Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate cost of production, and returns per acre of mango fruit. A
sample of 60 mango farmers was taken purposively from various villages in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar
Sindh Pakistan. The objective was to work out benefit cost ratio and net present worth of growing mango
orchard. The mango growers in study area on average per farm spent a sum of Rs. 38000.00. This included Rs.
6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of unloading respectively in the study area.
The mango grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 203762.00 this
included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00 and Rs.38000.00 on fixed cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs
and marketing costs respectively in the study area. It is clear form the result each mango grower in the study area
obtained per acre233 Mds on an average. On revenue an average per acre earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained
by the grower of mango in the study area. Thus the mango growers on an average per acre earned during study,
Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs. 291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in the study
area. the selected mango growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00 and total expenditure is Rs.
203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from mango growing in the study
area. Mango growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the
study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango growing in the study area.
Growth of Pineapple Cultivation A Spatio Temporal Analysis in Indiaijtsrd
This document analyzes the growth of pineapple cultivation in India from 1995-1996 to 2015-2016. It finds that the area under pineapple cultivation increased 54% from 71,300 to 109,830 hectares over this period. Production increased 79% from 1,071,320 to 1,924,220 metric tons. Productivity, measured as metric tons per hectare, grew 17% from 15 to 17.52 over the study period. The largest producers are Assam, West Bengal, and Kerala. West Bengal produced the most pineapple in 2015-2016 at 330,070 metric tons. The study also found significant variation in productivity between states due to differences in farm management practices.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Economics of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) production and its developmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an economic study of date palm production in the Kech district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Total estimated costs of date palm production were 225,271 Pakistani rupees per hectare, including costs of land, orchard development, operations, and marketing. Marketing costs such as transportation were the highest costs.
- The average yield was 77.29 maunds (1 maund = 37 kg) per hectare. Higher yields came from trees aged 10-20 years. Certain varieties like Washakar fetched higher sale prices.
- Income per hectare was estimated at 286,745 rupees against total costs of 225,271 rupe
The document discusses the agroprocessing industry, which transforms agricultural products. It defines agroprocessing as including industries that process raw materials from agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Agroprocessing includes a wide range of industries from simple preservation to capital-intensive production of complex manufactured goods. The food industry processes perishable goods, while non-food industries require more processing and use agricultural products as inputs. The document also provides statistical evidence that agroprocessing represents a large share of manufacturing in both developed and developing economies.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
Sector analysis on commodity market of fruits in Bangladesh Najneen Rejwana
Bangladesh produces a large variety of tropical and subtropical fruits. Major fruits such as mango, banana, jackfruit, pineapple and papaya are grown on 79% of harvested agricultural land. Total fruit production accounts for over 34 million metric tons annually. However, 30% of fruits are lost post-harvest due to lack of proper management. To enhance production efficiency and revenue, Bangladesh must focus on post-harvest management of fruits. Exports of fresh fruits and vegetables have grown significantly in recent years.
Growth of Pineapple Cultivation A Spatio Temporal Analysis in Indiaijtsrd
This document analyzes the growth of pineapple cultivation in India from 1995-1996 to 2015-2016. It finds that the area under pineapple cultivation increased 54% from 71,300 to 109,830 hectares over this period. Production increased 79% from 1,071,320 to 1,924,220 metric tons. Productivity, measured as metric tons per hectare, grew 17% from 15 to 17.52 over the study period. The largest producers are Assam, West Bengal, and Kerala. West Bengal produced the most pineapple in 2015-2016 at 330,070 metric tons. The study also found significant variation in productivity between states due to differences in farm management practices.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Economics of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) production and its developmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an economic study of date palm production in the Kech district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Total estimated costs of date palm production were 225,271 Pakistani rupees per hectare, including costs of land, orchard development, operations, and marketing. Marketing costs such as transportation were the highest costs.
- The average yield was 77.29 maunds (1 maund = 37 kg) per hectare. Higher yields came from trees aged 10-20 years. Certain varieties like Washakar fetched higher sale prices.
- Income per hectare was estimated at 286,745 rupees against total costs of 225,271 rupe
The document discusses the agroprocessing industry, which transforms agricultural products. It defines agroprocessing as including industries that process raw materials from agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Agroprocessing includes a wide range of industries from simple preservation to capital-intensive production of complex manufactured goods. The food industry processes perishable goods, while non-food industries require more processing and use agricultural products as inputs. The document also provides statistical evidence that agroprocessing represents a large share of manufacturing in both developed and developing economies.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
Sector analysis on commodity market of fruits in Bangladesh Najneen Rejwana
Bangladesh produces a large variety of tropical and subtropical fruits. Major fruits such as mango, banana, jackfruit, pineapple and papaya are grown on 79% of harvested agricultural land. Total fruit production accounts for over 34 million metric tons annually. However, 30% of fruits are lost post-harvest due to lack of proper management. To enhance production efficiency and revenue, Bangladesh must focus on post-harvest management of fruits. Exports of fresh fruits and vegetables have grown significantly in recent years.
This document discusses the apple industry in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It notes that apple production is a major part of the state's economy, providing employment and income. The state is a leading producer of apples in India, with production concentrated in districts like Baramulla, Anantnag, and Pulwama. However, the industry faces challenges like lack of processing and marketing facilities that result in 30% of fruit going to waste each year. Expanding the area under orchards and improving post-harvest management could further boost the economic contributions of the apple industry.
Sector Development and Analysis Thailand Seed Industry: Ken Researchkenresearch12
Thailand Seed Industry Outlook to 2018 - Government Support and Technological Advancement to Escalate Productivity” provides a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects such as market size of the seed industry in Thailand. The market is segmented by rice, maize and vegetable seeds, by hybrid or non hybrid seeds and by domestic and imports revenue in the report. The report also includes the competitive landscape of major seed developing companies in Thailand in both domestic and international market and also provides a detailed presentation on the rice seed and the maize seed industry in Thailand. The future outlook of the Thailand seed industry is comprehensively presented in the report along with the major growth drivers, challenges, porter’s five forces, SWOT analysis and macroeconomic variables.
Source: https://www.kenresearch.com/agriculture-food-beverages/agriculture-industry/thailand-seed-industry-market-research-report/610-104.html
India has the second largest amount of agricultural land in the world and produces a variety of crops. Food grain production reached a record high in 2015-2016. The government has implemented various schemes and policies to support the agricultural sector through increased investment, infrastructure development, and higher minimum support prices. These measures coupled with growing domestic and international demand are expected to further boost Indian agriculture.
The document summarizes changes to seed provision policies in Thailand over the last two decades and their effects on private seed markets. Specifically:
1) While rice seed provision is still dominated by the public sector, the private seed market has grown thanks to strong government support for private sector roles, long-term agricultural research investment, and policies not to compete with private seed trading.
2) The government also actively supports the private sector role in hybrid maize seeds for similar reasons.
3) Key laws and regulations governing seeds aim to promote quality standards while allowing private sector growth, contributing to the thriving of both rice and maize private seed markets.
- The document provides information about Knowledge Partner, an organization that provides services to companies for business expansion across various industries like food and healthcare.
- It discusses the food processing industry in India and Madhya Pradesh, highlighting growth opportunities in segments like fruit juices, tomato ketchup, soybean oil, value added dairy, and ready-to-eat/cook foods.
- Key points about Madhya Pradesh include its large agricultural output and potential for food processing, especially in and around existing and planned food parks located near major production regions.
- India's food processing industry is growing at 12% annually and is expected to exceed INR 16,500 billion by 2020 due to rising incomes, urbanization, and demand for nutritional and convenient foods.
- Madhya Pradesh has huge potential in the food processing sector with abundant agriculture and opportunities across the food value chain. Several government initiatives are attracting more investment to the state.
- PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry is organizing a conference on July 3rd, 2015 in Indore, Madhya Pradesh to promote investment opportunities in the state's food processing sector and facilitate capacity building.
Value chain of Rice Marketing in selected areas of Jamalpur DistrictMd. Shamim Miah
This thesis examines the value chain of rice marketing in selected areas of Jamalpur district in Bangladesh. It analyzes the value added by different actors in the rice value chain, including farmers, paddy traders, rice millers, and rice traders. The study finds that farmers earn on average Tk. 10,053 per hectare from paddy cultivation. Paddy traders and millers add value through activities like drying, storing, milling, and marketing. On average, paddy traders add Tk. 1,176.7 per metric ton, while rice millers add 23% value, of which 9% is from marketing and milling costs. Rice traders provide the final link in the value chain by adding approximately 6.
