association between socioeconomic variables and price fixing in the sale of apples in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study found:
1) There was an association between age and price fixing, with mutual agreement most common among younger farmers and buyer impact most common among older farmers.
2) There was no association between gender and price fixing.
3) There was an association between education level and price fixing, with illiterate farmers most likely to agree mutually while more educated farmers saw more buyer impact.
4) The study used survey data and chi-square tests to analyze these relationships.
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency and resource productivity of 96 smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria.
- Results from a transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier model showed technical efficiencies varied widely from 0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718, indicating production was in stage III of irrational production.
- Land and fertilizer use was effective as confirmed by estimated coefficients between zero and one, depicting stage II production. Productivity could be enhanced by expanding farm size while maintaining labor to move from stage III to II.
This document provides an introduction to agribusiness management. It discusses the nature and scope of agribusiness, important requisites for success, types of agro-based industries including processing, manufacturing, inputs, and services. It also outlines characteristics, institutional arrangements, and constraints of agribusiness. The key tasks ahead are coordination between industries and research, studying existing units, training entrepreneurs, and establishing technical guidance cells.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
Analysis of Technical, Economic and Allocative Efficiencies of CassavaProduct...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the technical, economic, and allocative efficiencies of cassava production in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that the average technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were 88.7%, 85.6%, and 82.5% respectively, indicating that farmers were relatively efficient. The major factors influencing cassava output were found to be farm size, family labor, hired labor, fertilizer use, household size, education level, and source of farm financing. To improve efficiency, the study recommends encouraging more intensive farming practices rather than continued expansion of land for cassava production and improving farmer knowledge through education and training.
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
Production Efficiency of small holder Sugarcane Farmers in Swaziland: A Case ...inventionjournals
Instating production efficiency is imperative for increased productivity and profitability in sugarcane production. This study aimed at establishing efficiencies and their relationship with farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. The study used primary data collected from 147smallholder sugarcane farmers of which 76 were inHhohho (KDDP &Vuvulane) and 71 in Ubombo (Poortzicht& LUSIP). This study estimated farmers’ efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the farmers interviewed were females (59.2% in Ubombo& 55.3% in Hhohho), with 32.4%(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 44.7% (KDDP &Vuvulane) of farmers attained secondary education, average mean age of 58 (Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 55 (KDDP &Vuvulane)years, farming experience of 10 (Ubombo&Hhohho, respectively) years, cultivate about 5.9 (Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 3.1 (KDDP &Vuvulane) hectares and obtained95.82 (Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 92.45 (KDDP &Vuvulane) tonnes per hectare per annumofsugarcane.Farmers’ estimated technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency were 90.18%, 85.43% and 77.07%(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 89%, 84.48% and 75.82% (KDDP &Vuvulane), respectively.The results suggest that farmers can still improve efficiencies by9.82%, 14.57% and 22.93%(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and 11%, 15.52% and 24.18% (KDDP &Vuvulane), respectively without changing the available technologies.Technicalefficiencywas affected byage, irrigation system (10% significant levels), education, experience (1% significant levels), fertilizer (5% significant level) (Poortzicht& LUSIP) andhousehold size (10% significant level), age, ripener, herbicide (5% significant levels), education, occupation and irrigation system (1% significant levels) (KDDP &Vuvulane). Allocative efficiency was influenced bywater, irrigation system (1% significant levels), ripener (10% significant level)(Poortzicht& LUSIP) and education (10% significant level), age, occupation, water, fertilizer, ripener and irrigation system(1% significant levels) (KDDP &Vuvulane). Economic efficiency was affected by education (5% significant level), experience, water, fertilizer, irrigation system (1% significant levels) (Poortzicht&LUSIP) and herbicide (5% significant level) age, education, occupation, water, ripenerand irrigation system (1% significant levels) (KDDP &Vuvulane).The study therefore recommends formulating rural development programmes and policies that target young farmers’ engagement and participation in sugarcane production and consider farmers’ socio-economic factors for increased productivity
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
This document analyzes the value chain of sesame in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia. It identifies the major actors in the sesame value chain as producers, wholesalers, rural collectors, cooperatives, brokers, retailers, exporters, and NGOs. It uses survey data and statistical analysis to examine factors that influence farmers' choices of market outlets. The analysis finds that years of experience, cooperative membership, household size, education level, land area under sesame cultivation, quantity supplied, participation in training, and distance to the nearest market significantly impact farmers' decisions on where to sell their sesame. The study recommends strengthening farmers' cooperatives, improving infrastructure and access to transportation, enhancing farmers' knowledge through
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
Present Status and Future Prospectus of Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmiriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
- The document analyzes the allocative and technical efficiencies of resources used in cocoyam production among small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
- Results of the allocative efficiency analysis showed that farm size, fertilizer, herbicide, and seeds were underutilized, while labor was overutilized.
- The technical efficiency analysis used a stochastic frontier production function model to estimate the production frontier and efficiency levels. It found room for improving efficient use of resources like land, fertilizer, herbicide, and seeds among cocoyam farmers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
Analysis of technical Efficiency of traditional wheat farming in Fezzan regio...Premier Publishers
Although the efforts to enhance the productivity of wheat in Libya, it is still low and there is no improvement in wheat yield over the last decade indicating the usage of inputs in process of production is not efficient. Though some farms use modern methods in planting wheat, nevertheless a lot of wheat farmers are still using the traditional method of production. This paper aims to examine the technical efficiency of traditional wheat farming in Fezzan region, Libya as well as factors affecting technical inefficiency. A set of questionnaires was used to obtain data from 149 traditional wheat farmers selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The slack based data envelopment analysis model (SBM) was used to estimate technical efficiency and fractional regression model to determine factors response for inefficiency. Results showed that, the average technical efficiency of the farms was 0.69 indicating that farmers were operating at a low level of technical efficiency. This indicates that there is a need to improve technical efficiency by about 0.31 with the same level of inputs. The results of slack analysis revealed that the total inputs used by the traditional farmers would be reduced by 42 kg/ha for DAP, 58 kg/ha for seed, 14kg/ha for urea, 33 kg/ha for organic fertilizers and 12.9 man-days/ha for labour.