India has a long history of agriculture dating back 10,000 years. Currently, India is the second largest agricultural producer in the world. In 2007, agriculture accounted for around 16.6% of India's GDP and employed 52% of the workforce. India has diverse agro-climatic zones and a variety of soil types that allow cultivation of crops year-round. Around 10% of the world's fruits are produced in India, where it is the top producer of mangoes, sapota, bananas, tobacco, coconuts, rapeseed, tomatoes, and hen's eggs.
This document provides a report on a study conducted on the soybean herbicide market in Maharashtra, India. The study aimed to understand farmer preferences for pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides. The report details the research methodology, which involved surveys of farmers in 4 districts that produce over 80% of Maharashtra's soybean. Survey findings showed that most farmers were unaware of pre-emergence herbicides and relied on post-emergence herbicides and manual weeding. The report recommends awareness campaigns and demonstrations to educate farmers on the benefits of new pre-emergence herbicides.
The document discusses opportunities in the food processing sector in Western Madhya Pradesh, India. It provides an overview of the agriculture, horticulture, and livestock sectors in Madhya Pradesh and Western Madhya Pradesh. It highlights investment opportunities in food processing facilities, marketing infrastructure, farmer linkages and capacity building, and human resource development. It also discusses the government's proactive policies to support agribusiness and food processing through incentives for infrastructure development, exemptions from fees, and promoting farmer producer organizations.
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry CultivationPremier Publishers
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers.
Influence of Market Arrival on Price Formation of Turmeric in Kandhamal Distr...iosrjce
- Turmeric is a major crop grown in the Kandhamal district of Odisha. The harvesting season runs from January to March.
- The researcher examines the relationship between market arrival (independent variable) and price (dependent variable) of turmeric in Kandhamal district from January 2013 to September 2013.
- Using simple linear regression, the analysis finds a positive relationship between market arrival and price, with market arrival explaining about 62% of the variation in price over the period examined.
This document summarizes Thailand's seed industries for rice and maize. For maize, it describes the history of development, current public-private partnerships, and export/import trends. Maize seed production involves collaboration between public universities, the Department of Agriculture, and private companies ranging from large multinationals to SMEs. For rice, it outlines the major producers of certified seeds, production policies, and competitive market structure, while noting ongoing issues with quality certification. Overall, the seed industries in Thailand have benefited from strong public-private partnerships but certification systems could be improved.
This document provides information on setting up a hand-picked and selected groundnut processing unit in Gujarat, India. Key points:
- The unit will process, package, and export groundnuts and groundnut products like roasted/salted groundnuts and edible oil.
- Groundnuts are classified by size into different counts (kernels per ounce). The unit will sort and grade groundnuts into sizes like 55-60 count.
- The initial investment required is approximately Rs. 46.41 lakhs, which will be financed through a combination of promoter's contribution and bank loan.
- Over five years, the unit is expected to increase production from 60% to 100% capacity utilization and
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
KBL is an Indian company that manufactures diesel engines, generators, and agricultural water pumps. It has a 2% market share in India's Rs. 7,000 crore water pump market. Most of KBL's pumps are used for irrigation by small farmers. To increase sales, KBL focuses on states with many small farmers like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. It also engages in initiatives to educate farmers on water conservation and promote its products. However, KBL remains a small player compared to market leaders and needs to strengthen its distribution network and brand awareness.
Scope, issues of agri inputs marketing and promotion mechanism in nepalSuresh Simkhada
This document discusses strategies for agricultural input marketing in Nepal. It outlines direct selling opportunities from increasing commercialization and government policies promoting mechanization and agribusiness. It also mentions working with various NGOs, cooperatives, farmer groups, and on government projects. Some challenges are unstable demand, high costs, product quality issues, and unhealthy competition. The document recommends institutional and product promotions through events and media. It also suggests various sales promotion strategies like online platforms, incentives, sampling, financing, and after-sales support.
Nagpur, India is known as the "Orange City" as it is the largest producer and cultivator of oranges in the country, contributing 48% of India's total orange production. Maharashtra is the leading state for orange production in India, with Nagpur having the highest concentration of orange cultivation at 87,400 hectares. However, Nagpur lacks fruit processing facilities, and orange growers often receive unremunerative prices by selling to middlemen rather than exporting directly. Establishing a more direct export channel from farmers to exporters could help orange growers in Nagpur receive better prices.
This document provides an overview of farm inputs and management in India. It discusses key agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. For seeds, it summarizes India's seed industry size, key players, seed replacement rates, export and import policies. For fertilizers, it outlines consumption trends, production, the role of subsidies, and challenges around nutrient use efficiency. For pesticides, it briefly discusses India's pesticide industry and market distribution by product categories. The document aims to educate about the various agricultural inputs and management practices important for Indian agriculture.
This report analyzes cattle farming and beef certification systems in Xieng Khouang Province, Laos. It finds that the province's current cattle production system differs significantly from international grass-fed beef certification standards. Specifically, Xieng Khouang cattle are raised with minimal healthcare and slaughtering practices that would not meet food safety standards for export markets. The report recommends strategies for Xieng Khouang farmers to improve cattle breeding and grazing, adopt organic practices, and develop slaughtering and marketing systems needed to achieve grass-fed or organic beef certification. This would allow access to higher-price international markets and provide more income for farmers. The report provides cost estimates for certification fees to assist farmers in evaluating options.
South Sudan's Jonglei State's Agricultural and Food Security Strategy Present...L. Bill Emerson
South Sudan's Largest State Jonglei's Strategic Plan by L. Bill Emerson -- For Elected Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), Delivery to Jonglei Council of Ministers (CoM), Approval by Jonglei Congressional Representatives & Signature of Governor of Jonglei State, H.E Lt. Gen. Eng. Kuol Manyang Juuk. Then forwarded to Republic of South Sudan in Juba where National Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry will use in their 5 year national strategic plan.
This document discusses the apple industry in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It notes that apple production is a major part of the state's economy, providing employment and income. The state is a leading producer of apples in India, with production concentrated in districts like Baramulla, Anantnag, and Pulwama. However, the industry faces challenges like lack of processing and marketing facilities that result in 30% of fruit going to waste each year. Expanding the area under orchards and improving post-harvest management could further boost the economic contributions of the apple industry.
Sector Development and Analysis Thailand Seed Industry: Ken Researchkenresearch12
Thailand Seed Industry Outlook to 2018 - Government Support and Technological Advancement to Escalate Productivity” provides a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects such as market size of the seed industry in Thailand. The market is segmented by rice, maize and vegetable seeds, by hybrid or non hybrid seeds and by domestic and imports revenue in the report. The report also includes the competitive landscape of major seed developing companies in Thailand in both domestic and international market and also provides a detailed presentation on the rice seed and the maize seed industry in Thailand. The future outlook of the Thailand seed industry is comprehensively presented in the report along with the major growth drivers, challenges, porter’s five forces, SWOT analysis and macroeconomic variables.
Source: https://www.kenresearch.com/agriculture-food-beverages/agriculture-industry/thailand-seed-industry-market-research-report/610-104.html
India has the second largest amount of agricultural land in the world and produces a variety of crops. Food grain production reached a record high in 2015-2016. The government has implemented various schemes and policies to support the agricultural sector through increased investment, infrastructure development, and higher minimum support prices. These measures coupled with growing domestic and international demand are expected to further boost Indian agriculture.
The document summarizes changes to seed provision policies in Thailand over the last two decades and their effects on private seed markets. Specifically:
1) While rice seed provision is still dominated by the public sector, the private seed market has grown thanks to strong government support for private sector roles, long-term agricultural research investment, and policies not to compete with private seed trading.
2) The government also actively supports the private sector role in hybrid maize seeds for similar reasons.
3) Key laws and regulations governing seeds aim to promote quality standards while allowing private sector growth, contributing to the thriving of both rice and maize private seed markets.
- The document provides information about Knowledge Partner, an organization that provides services to companies for business expansion across various industries like food and healthcare.
- It discusses the food processing industry in India and Madhya Pradesh, highlighting growth opportunities in segments like fruit juices, tomato ketchup, soybean oil, value added dairy, and ready-to-eat/cook foods.
- Key points about Madhya Pradesh include its large agricultural output and potential for food processing, especially in and around existing and planned food parks located near major production regions.
- India's food processing industry is growing at 12% annually and is expected to exceed INR 16,500 billion by 2020 due to rising incomes, urbanization, and demand for nutritional and convenient foods.