Economic Viability of Floriculture in Kashmir Himalayas: A Geographical Study...IRJET Journal
This document discusses infrastructural facilities for floriculture development in Kashmir, India. It finds that infrastructure in the study area is inadequate, as there are only 5 refrigerated vans and 14 walk-in cold rooms for storage, some of which are non-functional. There is also a lack of packing, post-harvest technology assistance for growers. Only 11 training rooms exist for floriculturists. The document aims to study current floriculture cultivation and recommend improvements like more storage, training facilities and support for growers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
The document discusses the agroprocessing industry, which transforms agricultural products. It defines agroprocessing as including industries that process raw materials from agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Agroprocessing includes a wide range of industries from simple preservation to capital-intensive production of complex manufactured goods. The food industry processes perishable goods, while non-food industries require more processing and use agricultural products as inputs. The document also provides statistical evidence that agroprocessing represents a large share of manufacturing in both developed and developing economies.
ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES WITH THE PRICE FIXING IN SELLING ...Mohd Asif Shah
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the association between socioeconomic variables and price fixing in the sale of apples in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study found:
1) There was an association between age and price fixing, with mutual agreement most common among younger farmers and buyer impact most common among older farmers.
2) There was no association between gender and price fixing.
3) There was an association between education level and price fixing, with illiterate farmers most likely to agree mutually while more educated farmers saw more buyer impact.
4) The study used survey data and chi-square tests to analyze these relationships.
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency and resource productivity of 96 smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria.
- Results from a transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier model showed technical efficiencies varied widely from 0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718, indicating production was in stage III of irrational production.
- Land and fertilizer use was effective as confirmed by estimated coefficients between zero and one, depicting stage II production. Productivity could be enhanced by expanding farm size while maintaining labor to move from stage III to II.
This document provides an introduction to agribusiness management. It discusses the nature and scope of agribusiness, important requisites for success, types of agro-based industries including processing, manufacturing, inputs, and services. It also outlines characteristics, institutional arrangements, and constraints of agribusiness. The key tasks ahead are coordination between industries and research, studying existing units, training entrepreneurs, and establishing technical guidance cells.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
Analysis of Technical, Economic and Allocative Efficiencies of CassavaProduct...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the technical, economic, and allocative efficiencies of cassava production in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that the average technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were 88.7%, 85.6%, and 82.5% respectively, indicating that farmers were relatively efficient. The major factors influencing cassava output were found to be farm size, family labor, hired labor, fertilizer use, household size, education level, and source of farm financing. To improve efficiency, the study recommends encouraging more intensive farming practices rather than continued expansion of land for cassava production and improving farmer knowledge through education and training.
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
An analysis of technical efficiency of rice farmers in ahero irrigation schem...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of rice farmers in Ahero Irrigation Scheme, Kenya. It begins with background on rice production and consumption trends in Kenya. Rice consumption has been increasing at 12% annually compared to 4% for wheat and 1% for maize. However, production has not kept pace with demand, resulting in a large import deficit. The study estimates a stochastic Cobb-Douglas production function to determine technical efficiency and its determinants. It finds the technical efficiency of rice farmers is 0.82. Gender, farming experience, income level, and distance to market significantly influence technical efficiency. The study recommends policies to improve input affordability and farm incomes, as well as transport infrastructure, to increase efficiency of rice
This document describes a mobile application called "Farmer's Friend" that aims to help farmers in India. It does this by providing farmers information on crop yields, prices, and suitable crops for their land conditions. The application analyzes past data on factors like rainfall, temperature, and market prices to predict crop performance and recommend optimal crop choices for farmers. This helps address economic issues facing farmers and balances crop varieties grown in different regions. The proposed system aims to suggest alternative crops to farmers if the crop they selected is already exceeding production limits for that area.
Nigerseed Value Chain Analysis in Toke-Kutaye District, West Showa Zone, Orom...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to analyze factors that affect marketable supply of Nigerseed, and Nigerseed market chain; and to estimate value addition and marketing margin distribution of actors in Toke-Kutaye district, Oromia National Regional State. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 148 producer and 37 other market chain actors. Descriptive statistics for analysis of data and Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to determine determinants of Nigerseed supply in the study area. The study showed that averagely 2.67 and 2.55 quintals of Nigerseed were produced and marketed per household, respectively. Nigerseed produce had four market outlets and seven channels with poor values addition before reaching to the final consumers. Out of the total produce 92.4% of Nigerseed were marketed by producers. Nigerseed supply in the district is positively affected by education of household, land size, number of oxen owned, access to input and market information. Producers and traders got a profit share of 63.79 and 36.21 %, respectively. In all channels, producers’ gross market margin and net market margin were higher, while in multipurpose farmers primary cooperatives was with the least values. The crop has potential to serve as sources of livelihood, and farmers were the major contributor in the value addition process with better profit share margin followed by processers. Therefore, policy aiming to strengthening cooperatives, facilitating inter-linkage of stakeholders, and supporting the local processors are recommended to speed up the Nigerseed market chain in the district.
This thesis presentation analyzes the technical efficiency of maize production among smallholder farmers in Boneya Boshe woreda, East Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study was conducted by Gemechu Bari under the supervision of Dr. Esubalew and co-supervision of Mr. Gudina Tolosa. The presentation outlines the background, justification, objectives, research questions, methodology and literature review of the study. The objectives are to analyze the level of technical efficiency, identify determinants of efficiency, assess yield gaps, and identify sources of inefficiency. The study aims to provide information to farmers and local government to improve maize productivity and efficiency in the study area.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
Selection of crop varieties and yield prediction based on phenotype applying ...IJECEIAES
In India, agriculture plays an important role in the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and is also a part of civilization. Countries’ economies are also influenced by the amount of crop production. All business trading involves farming as a major factor. In order to increase crop production, different technological advancements are developed to acquire the information required for crop production. The proposed work is mainly focused on suitable crop selection across districts in Tamil Nadu, considering phenotype factors such as soil type, climatic factors, cropping season, and crop region. The key objective is to predict the suitable crop for the farmers based on their locations, soil types, and environmental factors. This results in less financial loss and a shorter crop production timeframe. Combined feature selection (CFS)-based machine regression helps increase crop production rates. A brief comparative analysis was also made between various machine learning (ML) regression algorithms, which majorly contributed to the process of crop selection considering phenotype factors. Stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) classifiers outperformed other decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and logistic regression (LR) with a prediction accuracy of 93% with the lowest classification accuracy metrics. The proposed method can help us select the perfect crop for maximum yield.
Optimum combination of farm enterprises among smallholder farmers in umuahia ...Alexander Decker
The document presents the results of a study that used linear programming to determine the optimal combination of farm enterprises for smallholder farmers in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. A sample of 30 farmers was used to develop a model that maximized gross margin subject to resource constraints. The optimal plan included one crop enterprise, two crop mixtures, and two livestock enterprises. Sensitivity analysis found that increasing land by 25% increased gross margin by 13.48%, while increasing labor by 25% increased gross margin by 3.04%. The study recommends adopting more land and labor-saving technologies to improve farm production.
11.productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This study examines productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The value of output for watermelon farms was higher than for tomato farms, due to differences in output prices and input costs. It cost more to produce a hectare of tomato (GH¢704.59) than watermelon (GH¢509.03), but tomato yields per hectare were lower (GH¢480.37 vs GH¢1738.68 for watermelon). Factors like land, labor, and experience influenced tomato output value, while land, non-farm activity, and training impacted watermelon output. Marginal values for land and labor exceeded market prices, indicating inefficient resource use for both crops
Productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The study found that the value of output for watermelon was higher than for tomato, due to differences in output prices and input costs. Analysis of factors affecting output value found that for tomato, land, labor and experience were significant, while for watermelon, land, non-agricultural activity and training were significant. Marginal values for land and labor were higher than market prices, indicating inefficient use of those resources for both crops. Fertilizer use for tomato and capital use for watermelon did not significantly impact output values, showing underutilization of those inputs. The results have implications for
Crop Selection Method Based on Various Environmental Factors Using Machine Le...IRJET Journal
This document proposes two crop selection methods using machine learning:
1. A Crop Selection Method that uses classification algorithms to select the most suitable crop based on environmental and economic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil type, and market prices.
2. A Crop Sequencing Method that uses a crop sequencing algorithm to suggest an optimal sequence of crops over a growing season based on predicted yield rates and market prices to maximize profits. Both methods use a machine learning tool called WEKA and historical crop data to make predictions.
This document describes a web application called Farm-Easy that aims to help farmers. It discusses:
1) Farm-Easy allows farmers and vendors to register and login. Vendors can update stock prices weekly and farmers can view predicted crop prices.
2) Related works explored e-agriculture platforms, agribusiness e-commerce systems, and different methods for predicting agricultural commodity prices.
3) Farm-Easy's methodology uses PHP and MySQL to develop separate vendor and farmer portals. Vendors update stock prices and farmers can view prices to make informed decisions. Naive Bayes is used to predict crop prices.
Similar to Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
1. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 11 Ver. I (Nov. 2015), PP 39-47
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa
Regency
Siti Nurwahidah1)
, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto2)
Masyhuri3)
Lestari Rahayu Waluyati4)
1)
Faculty of Agriculture, Samawa University, Sumbawa Besar
2-4)
Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta
Abstract: This research was intended to identify efficiency level and competitiveness of corn farming in dry
land and wetland in Sumbawa. The research was conducted on 100 farmer respondents in each selected
location purposively. Stochastic Frontier version 4.1 analysis and PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix) were applied
in analysis. Result or data estimation using FRONTIER indicated that average technical efficiency (TE) at dry
land and wetland are 0.863 and 0.849%, respectively. Mean economic efficiency of corn farming in dry land
and wetland are 0.505 and 0.355 respectively. Mean price efficiency from corn farming in dry land and wetland
are 0.585 and 0.425, respectively. Gamma value parameter in dry land and wetland were 0.697 and 0.552,
respectively. This means that the technical efficiency of farming in dry lands constitute 70 percent of
management or management capabilities of farmers and the rest of nature or influenced by the weather . Being
in wetlands 55 percent of the technical capabilities of farmers in the management and the rest is the influence of
natural factors. PAM results show corn farming in Sumbawa have competitive and comparative advantage . It is
shown from the PCR value of 0.25 (PCR < 1) and the DRC at 0.39 (PCR<1).