- Madhya Pradesh has huge potential in the food processing sector with abundant agriculture and opportunities across the food value chain. Several government initiatives are attracting more investment to the state.
- PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry is organizing a conference on July 3rd, 2015 in Indore, Madhya Pradesh to promote investment opportunities in the state's food processing sector and facilitate capacity building.
Value chain of Rice Marketing in selected areas of Jamalpur DistrictMd. Shamim Miah
This thesis examines the value chain of rice marketing in selected areas of Jamalpur district in Bangladesh. It analyzes the value added by different actors in the rice value chain, including farmers, paddy traders, rice millers, and rice traders. The study finds that farmers earn on average Tk. 10,053 per hectare from paddy cultivation. Paddy traders and millers add value through activities like drying, storing, milling, and marketing. On average, paddy traders add Tk. 1,176.7 per metric ton, while rice millers add 23% value, of which 9% is from marketing and milling costs. Rice traders provide the final link in the value chain by adding approximately 6.
India has a long history of agriculture dating back 10,000 years. Currently, India is the second largest agricultural producer in the world. In 2007, agriculture accounted for around 16.6% of India's GDP and employed 52% of the workforce. India has diverse agro-climatic zones and a variety of soil types that allow cultivation of crops year-round. Around 10% of the world's fruits are produced in India, where it is the top producer of mangoes, sapota, bananas, tobacco, coconuts, rapeseed, tomatoes, and hen's eggs.
This document provides a report on a study conducted on the soybean herbicide market in Maharashtra, India. The study aimed to understand farmer preferences for pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides. The report details the research methodology, which involved surveys of farmers in 4 districts that produce over 80% of Maharashtra's soybean. Survey findings showed that most farmers were unaware of pre-emergence herbicides and relied on post-emergence herbicides and manual weeding. The report recommends awareness campaigns and demonstrations to educate farmers on the benefits of new pre-emergence herbicides.
The document discusses opportunities in the food processing sector in Western Madhya Pradesh, India. It provides an overview of the agriculture, horticulture, and livestock sectors in Madhya Pradesh and Western Madhya Pradesh. It highlights investment opportunities in food processing facilities, marketing infrastructure, farmer linkages and capacity building, and human resource development. It also discusses the government's proactive policies to support agribusiness and food processing through incentives for infrastructure development, exemptions from fees, and promoting farmer producer organizations.
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry CultivationPremier Publishers
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers.
Influence of Market Arrival on Price Formation of Turmeric in Kandhamal Distr...iosrjce
- Turmeric is a major crop grown in the Kandhamal district of Odisha. The harvesting season runs from January to March.
- The researcher examines the relationship between market arrival (independent variable) and price (dependent variable) of turmeric in Kandhamal district from January 2013 to September 2013.
- Using simple linear regression, the analysis finds a positive relationship between market arrival and price, with market arrival explaining about 62% of the variation in price over the period examined.
This document summarizes Thailand's seed industries for rice and maize. For maize, it describes the history of development, current public-private partnerships, and export/import trends. Maize seed production involves collaboration between public universities, the Department of Agriculture, and private companies ranging from large multinationals to SMEs. For rice, it outlines the major producers of certified seeds, production policies, and competitive market structure, while noting ongoing issues with quality certification. Overall, the seed industries in Thailand have benefited from strong public-private partnerships but certification systems could be improved.
This document provides information on setting up a hand-picked and selected groundnut processing unit in Gujarat, India. Key points:
- The unit will process, package, and export groundnuts and groundnut products like roasted/salted groundnuts and edible oil.
- Groundnuts are classified by size into different counts (kernels per ounce). The unit will sort and grade groundnuts into sizes like 55-60 count.
- The initial investment required is approximately Rs. 46.41 lakhs, which will be financed through a combination of promoter's contribution and bank loan.
- Over five years, the unit is expected to increase production from 60% to 100% capacity utilization and
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
KBL is an Indian company that manufactures diesel engines, generators, and agricultural water pumps. It has a 2% market share in India's Rs. 7,000 crore water pump market. Most of KBL's pumps are used for irrigation by small farmers. To increase sales, KBL focuses on states with many small farmers like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. It also engages in initiatives to educate farmers on water conservation and promote its products. However, KBL remains a small player compared to market leaders and needs to strengthen its distribution network and brand awareness.
Scope, issues of agri inputs marketing and promotion mechanism in nepalSuresh Simkhada
This document discusses strategies for agricultural input marketing in Nepal. It outlines direct selling opportunities from increasing commercialization and government policies promoting mechanization and agribusiness. It also mentions working with various NGOs, cooperatives, farmer groups, and on government projects. Some challenges are unstable demand, high costs, product quality issues, and unhealthy competition. The document recommends institutional and product promotions through events and media. It also suggests various sales promotion strategies like online platforms, incentives, sampling, financing, and after-sales support.
Nagpur, India is known as the "Orange City" as it is the largest producer and cultivator of oranges in the country, contributing 48% of India's total orange production. Maharashtra is the leading state for orange production in India, with Nagpur having the highest concentration of orange cultivation at 87,400 hectares. However, Nagpur lacks fruit processing facilities, and orange growers often receive unremunerative prices by selling to middlemen rather than exporting directly. Establishing a more direct export channel from farmers to exporters could help orange growers in Nagpur receive better prices.
This document provides an overview of farm inputs and management in India. It discusses key agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. For seeds, it summarizes India's seed industry size, key players, seed replacement rates, export and import policies. For fertilizers, it outlines consumption trends, production, the role of subsidies, and challenges around nutrient use efficiency. For pesticides, it briefly discusses India's pesticide industry and market distribution by product categories. The document aims to educate about the various agricultural inputs and management practices important for Indian agriculture.
This report analyzes cattle farming and beef certification systems in Xieng Khouang Province, Laos. It finds that the province's current cattle production system differs significantly from international grass-fed beef certification standards. Specifically, Xieng Khouang cattle are raised with minimal healthcare and slaughtering practices that would not meet food safety standards for export markets. The report recommends strategies for Xieng Khouang farmers to improve cattle breeding and grazing, adopt organic practices, and develop slaughtering and marketing systems needed to achieve grass-fed or organic beef certification. This would allow access to higher-price international markets and provide more income for farmers. The report provides cost estimates for certification fees to assist farmers in evaluating options.
South Sudan's Jonglei State's Agricultural and Food Security Strategy Present...L. Bill Emerson
South Sudan's Largest State Jonglei's Strategic Plan by L. Bill Emerson -- For Elected Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), Delivery to Jonglei Council of Ministers (CoM), Approval by Jonglei Congressional Representatives & Signature of Governor of Jonglei State, H.E Lt. Gen. Eng. Kuol Manyang Juuk. Then forwarded to Republic of South Sudan in Juba where National Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry will use in their 5 year national strategic plan.
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
This document provides an introduction to research for managers. It defines research as the process of thoroughly studying and analyzing a problem to find solutions. Good managerial decision making involves properly identifying issues, relevant factors, necessary information gathering, drawing appropriate conclusions, and implementing results. The document outlines types of business research including applied research to solve current problems and basic research to generate general knowledge. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of using internal versus external researchers/consultants. Finally, it stresses the importance of ethics in business research for all parties involved.
This document outlines the typical structure and sections of a thesis or dissertation. It discusses the key parts including preliminaries, text/body, and references. The body typically contains five major sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusions. Each section is then described in more detail, outlining what they should contain such as the problem statement, objectives, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and more. Sample paragraphs and examples are provided for many of the sections.
introduction to business management in horticulture in PakistanSabyn Alam
The document discusses business management in horticulture in Pakistan. It notes that horticulture is an important sector for Pakistan's economy and livelihoods. Business management in horticulture involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling activities related to the production and marketing of horticultural crops like fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. This includes making decisions around production, quality control, pricing, marketing, and complying with regulations to maximize profits in a sustainable manner. Effective business practices can help increase yields, enhance quality, expand markets, and boost profitability for horticultural enterprises in Pakistan.
Article 2 A STUDY ON PERCEPTION OF ORGANIC FARMERS TOWARDS ORGANIC FARMING IN...Dr UMA K
UMA. K (2018) “A STUDY ON PERCEPTION OF ORGANIC FARMERS TOWARDS ORGANIC FARMING IN MANDYA DISTRICT”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162), JETIR1806403, Volume 5, Issue 6, Page No 113-124.