Keywords: efficiency, corn farming, competitiveness
I. Introduction
Corn is one of cereal commodity which have relatively high economic. Corn plays role as food and
feed and now it is used as fuel and industrial raw material in which its needs increase continuously every year.
Opportunity for corn production improvement in domestic area is broad, through productivity improvement or
extension of planting area, particularly in dryland outside Java Island or through increase in cropping index.
Although national corn productivity increases, in general national corn productivity is low. Result of various
researches from government and private institutions indicate productivity of 6.0-10.0 ton/ha depending on land
condition and its technology application. (Directorate General of Food Crop, 2011).
Corn agribusiness development is a of rural-based economic development acceleration through
optimization of natural resource, artificial resource and farmer resource management to increase farmer income
and welfare. Increase in agricultural production in Sumbawa regency till end of 2011 was still prioritized in
improvement of rice production, secondary crops/palawija (such as soybean, corn, mung bean, cassava)
production and horticulture development particularly vegetable and fruit crops (Food Crop Agriculture Office,
Sumbawa regency, 2012).
Rural agribusiness institution that grows from bottom and benefits much people is a requirement for
sustainable adoption of innovation technology. Past experience teach us that technology adoption did not
continue after the project end. One of cause is no rural institution that can supply farmer needs such as seed,
fertilizer, working capital and marketing facility. Sumbawa regency as one of regencies in West Nusa Tenggara
have great potential to develop corn, because it has climate, soil type and topography that support good corn
development both in dryland and wetland. Considering biological potential and increase in corn demand, it is
necessary policy that supports the commodity development to be superior commodity to accelerate economic
life in Sumbawa regency.
Dryland is one of agro-ecosystem having great potential for agriculture, for food crop, horticulture and
perennial plant as well as livestock. Considering wide land availability and great variations of farming, dryland
is potential and can play big role in providing agricultural business than wetland in the future. Agricultural
census in 1983 and 1993 indicated that there was increase in household using dryland, when use of wetland
decreased due to functional shift (Agung in Wedastra, 2010). It indicated that role of dryland farming as income
source and employment is increasingly higher. Therefore, developing of dryland as productive area based on
agribusiness need to be considered.
In irrigated land in West Nusa Tenggara, there is tendency that corn planting have shifted soybean as
second plant after rice. In addition, in dryland it has been done corn planting orienting on market by planting
Lamuru variety that is relatively resistant to dryness compared with other varieties. With non soil processing
technology farmers can reduce cost they expend. Business persons have also read market opportunity for corn. It
2. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
is indicated with emerging corn business person in this country. However, based on fact, corn agribusiness has
not run yet optimally (Masyhuri, 2003).
According to Soekartawi (2002), in essence farming is as corporation. So, before manage their farming
farmers or producers will consider cost and income by allocating available resource in effective and efficient
manner to obtain high profit in certain time. It is said effective when farmer or producer can allocated their
resource well and efficiently when they use their resource by producing output exceeding input. Unachieved
efficiency in farming are due to less farmer knowledge in using limited production factor, difficulty in obtaining
production factor in appropriate amount and outside factors such as climate, geographical condition, temperate
and so on. Efficiency in farming is distinguished to be technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic
efficiency.
Production efficiency is one of factors determining competitiveness. Efficient production will decrease
production cost that will cause increase in farmer income and competitiveness of the commodity. In effort to
increase farming effectiveness and efficiency to give benefit for farmer income, farming should consider
comparative and competitive advantages. Agricultural product development faces increasingly open market as
impact of economic globalization (Kariyana and Adnyana, 1998). Comparative advantage will be able to reach
when a product of same commodity will be produced with lower input, while competitive advantage occurs
when with given land area can produce relatively high income. The point is that it is not only about productivity,
but also quality for relatively high selling value. Input price and output price is key in comparative and
competitive advantage.
II. Material And Methods
Descriptive analytical method was applied as basic method. Research site was determined purposively
in Sumbawa regency with two locations of Utan district (wetland) done in MK-1 harvest season in August 2013
and Labangka district (dryland) in end of rainy season in March 2014. Both districts are corn production center
and have great potential as area for developing corn crop in Sumbawa regency.
Farmer sample was taken using random sampling including 100 farmers in each district, so total
sample was 200. Data used was primary data obtained with observation technique (survey) and interview using
questionnaire.
Data Analysis
Analysis of Frontier Stochastic production function
Data was analyzed using Frontier Stochastic production function and dual cost function. Analysis of
Frontier Stochastic production function is used to measure technical efficiency of corn farming and factors
affecting technical efficiency. The model is:
LnY= 0+1lnX1+2lnX2+3lnX3+4lnX4+5lnX5+6lnX6+7lnX7+8lnX8 +(vi-ui) ........ (1)
Note: Y= corn production (kg), X1=land area, X2= seed amount (kg), X3= urea fertilizer usage (kg), X4= npk
fertilizer usage (kg), X5= za fertilizer usage, X6= herbicide usage (lt), X7= insecticide usage (lt), X8= labor usage
(HOK), (vi-ui)=error term technical inefficiency in the model. There are expected that the coefficient 1-8>0.
Technical efficiency analysis
Technical efficiency method used in this research refers to model developed by Battese and Coeli (1996). To
determine score parameter of technical inefficiency effect distribution (ui) the research used following model
i = 0+ 1Z1+ 2Z2+3Z3 ............(2)
Note: Ui is production inefficiency achieved by the farmer ith
, Z1-Z3 are farmer experience, farmer age, and
farmer education.