“Economic Analysis of Onion Production in Sujanagar and Santhia Areas of Pabn...inventionjournals
The study investigated the productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency of onion production in Sujanagar and Santhia areas of Pabna district, Bangladesh. The multi-stage sampling technique was employed for collecting primary data from a sample of 100 onion farmers elected randomly from four villages in the study area. Findings indicated that the socio-economic characteristics played important role in producing onion where most of the farmers were male, middle aged (41-60), more or less experienced and illiterate and Cobb-Douglas production function was applied for estimating the onion production function which implied the elasticity of output with respect to seed, cultivation, fertilizer, insecticide labor and irrigation that were positive values of 0.136, 0.244, 0.211, 0.130, 0.159 and 0.200 respectively and also significant. The yields, costs of production and net benefit of onion production were 1535.6 kg, Tk. 26329.63 and Tk. 26883.48 per bigha respectively which proved that the onion production was profitable over the study area. But the onion producers faced some major problems such as the lack of appropriate storage facility and technical knowledge, lack of efficient human labor and its higher price, unavailability of high yielding seed and higher input cost in the study area.
This document summarizes horticulture production statistics for Madhya Pradesh, India. It finds that Madhya Pradesh ranks first in India for production of several crops including oranges, citrus fruits, pulses, and garlic. It ranks second for production of guavas, onions, and green peas. Madhya Pradesh also ranks third for production of chili peppers and mustard. The document provides detailed production and cluster data for four key crops in Madhya Pradesh - oranges, mangoes, guavas, and opportunities for investing in processing and exporting these crops.
PRINCIPLES OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION updatedMohit Jindal
The document discusses the scope and trends in the Indian food industry. It notes that India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally but only a small percentage is processed. There is huge potential for growth in the food processing sector given losses during storage and transport. The food industry is growing at 20% annually and could reach $258 billion by 2015. However, most production is consumed fresh and only a small amount is processed despite having over 4,000 processing plants. The government is taking steps to encourage exports but India still has a very small share of the global processed food market. Overall, there are major opportunities to expand food processing and reduce post-harvest losses.
Principles of processing and preservationMohit Jindal
Principles of processing and preservation
Status of Indian food industry with emphasis on State of Haryana. Definition of food food technology, food science, food preservation and food engineering basic considerations. Importance of food processing and preservation. Classification of foods on the basis of shelf life, pH, origin; Different types of food spoilage viz. microbiological, bio-chemical, chemical, physical and their effects on food quality. Principles of food preservation.
Preservation by sugar and salt
Principles of Salt and sugar preservation, Intermediate Moisture Food (IMF) like jam, jelly and marmalade. Techniques of pickling.
Preservation by Low Temperature
Low temperature required for different foods refrigeration refrigeration load, refrigeration systems; slow and fast freezing, freezing process; types of freezer advantages and disadvantages of freezing; storage and thawing of frozen food.
Preservation by High Temperature
Pasteurization, Sterilization, Canning: their Definition, Method, advantages and disadvantages.
Moisture Removal
Evaporation, concentration, drying and dehydration, types of dryers, advantages and disadvantages, selection of dryers.
Food Additives including Chemical Preservatives-
Classification, functions and uses in foods
8. Preservation of foods by Radiation Irradiation of foods, Radiation doses for spices, onions, potatoes and meat. Concept of microwave heating effect on food quality
This document provides information on India's agricultural sector, with a focus on crops with export potential. It discusses:
- Agriculture's importance to India's economy and employment.
- India's diverse climate and soil types allow for varied crop production.
- Mango is India's most important fruit, with India the world's largest mango producer. However, India lags in agricultural productivity and export competitiveness compared to other countries.
- The study profiles 16 crops including various fruits, vegetables, spices and commercial crops to understand their export potential based on production, demand, and market requirements. It aims to build industry capacity and establish an online database to promote Indian agricultural exports.
This document summarizes a research study comparing the production and marketing practices of vegetables in the Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of Uttarakhand, India. The study examined the existing vegetable supply chains, marketing costs, efficiency and margins across different channels. It found that the most common supply chain involved producers selling to village agents or wholesalers and then retailers before reaching consumers. This channel was used by over 50% of producers in both districts. The study also analyzed factors affecting production and marketing and problems faced by farmers and middlemen. It determined that the most efficient supply chain was producers selling directly to consumers, as it had the lowest costs and highest return for producers.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Tomato v/sConventional Tomato Product...sanaullah noonari
The present study was conducted in district Tando Allahyar Sindh to assess the economic analysis of tomato
production and changes in socio-economic status of the farmers. Thus the tomato farmers in study area incurred
that on an average per Farm spent a sum total fixed cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Hybrid tomato and total fixed
cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Conventional tomato. Total fixed cost includes Land Rent, Land tax, and water
charges and total variable costs for Hybrid tomato were (64420.00 Rs/Acre) while in conventional tomato the
total variable costs ware (61620.00 Rs/Acre). On an average higher yield was obtained in hybrid tomato 94.00
Mds /acre from Hybrid tomato while 76.00 Mds /acre average obtained by conventional tomato. As for prices
concerned, the Hybrid and Conventional tomato growers received Rs. 1520.00/ Mds and Rs. 1480.00/ Mds
respectively. Total revenue of tomato production was calculated and found that hybrid tomato growers received
Rs. 142880.00/acre, while conventional tomato growers Rs. 112480.00 /acre. The tomato growers in selected
study area who cultivates Hybrid tomato obtained higher gross revenue (Rs.142880.00Per/acre), whereas gross
margin of conventional tomato growers who seem to be lower (Rs. 112480.00Per/acre). The Net Return of
tomato production was calculated and found that Hybrid tomato growers received higher Net Return which was
(57560.00 Rs/acre), where as Net Return of Conventional tomato grower who seem to be lower (29960.00
Rs/acre). Therefore they availed in hybrid farms input output ratio of 1:1.67, cost benefit ratio of 1:0.67while
1:1.36 input output ratio and 1:0.36 from conventional tomato farmers in the study area.
Keywords: Tomato, hybrid, conventional, net return, cost benefit ratio, Tando Allahyar.
This document discusses a study comparing the economic analysis of hybrid tomato production versus conventional tomato production in Tando Allahyar, Sindh, Pakistan. Key findings include:
1) Hybrid tomato farmers averaged higher yields (94 Mds/acre) than conventional farmers (76 Mds/acre).
2) Hybrid tomato farmers received a higher gross revenue (Rs. 142880/acre) and net return (Rs. 57560/acre) compared to conventional farmers (Rs. 112480/acre and Rs. 29960/acre respectively).
3) Input-output ratios and cost-benefit ratios were also higher for hybrid tomato farmers (1:1.67 and 1:0.
1. The document summarizes value chain analyses conducted for kokum and fisheries in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra under the Umed rural livelihoods program.
2. For kokum, opportunities exist to commercialize underutilized parts of the fruit and develop new products. However, challenges include lack of labor during harvest season and lack of technology in harvesting and processing.
3. Fisheries is a major industry in Ratnagiri but overfishing and pollution have reduced catches while sustainability is a concern. High capital costs mean middlemen have significant control over fishermen's catches.
This study investigated the fresh produce marketing chain and post-harvest losses of bananas in Tangail District, Bangladesh. It identified three marketing channels from producers to consumers. The highest post-harvest losses occurred at the retailer level (16.36%), followed by the middleman (5.17%) and producer (3.33%) levels. Overall, post-harvest losses along the supply chain were estimated to be 21.67% of total banana production. The main causes of losses were mechanical and physical damage during farming and wholesale, and over-ripening at retail. Improving post-harvest handling practices could help reduce losses and benefit participants in the banana marketing chain.
This document summarizes a study on the value chain analysis of coconut production and marketing in the state of Orissa, India. The study examined the various market channels through which coconut moves from farmers to consumers. It found that marketing channels are well established, moving from farmers to vendors to aggregators and finally to retailers and consumers. While the channels provide adequate capacity to handle supply and demand, little value addition is done at each stage. The study suggests promoting coconut-based industries through collaboration between state and central agencies to improve farmer incomes and increase value addition from the crop in Orissa.
KRI Brown Bag Seminar #2 - Malaysia : Current Scenario and Way Forward for th...KhazanahResearchInstitute
On 18 May 2017, guest speaker Dr. Mohd Desa Hassim, CEO of International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet), presented at the second KRI Brown Bag Seminar on a topic titled “Malaysia: Current Scenario and Way Forward for the Fruit Industry”.