Parameter of model (1) is estimated with Maximal Likelihood model (MLE) using Frontier 4.1 software
developed by Coellu (1996). The software follows three procedures as follows.
1. OLS to obtain all estimated parameters (except intercept- 0)
2. Grid search of y
3. Score obtained from step 2 is used as beginning score in iterative procedure to obtain maximal
likelihood estimation score.
Analysis of allocative and economic efficiency
Allocative and economic efficiency measurement was done by deriving dual cost function from production
function. Method was done by minimizing input cost function with production function constrain at equation
(3.6) to obtain frontier dual cost function.
3. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Therefore equation of cost function is as follows
lnC= 0+1lnP1+2lnP2+3lnP3+4lnP4+5lnP5+6lnP6+7lnP7+ 8lnP8+9lnY +10lnX+Ui ...........(3)
Note: C is production cost of individual farmer calculated in rupiah; P1=seed price, P2=urea price, P3= npk price,
P4= za price, P5=herbicide price, P6= insecticide price, P7= labor wage, P8= equipment and machine rent price,
Y= production, X= land area, Ui= random variable describing technical inefficiency in the model.
According to Jondrom et al (1982) in Ogundari and Ojo (2006), economic efficiency of corn farming is defined
as minimal ratio obtained from total production cost (C*) with actual production cost at whole (C) using
equation (1)
EE =
C∗
C
.............(4)
Economic efficiency is invesr of cost efficiency (CE) (Coelli, 1996):
EE =
1
CE
.............(5)
CE is obtained from calculation with frontier 4.1c software.
EE is between 0 and 1. EE is multiplication of technical efficiency (TE) and allocative efficiency (AE), so AE is
obtained from
EE =
EE
ET
.............(6)
With AE 0≤EA≤1
Competitiveness analysis method
To analyze corn farming competitiveness in dry land in Labangka subdistrict of Sumbawa regency,
domestic resource usage and tradable input usage approach were used. It used policy analysis matrix (PAM) that
is analytical tool used to identify economic efficiency and impact of intervention in doing various farming
activities in entire and systematic way (Monke and Pearson, 1989). Based on PAM table, criteria is determined
as follows
(1) Private cost ratio (PCR)
PCR indicates the extent of corn farming production system can produce to pay all domestic factors used and
still in competitive condition. Maximal profit will be obtained when corn farming production system can
minimize PCS. PCR score is a criterion of competitive advantage for corn farming. According to Asian
Development Bank (1992), competitive advantage is tool to measure private profitability and is calculated based
on market price and official foreign exchange.
(2) Domestic resource cost ratio (DRCR)
DRCR is one of criteria of corn farming system capability in financing domestic factor at its shadow price or
criteria of relative economic efficiency of a production system. When DRCR <1, it means that corn farming
production system is increasingly efficient and have competitiveness in world market, so it have greater export
opportunity. DRCR is criteria for comparative advantage of corn farming. According Asian Development Bank
(1992), comparative advantage is capability of a region or country in producing a unit of some commodity with
relatively low cost compared with social balance cost of other alternative
Correlation analysis
Correlation analysis was done to identify association between efficiency and competitiveness. The
research used SPSS v.16. Analytical tool consisted of Kendall’s tau (r) and Spearman correlation (p). Result of
correlation analysis indicates that the correlation coefficients were used to identify correlation and correlation
direction, while significance was done to identify whether the association is significant or not. Effect of
efficiency on competitiveness was identified by increasing allocative efficiency trough decrease in excessive
input usage. Then, PCR and DRCR were calculated. Hypothesis test between efficiency and competitiveness
was done by considering significance with following formulation
H0: significance >0.05 means there is no association between efficiency and competitiveness
H1: significance ≤0.05 means there is association between efficiency and competitiveness
III. Result And Discussion
Analysis of Frontier Stochastic production function
Technical efficiency was analyzed using Frontier Stochastic production function. Technical efficiency
is a condition to measure price efficiency and economic efficiency. Estimation of technical, price and economic
efficiency was obtained using Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier with Maximum Likelihood estimated (MLE).
MLE score was obtained using Frontier 4.1c software. Early step in Frontier 4.1 resulted in score based on
4. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
ordinary least square (OLS) to estimate all parameter scores that describe average best fit of farmer production
in available technological level. Next steps is used MLE method to estimate all parameters of production factor,
intercept and variant of both vi and ui error components. MLE method describes best practice of farmer
behavior in production process.
Production factors (independent variable) that is estimated affecting corn production is area, seed
usage, amount of urea fertilizer usage, NPK fertilizer usage, Za fertilizer usage, insecticide usage, herbicide
spray, and man power usage. Result of production function estimation with stochastic frontier approach in corn
farming is presented in table 1 below.