Dr. Mohd Desa started the session by discussing the importance of tropical fruit industry and current scenario in Malaysia, followed by the industry’s position in the global fruit trade. He then addressed the issues and challenges faced by the industry and wrapped up the discourse with suggestions on how to improve the industry moving forward.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
net house cultivation of vegetables in Punjab An Economic Analysisramanraman
This document provides an introduction and background on vegetable production in India. It discusses how vegetables are important for nutrition and soil health. Though India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally, per capita consumption is below recommended levels. The document then discusses how the Green Revolution led to a shift in Punjab towards wheat and rice production, creating problems of soil degradation, pests, and groundwater depletion. It argues that vegetable production could provide a more sustainable alternative. The remainder of the document outlines the objectives and organization of the study.
An Economic Study of Production and Marketing of Wheat Crop in Block Amnour D...ijtsrd
India is agriculture based country. Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian economy. In India agriculture sector account for about 15 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product 2020 2021. Ujjawal Kumar | Dr. Shiv Mangal Yadav | Dr. Om Prakash Maurya "An Economic Study of Production and Marketing of Wheat Crop in Block Amnour District Saran (Chhapra), Bihar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59784.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59784/an-economic-study-of-production-and-marketing-of-wheat-crop-in-block-amnour-district-saran-chhapra-bihar/ujjawal-kumar
The study was carried out in Nagaon district of Assam to identify the key problems farmers face in adopting recommended practices for cultivating greengram. The survey found that the top three problems were the lack of availability of quality seeds, insufficient irrigation facilities, and lack of knowledge about scientific cultivation methods. Other significant issues included high rates of pests and diseases, post-harvest storage challenges, fluctuating market prices, and flood damage to crops. The study concludes that making quality seeds and irrigation more accessible to farmers, along with improving extension services to educate farmers on scientific techniques, could help address the major constraints limiting greengram production.
Economic Implications of Tomato Production in Naushahrosanaullah noonari
This document summarizes a study on the economic implications of tomato production in Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh Pakistan. Key findings include:
- Tomato farmers incurred average fixed costs of Rs. 33,187 per hectare and labor costs of Rs. 19,780.75 per hectare.
- Average marketing costs were Rs. 30,457.65 per acre. Total production costs averaged Rs. 87,617.13 per acre.
- Average physical productivity was 186 mounds per acre. Average revenue was Rs. 158,750 per acre. Net income averaged Rs. 71,133 per acre.
- The input-output ratio was 1:1.81,
Price Spread, Marketing Channel of Banana in Southern Tamil Naduijtsrd
India is the largest producer of banana in the world. In India Banana ranks second next to Mango in area and production, occupying an area of about 83 lakh hectares with an annual production of 46.26 lakh tons. The important banana growing states are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, West Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat. However, the present production of banana in the country is highly inadequate. It is estimated that, the present annual per capita consumption of banana in India is 50 kg per head which is very low compared with other progressive banana growing countries such as Jamaica, Congo, Equator, Kenya and Uganda. Thus there is an immense scope of increasing banana production in the country. Banana is cultivated in an area of over 8037 hectares in Tuticorin District. This district is one of the major cultivators of banana in the state next to Trichy district. Srivaikuntam and Tiruchendur Taluks are the major cultivators of banana in the district. A major portion of this crop is marketed to other districts / neighbouring state, Kerala. The present study is to assessing the marketing channel of banana, two taluks namely Srivaikundam and Alwarthirunagari were selected for the study. We have interviewed 30 farmers [15 farmers of each block] and 20 intermediaries. There were three marketing channel through which banana was marketed in the study area. Banana is harvested and marketed throughout the year in the region. The banana producers can sell their produce either through pre harvest contract or commission agents and wholesaler. The retailers buy the banana from the above intermediaries. Dr Rajendran T | S.T.Pradeepkumar | M.Suruthi"Price Spread, Marketing Channel of Banana in Southern Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2284.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/market-economy/2284/price-spread-marketing-channel-of-banana-in-southern-tamil-nadu/dr-rajendran-t
Similar to Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production underContract Farming in Taluka Tando Adam District Sanghar Sindh, (20)
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis of Integrated Pestsanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a major source of foreign earnings.
However cotton crop is facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One way to
reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the use integrated pest management (IPM)
practices. Keeping in view the importance of this technique, the present study analyzed the
adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk involved in the adoption process. To estimate the
cotton yield, two types of production functions (one for adopter and other for non-adopters) were
estimated using the regression analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further in
risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed that cost of urea bags, cost of nitrophosphate
bags, cost of herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level.
Keywords: cotton, IPM, herbicide, evaluation, risk, coefficient, hyderabad
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in C...sanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a
major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One
way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the
use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in
view the importance of this technique, the present study
analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk
involved in the adoption process. To estimate the cotton yield,
two types of production functions (one for adopter and other
for non-adopters) were estimated using the regression
analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further
in risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed
that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of
herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level. For
non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed
expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results
of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of temperature, seed
expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to
0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and 0.894 respectively and
significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of
nitro-phosphate bags, herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035,
0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production in Quetta Districtsanaullah noonari
The poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. This
sector generates direct and indirect employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture
and livestock is 6.4 percent and 11.5 percent, respectively. Pakistan has been producing 10,000 million table eggs and
1,196 metric tons of chicken meat annually. Thus the egg poultry (layers) farmers in district Quetta, Baluchistan are
incurred total expenditures of Rs.526950.00 per farm, respectively. However, the selected egg poultry farmers paid
equipments of expenditures of Rs.73450.00 per farm, expenditures rearing Rs.151500.00. The labour cost paid by the
selected egg poultry farmers was Rs.100000.00 per farm. As far as marketing expenses are concerned the selected
egg poultry farmers incurred Rs.162000.00 per farm. Thus the selected tomato growers in district Quetta, Baluchistan
incurred a total average cost of production of Rs.526950.00 per farm. It was also observed that the selected egg
poultry farmers in the Quetta, Baluchistan area earned a total physical productivity of per 1000 bird farm (18 dozen
eggs/bird for 900 birds, 900 spent hens weighing 1.5 kg each) and earned a gross income of Rs.1430200.00 per farm.
It was further estimated that the selected egg poultry farmers after incurring all expenditure and sale of produce earned
net income of Rs.71133.00 per farm at a benefit cost ratio of 1:0.81. High profit was observed in poultry egg farming
in Quetta.
Women labour participation of agricultural production in sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This study was conducted to investigate the economics analysis of women labour participation in agricultural
production in Mirpurkhas, Sindh during 2013. The results of the study showed that that the women labourers got
maximum employment in agriculture during kharif (67 days) and rabi season (53 days). The women labourers
got 120 days of employment in agriculture in a year. The labourers got maximum number of days of
employment in weeding (64 days) followed by harvesting and post harvest operations (34 days). They received
wages in cash for all operations except harvest and post harvest operations. They worked for 7-8 hours a day.
The women labourers had maximum unemployed days in summer (120 days) as this is the off season for
agriculture in the study area. Their family consumption expenditure, their savings and debt position is presented
the average debit amount was Rs.3100.00 in kharif . It increased in Rabi Rs. 4700.00. The impact of seasonal
woman unemployment in agriculture on the income of the labourers, their family consumption expenditure, their
savings and debt position .That the during kharif season the labourers got on an average Rs. 19700.00 as income.
But during rabi they received only Rs. 18000.00 as income from wage earnings in agriculture .The expenditure
on food item was on an average Rs. 10300.00during kharif . It reduced by 13.94 per cent during rabi 8300.00.
The expenditure on non-food items also decreased from Rs. 7500.00 to Rs. 62000.00. The change was
Rs.1300.The lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during off season compelled the women labourers
to seek alternative employment sources like activities, construction works, tile making etc. The seasonal woman
unemployment in agriculture has caused a severe impact on the income of labourers, family expenditure, their
savings and debt position.
Keywords: Women labour, Agriculture
Women labour participation of agricultural production in sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This study was conducted to investigate the economics analysis of women labour participation in agricultural
production in Mirpurkhas, Sindh during 2013. The results of the study showed that that the women labourers got
maximum employment in agriculture during kharif (67 days) and rabi season (53 days). The women labourers
got 120 days of employment in agriculture in a year. The labourers got maximum number of days of
employment in weeding (64 days) followed by harvesting and post harvest operations (34 days). They received
wages in cash for all operations except harvest and post harvest operations. They worked for 7-8 hours a day.