Table 1. Stochastic Frontier production function of corn farming in Sumbawa Regency
Variable
Dryland Wetland
expectation
sign
coeff standard
error
t-ratio coeff standard
error
t-ratio
Constant + 6.727 0.246 27.382 *** 8.067 0.298 27.102 ***
land area + 0.084 0.065 1.290 Ns 0.610 0.092 6.603 ***
Seed + 0.828 0.079 10.432 *** 0.236 0.092 2.573 ***
Urea + 0.031 0.018 1.691 ** -0.004 0.017 -0.257 Ns
NPK + 0.000 0.005 -0.077 Ns 0.014 0.016 0.904 Ns
Za + -0.003 0.005 -0.600 Ns 0.000 0.005 -0.079 Ns
Herbicide + 0.002 0.007 0.321 Ns -0.003 0.009 -0.396 Ns
Insecticide + 0.027 0.008 3.513 *** -0.004 0.007 -0.659 Ns
Labor + -0.001 0.014 -0.086 Ns 0.012 0.024 0.512 Ns
sigma squared 0.308 0.126 2.440 *** 0.325 0.142 2.295 **
Gamma 0.697 0.199 3.507 *** 0.552 0.355 1.552 *
mean TE 0.863 0.849
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Notes:
***) significant at 99% confidential level (=0.01) (t=2.374)
**) significant at 95% confidential level (=0.05) (t=1.665)
*) significant at 90% confidential level (=0.10) (t=1.292)
ns: not significant
Based on Table 1 the value of σ² is small enough, this shows the distribution of the inefficiency error
term (ui) is normally distributed. While the value of γ is the ratio between deviation technical inefficiency (ui)
against deviations that may be caused by random variables (vi). Statistically dryland farming γ value of 0.697
and significant at the 99 percent confidence level (α = 0.01). Γ coefficient values indicate positive dryland
farming, this means that the technical efficiency in dryland farming more influenced by the ability of
management or the management of the farmers themselves in managing their farming. Based on the results of
the estimation model of stochastic frontier production function variables were positive and significant effect on
the production of corn on dryland ie the number of seeds, number of Urea fertilizer, and insecticide.
Variable number of seeds significantly (at the level of 1%) and are positive towards the cost of
production. The coefficient of the amount of seed of 0.828, meaning that increasing the number of seeds (ceteris
paribus) of 1% would increase production by 0.828 percent. The coefficient of the amount of urea 0,031
indicates that the addition of urea (ceteris paribus) of 1% would increase production by 0,031 percent.
Coefficient value for insecticide of 0.027 means that the 1% increase amount of insecticide (ceteris paribus) will
increase the production of maize by 0,027 percent.
In statistic perspective, the value of γ farming in wetland fields by 0.552 and showed significant at the
90 percent confidence level (α = 0.1). Value of 0.552 explained that amounted to 55.4% of the errors that exist
in technical production functions of farmers is not caused by random error variable or stochastic effects such as
the effects of weather, pest and disease modeling errors. It is clear that all of the variation in the output of the
production frontier can be considered as a result of technical efficiency level of achievement with regard to the
managerial problems in farm management. Based on the results of the estimation model of stochastic frontier
production function that variable is positive and significant impact on corn production in paddy fields, namely
land area and number of seeds. Land area and number of seeds significantly (at the level of 1%) and is positively
related to the production. Land area coefficient value 0.610, meaning that increasing 1% of the land area (ceteris
paribus) would increase maize production by 0.610 percent. Coefficient value of 0.236 indicates the number of
seeds that increasing the number of seeds (ceteris paribus) of 1% would increase maize production by 0.236
percent in wetland fields (Subdistrict Utan).
5. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Technical efficiency analysis
Technical efficiency levels of corn farming in dryland is classified into 5 groups and result of stochastic frontier
production function model using FRONTIER 4.1c is presented in table 2 below.
Table 2. Distribution of technical efficiency level of corn farming on respondent farmer in dryland in 2013
Technical efficiency level amount (person) percentage (%)
0<0.5 1 1
0.5≤TE<0.6 1 1
0.6≤TE<0.7 2 2
0.7≤TE<0.8 7 7
0.8≤TE<0.9 60 60
0.9≤TE≤1.0 29 29
Total 100 100
minimum TE 0.355
Maximum TE 0.958
Average 0.863
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Table 2 reveals that mean technical efficiency by farmer in running corn farming in dryland was 0.863
with lowest rate of 0.355 and the highest rate of 0.958. The mean efficiency is still below 1.00 and means that
corn farming in dryland in Sumbawa regency is not efficient technically and still allows adding some variables
of production factor to obtain higher result until reach maximal result.
Technical efficiency of corn farming in wetland is classified into five groups that is result of stochastic frontier
production function using FRONTIER 4.1 software as presented in table 3.
Table 3. Distribution of technical efficiency level of corn farming on respondent farmer in wetland, 2013
Technical efficiency level amount (person) percentage (%)
0<0.5 2 2
0.5≤TE<0.6 1 1
0.6≤TE<0.7 3 3
0.7≤TE<0.8 13 13
0.8≤TE<0.9 51 51
0.9≤TE≤1.0 30 30
Total 100
Minimum TE 0.384
Maximum TE 0.955
Average 0.849
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Table 3 indicated that mean technical efficiency by farmer in running corn farming in wetland was
0.849 with lowest rate of 0.384 and the highest rate of 0.955. The mean efficiency is still below 1.00 and means
that corn farming in wetland in Sumbawa regency is not efficient technically and still allows adding some
variables of production factor to obtain higher result until reach maximal result. Estimation of technical
inefficiency from model used is presented in table 4.
Table 4. Factors affecting technical inefficiency of corn farming in Sumbawa Regency
Variable Dryland Wetland
expectation sign Coeff standard error t-ratio coeff standard error t-ratio
Constant - -8.576 7.602 -1.128 6.037 6.184 0.976
Experience - -0.131 0.084 -1.549 * -0.955 0.504 -1.894 **
Age - 2.139 1.862 1.149 Ns -1.488 1.614 -0.922 Ns
Education - 0.06 0.07 0.86 Ns -0.076 0.052 -1.467 *
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Notes:
**) significant at 95% confidential level (=0.05) (t=1.665)
*) significant at 90% confidential level (=0.10) (t=1.292)
Ns: not significant
Based on Table 4, it may be known that this research estimated three variables affecting technically
corn farming in Sumbawa regency. However, from the three variables were analyzed from these there is only
one variable affecting the inefficiency of corn in dryland farming that is the experience of farmers and in
wetland there are two significant that the experience of farmers and farmer education
6. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Analysis of allocative and economic efficiency
Allocative and economic efficiency is obtained through analysis from production input side, using
input priced valid in farmer level and is added with physical factor and farming management. Economic
efficiency of corn farming in Sumbawa regency is obtained from estimation result of stochastic frontier cost
function with MLE method using Frontier 4.1c software. Result of estimation of stochastic frontier cost function
with MLE is revealed in table 5.