The women labourers had maximum unemployed days in summer (120 days) as this is the off season for
agriculture in the study area. Their family consumption expenditure, their savings and debt position is presented
the average debit amount was Rs.3100.00 in kharif . It increased in Rabi Rs. 4700.00. The impact of seasonal
woman unemployment in agriculture on the income of the labourers, their family consumption expenditure, their
savings and debt position .That the during kharif season the labourers got on an average Rs. 19700.00 as income.
But during rabi they received only Rs. 18000.00 as income from wage earnings in agriculture .The expenditure
on food item was on an average Rs. 10300.00during kharif . It reduced by 13.94 per cent during rabi 8300.00.
The expenditure on non-food items also decreased from Rs. 7500.00 to Rs. 62000.00. The change was
Rs.1300.The lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during off season compelled the women labourers
to seek alternative employment sources like activities, construction works, tile making etc. The seasonal woman
unemployment in agriculture has caused a severe impact on the income of labourers, family expenditure, their
savings and debt position.
Keywords: Women labour, Agriculture
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
Efficiency analysis of islamic banking in hderabad city sindhsanaullah noonari
Interest (Riba) is stringently prohibited in Islam. It is very difficult task to transform a Riba based economy into
non-interested based economy. This transformation of economy can take place slowly. Development of Islamic
banking industry shows that is growing very rapidly. This study will help to estimate the efficiency of Islamic
banking in Hyderabad by applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Technical, cost and income efficiency
will be calculated through DEA. Tobit model will also be applied to investigate the influence of different factors
on efficiencies of Islamic banks. Average technical efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable)
return to scale was 0.837 (0.929), 0.774 (0.943) and 0.913 (0.967) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Islamic
bank should increase assets and profits which have positive impact on efficiency, while liabilities and no of
branches had negative impact on efficiency. Average cost efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant
(variable) return to scale was 0.623 (0.730), 0.621 (0.854) and 0.879 (0.929) respectively in 2010, 2011 and
2012. Average income efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable) return to scale was
0.365(0.614), 0.387(0.709) and 0.416(0.687) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The efficiency of Islamic
banks is increasing day by day in Hyderabad Sindh.
Keywords: Islamic banking, Riba, Interest, technical efficiency, profits, Hyderabad
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
impact of microcredit on agricultural development in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract- Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) is a non-governmental organization working in
rural areas of Balochistan province since 1983. Its head office is situated in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan,
sub-office is located in Islamabad, and a number of district offices are located in various districts of
Balochistan. It is clear that majority of the respondents 90 percent of the sample were male and 10
percent were females in district Mastung Balochistan. The respondents 86.66 percent had availed the
loan facility only for once and that too for the first time. 11.66 percent had availed this facility twice and
only 11.66 percent of them took loan three times. The respondents 40.00% were 25000, 16.66% were
40000.00, 20.00% were 50000.00, 13.33% were 60000.00 and 10.00% were above 80000.00 rupees
amount loans. 30.00% were get for seed, 23.33% were Pesticide, 26.66% were Fertilizer and 16.66% were
Others purposes.
Keywords: BRSP, impact of microcredit, agricultural development.
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/SConventional Cotton Produ...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to
examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton.
District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary
data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of
specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production
function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton
who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10)
kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in
the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per
acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in
conventional cotton.
Keywords: Cotton, conventional, Bt. Technology, Resource Use Efficiency, Decomposition of Output Change, Sindh
Analysis of Rice Profitability and Marketing Chain: A CaseStudy of District S...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate rice profitability and marketing in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur
Sindh. This study was based on primary data, which was collected from rice farming in study area. Analysis was done by using
statistical technique like means, comparison of means and frequency distribution etc. Results shows rice farmer’s on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.41910.00, this included Rs.15200.00, Rs.2350.00, Rs.2900.00, Rs.7460.00,
Rs.7400.00 and Rs.6600.00 on fixed cost, Land preparation, Seed and sowing, Farm inputs, Harvesting and threshing
marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Rice farmers on average per acre gross return of Rs.80200.00, Rs.70200.00 on
rice grain and Rs.10000.00 on straw in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. The rice farmers on an average per acre earned
during study, Rs.38290.00 on net income, Rs.80200.00 on gross income and Rs.41910.00 on total expenditure in taluka Pano
Akil district Sukkur Sindh. Rice farmers on an average per acre gross income Rs.108400.00 and total expenditure is
Rs.68310.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1: 1.58 from rice
growing in the study area. The selected rice farmers on a net income per acre earned Rs.38290.00and total expenditure
Rs.41910.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore, they availed input output ratio of 1:0.91 from rice
growing in the study area.
Keywords: Rice, Profitability, Marketing Costs, Net Returns, Cost-Benefit Ratio
Impact of Microcredit on Agricultural Development in pakistansanaullah noonari
Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) is a non-governmental organization working in rural areas of
Balochistan province since 1983. Its head office is situated in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan, sub-office is located
in Islamabad, and a number of district offices are located in various districts of Balochistan. It is clear that
majority of the respondents 90 percent of the sample were male and 10 percent were females in district Mastung
Balochistan. The respondents 86.66 percent had availed the loan facility only for once and that too for the first
time. 11.66 percent had availed this facility twice and only 11.66 percent of them took loan three times. The
respondents 40.00% were 25000, 16.66% were 40000.00, 20.00% were 50000.00, 13.33% were 60000.00 and
10.00% were above 80000.00 rupees amount loans. 30.00% were get for seed, 23.33% were Pesticide, 26.66%
were Fertilizer and 16.66% were Others purposes. 93.33% respondents believe that micro-credit is the reason for
increased agriculture production. 6.66% respondents think that micro-credit has no effect on the agricultural
production. 76.66% said that micro-credit plays a positive role in agricultural development. The 81.66%
respondents have improvement in their household living standards due to the microcredit facility and 18.33%
respondents said that micro-credit has no improvement in HH living standard.81.66% of the respondents and
18.33% respondents said that micro-credit has no improvement in food/diet standard.83.33 % of the respondents
and 16.66% respondents said that micro-credit has no change health status. 26.66% respondents said that the
BRSP staff behavior was satisfactory to some extent and 6.66% say not at all.100% received lump sum amount
for agricultural purpose.70.00% respondents were returning the credit amount biannually and 30.00%
respondents were returning the credit amount monthly .61.66% of the respondents repaying of microcredit was
easy and they were repaying the microcredit easily. For 38.33% respondents the repayment of microcredit was
not easy.100.00% respondent’s perception regarding loan amount was that it should be increased for the
betterment of farmers and for more productive results in agricultural development
Net External Liabilities and Economic Growth: A Case Study of pakistansanaullah noonari
This document discusses the relationship between net external liabilities and economic growth in Pakistan from 1973-2012. It finds that net external liabilities, education enrollment, exports, and gross capital formation are positively associated with GDP growth, while the relationship between debt service and growth was insignificant. The document also reviews previous literature on the impact of external debt on economic growth, discusses the variables and data used in the analysis, and presents the results of unit root tests of the time series data.
Abstract
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
Economic Analysis of Henna Cultivation and Marketing in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
The results of present study conducted to determine the majority 75.00 percent henna plant growers were
engaged in farming, 10.00 percent henna plant growers have were engaged in labour and 15.00 percent henna
plant growers have were engaged in the job/ business like having shopkeeper, govt. job and private jobs in the
study area. In this study the 81.66 percent henna plant growers were used canal water and only 38.33 percent
henna plant growers were used tube well water in the study area. An average per/acre area of fixed cost the
Rs.12700.00 on which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for Zaria tax and usher
Rs.700.00 and rent of land Rs. 12000.00. And Rs.7150.00 on an average per/acre area of land development cost
which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for PloughingRs.3450.00, land leveling
Rs.2500.00 and ridge making Rs.1200.00 in study area. The selected henna grower in the study area on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.67194.00. This included Rs.12700.00, Rs.7150.00, Rs.13100.00,
Rs.7700.00 and Rs.26444.00 on fixed cost, land development cost, marketing costs and input costs respectively.
Thus the henna growers in the study area obtained per acre 76 Mds on an average and revenue per acre earned of
Rs.121600.00 that obtained by the grower of henna. The henna growers on an average per acre earned during
study, Rs.54406.00 on net income, Rs.121600.00 on gross income and Rs.67194.00 on total expenditure. Thus
the henna growers in Tharoshah district Naushahero Feroze Sindh area on a gross income Rs.121600.00 and
total expenditure is Rs.67194.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.80 and a net
income per acre earned Rs.54406.00 and total expenditure Rs.67094.00 in the study area therefore they availed
input output ratio of 1:0.80 respectably.