Table 5. Stochastic Frontier production cost function of corn farming in Sumbawa Regency
Variable
Dryland Wetland
expectation
sign
coeff standard
error
t-ratio coeff standard
error
t-ratio
Constant +/- -3.508 0.994 -3.528 *** -3.781 0.680 -5.565 ***
land area + 0.356 0.112 3.170 *** 0.302 0.087 3.473 ***
Production + -0.008 0.008 -0.941 Ns 0.002 0.018 0.112 Ns
seed price + 0.013 0.025 0.521 Ns -0.006 0.015 -0.404 Ns
urea price + 0.013 0.006 1.997 ** -0.001 0.011 -0.125 Ns
NPK price + 0.003 0.008 0.402 Ns 0.003 0.005 0.625 Ns
Za price + -0.007 0.008 -0.861 Ns 0.003 0.006 0.487 Ns
herbicide price + -0.007 0.009 -0.834 Ns -0.001 0.005 -0.153 Ns
insecticide price + -0.015 0.018 -0.826 Ns -0.029 0.017 -1.680 **
labor wage + 0.000 0.008 -0.052 Ns 0.012 0.009 1.241 Ns
tractor rent + -0.004 0.006 -0.715 Ns -0.015 0.006 -2.507 ***
sprayer rent + -0.001 0.005 -0.205 Ns 0.001 0.005 0.307 Ns
corn seller rent + 0.058 0.032 1.804 ** 0.061 0.072 0.848 Ns
sigma squared 0.395 0.102 3.851 *** 0.123 0.023 5.400 ***
Gamma 1.000 0.259 3.860 *** 0.832 0.272 3.060 ***
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Notes:
***) significant at 99% confidential level (=0.01) (t=2.374)
**) significant at 95% confidential level (=0.05) (t=1.665)
Ns: not significant
Based on result of estimation of stochastic frontier cost function, the model has score of 1.000.
Estimated parameter is ratio between technical inefficiency (ui) on deviation that is caused by random factor.
Statistically, score of 1.000 means that 100% error in the production cost function describes that cost
inefficiency of farming may be assumed as effect achieved cost efficiency related to managerial problem in
farming management.
Based on the table there are three significant variables that influence or positively towards the total cost
of corn on dryland farming (District Labangka). The variable is the area of land, the price of urea and rent
thresher. Test results on a t-ratio of land area showed significant with 99 percent confidence level (α = 0.01) and
a positive value. It is understood that the land will add to the cost of farming. In the variable price of urea and
rent thresher significant at 95 percent confidence level (α = 0.05) and a positive value. This may imply greater
the urea price and rental rates thresher then the cost of farming are also getting bigger.
The estimation results of stochastic frontier production function costs on wetland models have γ
parameter value of 0, 832, means that for 83.2% of the error is in the function of the cost of production in
farming in wet land illustrates the inefficiency costs of farming as a result of the level of achievement efficiency
costs associated with the managerial problems in farm management. In wet land, significant variables that
influence positively to the total cost of farming corn is, variable land area. This may imply that the more
extensive the greater farmland farming costs incurred by farmers. variable sprayer rental prices show a
significant effect on the 99 percent confidence level (α = 0.01) and a negative worth, can mean the costs
incurred for the rental sprayer not so influential adds to the cost of farming but instead affect the production of
corn farming.
Table 6. Factors affecting cost inefficiency of corn farming in Sumbawa Regency
Variable
Dryland Wetland
expectation sign Coeff standard error t-ratio coeff standard error t-ratio
Constant +/- 0.043 0.998 0.044 -10.306 1.816 -5.676 ***
Experience - -0.461 0.290 1.589 * -0.136 0.161 0.841 Ns
Age - -0.012 0.017 -0.681 Ns -0.035 0.044 0.799 Ns
Education - -0.075 0.100 -0.748 Ns -0.716 0.117 6.121 ***
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Notes:
***) significant at 99% confidential level (=0.01) (t=2.374)
7. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
*) significant at 90% confidential level (=0.10) (t=1.292)
Ns: not significant
Based on the above table, there is one variable affecting significantly positively corn farming in
dryland that is experience variable with 90% confidential level (α=0.1). In wetland there is one too variable
affecting cost inefficiency that is farmer education with 99% confidential level (=0.01).
Economic efficiency is inversion of cost efficiency. Distribution of economic efficiency from respondent
farmers in research site is presented in table 7.
Table 7. Distribution of economic efficiency level of corn farming on respondent farmer in Sumbawa Regency
in 2013
Technical efficiency level Dryland Wetland
Economy percentage (%) Economy percentage (%)
0<0.5 52 52 79 79
0.5≤TE<0.6 19 19 8 8
0.6≤TE<0.7 9 9 4 4
0.7≤TE<0.8 6 6 7 7
0.8≤TE<0.9 8 8 1 1
0.9≤TE≤1.0 6 6 1 1
Total 100 100
minimum TE 0.124 0.091
Maximum TE 1.000 0.917
Average 0.505 0.355
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Table 7 indicated that mean economic efficiency by farmer in running corn farming in wetland was
low. The mean efficiency was below 1.00 and means that corn farming in wetland in Sumbawa regency is not
efficient economically and still allows adding some variables of production factor to obtain higher result until
reach maximal result.