Keywords: Henna, Mehndi, Zaria tax, capital Inputs, expenditure, Naushahero Feroze
Economic Analysis of Apple Orchards Production in Balochistan Pakistansanaullah noonari
Balochistan has the largest area under fruits in Pakistan as nearly one million tons of fruits are annually produced
from 0.23 million hectares and production is 32.6 percent. Mastung district of Balochistan province is the centre
of apple production on Pakistan’s. Mastung has over other apple producing regions is the ability to produce
highly colored apples due to the cool evening temperatures in late summer and the fall combined with good light
diffusion. Farming experience of Apple growers up to 10 years; they had 41.66%, 11-20 years of apple farming
experience had 13.33%, 21-30 years of apple farming experience possessed 25.00% of apple farming. Similarly,
farmers with more than 30 years of apple farming experience had 20.00% of apple farming. An average per acre
apple growers spent for rent of land Rs. 42800.00 in district Mastung Balochistan during the 2013. the Rs.
19351.50 on an average per/acre area of labour input which includes Rs. 1322.00 on Irrigation, Thinning Rs.
1761.33, Weeding Rs. 700.00, Chemicals /Spray trees Rs. 672.96, soaking Rs.613.58, Machine operating costs
Rs. 5600.00, Paint trees Rs. 954.00, Application of FYM, Rs. 689.88, picked fruit/Cutting/ harvesting, Rs.
1897.02 and Miscellaneous Rs. 5140.73 respectively in the study area. that each selected apple grower of
Mastung on an average per acre of apple spent a sum of Rs. 34771.00 that included Rs. 4471.42, Rs. 4133.45,
and Rs. 5250.00 Rs. 8457.65 Rs.3871.42 Rs. 5239.83 Rs. 2114.45 and Rs. 1233.83 on Irrigate: (water) , F.Y.M,
Fertilizer/ Urea, Insecticide/Pesticides, Packing Material, Fuel - Diesel , Spray machine , Machinery repair
respectively. the selected apple grower in Mustang Balochistan area on average per acre spent a total cost of
production of Rs. 120094.84 during 2013 this included Rs. 42800.00, 21690.58, Rs.34771.00 and Rs. 20834.26
on fixed cost, labour costs marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Apple growers in Mastung Balochistan
area on revenue per acre earned of Rs. 268800.00 that obtained by the grower of apple. An average per acre
earned during study, Rs. 148705.00 on net income, Rs. 268800.00 on gross income and Rs. 120094.58 on total
expenditure in the Mastung Balochistan. the selected apple growers on an net income per acre earned Rs.
148705.00 and total expenditure Rs. 120094.58 in Mastung Balochistan area therefore they availed input output
ratio of 1:1.23 from apple growing in the study area.
Keywords: Apple, cost, fruit yield, labor, net returns, and cost-benefit ratio.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
Economic Analysis of Poultry Production in Sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This document presents an economic analysis of poultry production in Tando Allahyar District, Sindh, Pakistan. It finds that the average total fixed cost per farm was Rs. 111,500, and average labor costs were Rs. 168,000 per farm. Marketing costs averaged Rs. 134,000 per farm. The average total cost of production was Rs. 679,756 per farm. Farms averaged annual production of 7,212 live birds and 12,560 eggs, with average annual revenue of Rs. 1,096,500 and net income of Rs. 326,744. The cost-benefit ratio was 1:0.48, meaning farmers obtained Rs. 0.48 in returns for each ru
Impact of Credit on Agricultural Producitivity:A Case Study of Zarai Taraqiat...sanaullah noonari
Agricultural sector is the largest contribution to Pakistan’s GDP. Agricultural credit plays an important role in
enhancing the agricultural productivity in developing countries like Pakistan. The government of Pakistan
introduced several agricultural credit loans through ZTBL and other commercial banks and institutional sources.
This study estimated constrains faced by the farmers in acquisitioned source. This study also estimated the
impact of credit on agricultural productivity. Data were collected randomly from 30 loanee farmers to three
selected ZTBL branches and 30 non loanee farmers in the same villages. It found that the credit has a positive
impact on the agricultural productivity and loanee farmers have more gross margins than non loanee farmers.
Now the problem is to remove the constraints which small farmers are facing in this regard and then improve the
utilization of the credit amount as planned at the time of disbursement in agriculture production process
following findings were found. A major proportion i.e.40.8% of the farmers belonged to young age group (36-45
years). It was found that majority of the respondents had low level of education in the selected area. More than
51.7% of the respondents had 6-10 acres of the land holding. A huge majority 95% of the respondents had
knowledge about the agricultural credit scheme of the ZTBL Bank. More than 56.75 of the loanees’ farmers
avail credit facilities for the first time from the ZTBL bank. A large majority 63.3 of the farmers were not
satisfied with the interest rate charged by the banks. It was found that a large number of farmers mutualized the
credit amount. About 66.7% farmers got agricultural credit facility from bank without facing any problem.
Result indicates that average cultivated area in case of loanee farmers is higher than non-loanee farmers. It was
conclude that the loanee farmers had more cost of production as compare to non loanee farmers. Results of
regression analysis indicate that credit had very normal impact on agricultural productivity as limiting factors is
the proper utilization of loan mount in agricultural sector. The most common utilization of credit amount as
construction, repair and renovation of the houses by the loanee farmers.
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
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Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production underContract Farming in Taluka Tando Adam District Sanghar Sindh,
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
24
Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production under
Contract Farming in Taluka Tando Adam District Sanghar Sindh,
Pakistan
Ms. Irfana NoorMmemon*1
Sanaullah Noonari1
Muhammad Yasir Sidhu 2
Mmuhammad Usman Arain2
Riaz Hhussain Jamali2
Aamir Ali Mirani2
Akbar Khan Khajjak2
Sajid Ali Sial2
Rizwan Jamali2
Abdul Hameed Jamro2
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh
Agriculture University, Tandojam Pakistan
2. Student, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences,Sindh Agriculture
University, Tandojam Pakistan
E-mail: irfananoorm@gmail.com
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate cost of production, and returns per acre of mango fruit. A
sample of 60 mango farmers was taken purposively from various villages in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar
Sindh Pakistan. The objective was to work out benefit cost ratio and net present worth of growing mango
orchard. The mango growers in study area on average per farm spent a sum of Rs. 38000.00. This included Rs.
6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of unloading respectively in the study area.
The mango grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 203762.00 this
included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00 and Rs.38000.00 on fixed cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs
and marketing costs respectively in the study area. It is clear form the result each mango grower in the study area
obtained per acre233 Mds on an average. On revenue an average per acre earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained
by the grower of mango in the study area. Thus the mango growers on an average per acre earned during study,
Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs. 291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in the study
area. the selected mango growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00 and total expenditure is Rs.
203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from mango growing in the study
area. Mango growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the
study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango growing in the study area.
Keywords: Mango, Orchard, Capital Inputs, output ratio, Pakistan
1. Introduction
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the two most delicious and admired tropical fruits in the world along with
pineapple. The mango is “King of Fruits” native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. This fruit is national fruit of
Pakistan, India, and the Philippines countries. Mango is a highly nutritious and healthful fruit containing rich
quantities of pre biotic fiber, vitamins A and C along with smaller quantity of vitamin B, protein, and minerals.
Mango is a tropical fruit and thrives in sandy loam soil with hot and dry weather in well-drained land. Water-
logging or frost are harmful for the mango tree and fruit. Worldwide there are hundreds of varieties of mangoes
with different colors, sizes, shapes, and weights. In general, it has an inedible skin covering juicy pulp
underneath with which stone or seed is attached through fiber. India is the world’s largest producer of mangoes
while Pakistan is the 6th largest producer. In Pakistan, Sindh and the Punjab are the main producers of mangoes.
In Sindh, the main districts where mango is cultivated are Mirpur Khas, Tando Allah Yar, Khairpur, Sanghar,
Naushero Feroz, and Matiari (SBI, 2014).
Mango is the second major fruit in Pakistan, grown on area of 93.42 thousand hectares with production
915.7 thousand tones. The area under mango production has increased but the rise in production is comparatively
slow. The main mango growing districts in the province of Sindh it is mainly grown in Sanghar, Mirpur Khas,
Hyderabad and Thatta. In the Punjab province are Multan, Bahawalpur, Muzzaffar Garh and Rahim yar Khan in the
province of KPK it is grown in Peshawar and Mardan. The climate of Sindh gets warmer and about one month
earlier than the Punjab which has given the province the privilege to grow early varieties of mango. Subsequently, a
new trend of growing late varieties in Punjab has received a wide popularity which has extended the market period
and added to the exportable surplus (GOP, 2014).