Allocative efficiency is capability of corn farmer to select minimum input usage in given production
factor prices and technology. It is said efficient in allocative perceptive when with certain input and output price,
proportion of input usage is optimum. It occurs because marginal revenue product is same as marginal cost of
input used. Distribution of allocative efficiency from respondent farmers in research site is presented in table 8.
Table 8. Distribution of Allocative efficiency level of corn farming on respondent farmer in Sumbawa Regency
in 2013
Technical efficiency level Dryland Wetland
Allocative percentage (%) Allocative percentage (%)
0<0.5 40 40 70 70
0.5≤TE<0.6 16 16 12 12
0.6≤TE<0.7 15 15 4 4
0.7≤TE<0.8 5 5 2 2
0.8≤TE<0.9 12 12 6 6
0.9≤TE≤1.0 12 12 6 6
Total 100 100 100 100
minimum TE 0.168 0.097
Maximum TE 1.059 1.036
Average 0.585 0.425
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
A farming is stated achieving allocative efficiency when allocative efficiency (AE) =1. In fact, AE is
not always same as 1. When AE <1, the farming have not reach allocative efficiency so use of production factor
should be added to achieve optimal result. When AE<1, usage of production factor in the farming should be
reduced to reach optimal condition (Darwanto, 2010).
Mean allocative efficiency is obtained by dividing economic efficiency by technical efficiency. Result
of analysis indicated that mean allocative efficiency obtained in corn farming in dryland was 0.585 and in
wetland were 0.425, respectively. It may be said that allocative efficiency of corn farming in Sumbawa regency
is not efficient. To achieve allocative efficiency, sue of production factor in corn farming in Sumbawa regency
should be reduced to reach optimal condition.
Result of corn farming competitiveness analysis
Comparative advantage in this research was used to analyze economic efficiency of domestic resource
usage of corn production in Sumbawa regency in order to save/add foreign exchange trough import reduction
and export improvement. Comparative advantage is indicated by DRCR. When DRCR <1 it means that
8. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
domestic corn production is more profitable than import or in other words, developing corn production in
Sumbawa is economically efficient. In contrary, when DRCR >1, to meet domestic corn demand, it is profitable
to import corn compared with producing in domestic area, because domestically producing corn is not efficient
or its competitiveness is low. Competitive advantage is used to measure financial feasibility of corn farming in
Sumbawa regency. Competitive may be indicated with private profit and private cost ratio. The indicator reveals
financial profitability and efficiency of resource usage. When PCR <1, corn farming in Sumbawa is financially
profitable and feasible to develop.
Result of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) that measure competitiveness through competitive and
comparative advantages and impact of policy on input and output may be seen in table 9.
Tabel 9. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency, 2013 (Rp/kg)
Indicator Revenue
Input Profits
Tradable Non Tradable
Wetland
Private 14.691.250 3.161.910 3.372.107 8.157.233
Social 17.203.754 9.699.710 3.838.907 3.665.136
Divergences -2.512.504 -6.537.800 -466.800 4.492.097
Dryland
Private 13.164.255 1.838.600 2.393.937 8.931.718
Social 15.799.311 5.433.907 2.768.189 7.597.216
Divergences -2.635.056 -3.595.306 -374.252 1.334.502
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Based on Table 9 , the value as indicators PAM decisive comparative advantage and competitive farming corn
in Sumbawa , as shown in Table 10 , the following :
Tabel 10. Indicators Policy Analysis Matrix of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency, 2013
Indicator Score average
wet land dry land
private cost ratio 0.29 0.21 0.25
social profit 3,665,136 7,597,216 5631,176
domestic resource ratio 0.51 0.27 0.39
Source: analysis of primary data, 2013
Technical efficiency with competitiveness
Association between technical efficiency and corn farming competitiveness in this research was
analyzed using Kendal’s tau_b and Spearman’s rho correlation analysis. Result of correlation analysis over two
variables was -1.00 indicating strong correlation. Negative sign indicates negative correlation direction because
result of allocative (price) efficiency analysis in corn farming reveal less than one so production factor should be
reduced to obtain economic and allocative efficiency. Result of significance test indicates score of 0.01, which is
less than 0.05. Therefore, significant test in this research shows significant association between efficiency level
and competitiveness of corn farming in research site.
IV. Conclusion
Mean technical efficiency (TE) at dryland and wetland are 0.86% and 0.85%, respectively. Gamma
value parameter in dryland and wetland were 0.697 and 0.552, respectively. The gamma value indicating that
technical efficiency in corn farming is more influenced by factor management capability of farmer, or technical
efficiency achievement related to the farmer managerial problem in managing farming. Mean efficiency of corn
farming in Sumbawa for technical, economical and allocative efficiencies are below 1.00 that means corn
farming in Sumbawa regency by farmer has not been efficient yet.
Corn farming in Sumbawa regency is financially profitable and has competitive advantage when it is
run without intervention from government through policy, particularly aids of production input. Corn farming in
Sumbawa regency is economically profitable and has comparative advantage. It is shown from the PCR value of
0.25 ( PCR < 1 ) and the DRC at 0.39 ( DRC < 1 ).
9. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regency
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081113947 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
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