Mango season in Pakistan starts with harvest from Sindh province in late May and finishes in Punjab in
late August. Major mango varieties grown in Pakistan are Sindhri and Chounsa whereas other varieties (Dosehri,
Malda, Swarnarika, Langra, Siroli, Alphonso, Gulab Khas, Fajri, Golden, Anwar Ratol and Began Phali) are also
grown in some parts of the Sindh and Punjab provinces. Sindhri is mainly grown in Sindh as against Chounsa
which dominates in Punjab. Chounsa and Sindhri are considered by industry as good varieties in terms of taste
and demanded both in the domestic and international markets (PHDEB, 2005).
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Mango trees are amongst the most cold sensitive fruit plants and grow best in subtropical and tropical
climates. The leaves and twigs of the plant suffer serious damages at temperature below 30 degree Fahrenheit.
Low temperatures cause far more damage to the plant than high temperature. This delicious fruit is nutritionally
superior, source of several vitamins and minerals. Pakistan produces 5.86 percent world's mangoes being the third
largest producer. Its export is progressing resulting into substantial foreign exchange earnings. Mango export
including Middle East has also found its way to the UK and other European markets. It is believed that the demand
would rise to as high as 50 percent given the right impetus and expanding the export to Germany, Japan China and
Hong Kong. Agriculture occupies pivotal position in the economy of Pakistan. Despite structural shift towards
industrialization, agriculture still contributes 21.8 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is a source of
livelihood of about 45 percent of total employed labour force and contributes significantly in the export earnings.
Besides major crops the share of horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables & condiments) stands around 76 percent in the
category of minor crops. Major fruits dominate in the horticultural crops, sharing about 59 percent to the total value
(GOP, 2013).
Marketing plays an important role not only in stimulating production but also in accelerating the pace of
economic development. Efficient marketing system usually ensures higher level of producer’s share, reducing
the number of middlemen and restricting the marketing charges, mal-practices during marketing of farm
products. It is, therefore, essential to explore the efficient marketing channels and to suggest the producers the
channels for obtaining optimum prices of their farm produce. So far, very few mango researches have been done,
especially on marketing aspects of mango in this country (Mahmood, 2005).
Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to analyze the marketing of mango in selected
areas of Sanghar Sindh. Hence, the present study has been conducted with the following specific.
2. Objectives
1. To review the status of mango production in Pakistan.
2. To find out the economics of mango production and marketing in the study area.
3. To suggest policy measures for increasing mango contract farmers.
3. Review of literature
Ghafoor (2007) observed that there were no proper arrangements for generating and handling exportable surplus
of mangoes from Pakistan. Efforts were generally made at individual level with very little utilization of centrally
organized platforms. He remarked that amongst others, poor farm production practices, inappropriate post
harvest management, inefficient marketing practices and lack of infrastructure affected exports of mango from
Pakistan. Short life span of varieties and over dependence on few mango varieties for export purpose determined
limits in export. He argued that extra burden on Karachi terminal market affected efficiency in the export
business. He recommended that new terminal points should be established and vapour heat treatment facilities
made available to exporters at affordable price to increase export of quality product.
Mustafa et al. (2006) explored barriers against export of mango from Pakistan in the context of sanitary
and phytosanitary agreement of World Trade Organization. They collected information from 20 mango
producers, 15 pre-harvest contractors and 40 exporters and identified number of hurdles in the export of mango
from Pakistan. They concluded that mango producers and exporters were not capable enough to comply with
SPS requirements of the global market. Majority of the exporters showed their dissatisfaction about policies of
the government. As such, government was not promoting mango industry. They suggested that existing
concentration and overdependence of mango in few export markets should be avoided by identifying new
markets and introducing value added products and also by complying with emerging international standards like
HACCP and Europe GAP.
Khushk et al. (2004) studied structure, conduct and performance of marketing system, margins and
seasonal price variation of selected fruits and vegetables in Pakistan. Wholesale prices of fruits and vegetables
and regressed base market prices against other market prices in their first difference form were used in the
analysis to check level of integration between the markets. Hyderabad and Multan were taken as base markets in
Sindh and Punjab province respectively. The analysis revealed that fruit and vegetable prices did not move
uniformly across spatially separated markets. Distance between markets was not found as an important constraint
to affect the process of price transmission right from production point to the markets rather higher transportation
cost and risks associated with transportation along with constraints in the availability of price information were
found as the major factors revealing weak integration between these markets. They concluded that there was
weak evidence that price changes in one market were fully and immediately transmitted to another market. They
suggested that government should invest in infrastructural developments to improve access in different markets
by reducing transportation cost.
Khan et al. (2008) studied that production of Mango in Pakistan has increased due to use of improved
farm inputs and better management practices. Despite an increased production and rising demand in the export
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market, the potential of Mango export has, however, not been fully achieved. Pakistan has comparative
advantage in the production of Mango and enormous potential exists for its export in the vast Middle East
market. The study was undertaken to forecast production of Mango for the years 2005 through 2024. The Log
linear and ARIMA models were used to forecast production of Mango. The predicted value of production of
Mango for the year 2024 worked out as 1431010 metric tons, which means that an increased output of Mango
would be available for consumption as well as for export. The paper underlines the need for taking measure to
increase export of Mango by improving its quality, packaging and complying with international standards
required under the WTO regime.
Pirzada (2006) revealed that enormous potential and opportunities existed in the production and trade of
mangoes from Pakistan. He mentioned potential mango varieties which according to him were quite suitable for
export purpose from Pakistan. These varieties included Sindhri, Chounsa, Fajri, Golden and Began Phali and
were in great demand in the Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries. Despite an increase in mango exports,
Pakistan continued to encounter many technical barriers to trade. He suggested that a proactive approach should
be adopted to deal with the situation and an all-out effort made to comply with emerging requirements of the
international market.
Matin et al. (2008) carried out to identify the most efficient and suitable marketing channels of mango
in some selected areas of Bangladesh by using primary data collected randomly from 90 farmers and 55 traders.
Out of 55 traders, 15 were Bairals, 15 were Beparis. 9 Aratdar (local), 6 Aratdar (urban), 10 Retailers (both local
and urban). According to the volume of mango handled and longevity or participation of the intermediaries in
the channel, five major channels were identified as dominant in the study areas. The results showed that channel
V, Farmer-Retailer Consumer, possesses the highest marketing efficiency followed by channel IV, III, and II.
The performance indicators revealed that the channel I and channel II were not relatively efficient in the mango
producing regions. Unstable price of mango was the first rank problem in the study area. Establishment of
mango processing plant in the intensive growing areas may be the remedy of the problem, which will ensure fair
prices for the farmer.
4. Materials and methods
The Sanghar district of Sindh province is also famous for its mango orchards and the especially in Sindhri
mango verity. Simple mango, mango as fruit , sweets made of mango, ice cream,drinks and even mango pickles;
they are available in various varieties in the district. The district Sanghar is situated in the center part of Sindh.
4.1. Data Collection
The primary data were used, which was collected from sample of 60 respondents. The data was collected from
taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar Sindh, Villages and respondents from this area were randomly selected.
4.2. Secondary Data
Secondary data also collected for this study, which was gathered from various agricultural departments used to
determine the overall growth rate of mango fruit production in the country. The Secondary data was also
collected from literature and other publications including reports, research papers etc.
4.3. Final Survey
Final survey was conducted in study area to obtain the required information from respondents.
4.4. Data Editing and Coding
After the data collection, the questionnaires were properly checked to make sure that all the responses had been
recorded accurately. Sequentially all questionnaires were numbered in a serial order.
4.5. Socio economic Characteristics
Socio economic characteristics determine the status of provide. For the purpose of present study following
indicator of socio economic characteristics have been used: such as age, educational level, size of land holding,
annual income and etc.
4.6. Data Analysis
For data analysis statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) were used. Following statistical techniques were
used to analyze and interpret data.
4.7. Descriptive Statistics
To analyze the results of present study the descriptive statistics was used to find out the percentage and
frequencies of different characteristics of mango farmers.
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4.7.1. (A) Average
Average was calculated by using following formula
AM = ∑X / N
Where;
AM = Arithmetic Mean
∑X = Total sum of variables
N = Total number of observations
4.7.1.(B) Percentage
Percentage was calculated by using following formula
P = F / N * 100
Percentages were calculated in the simple table for the purpose of comparison.
Where;
F = Frequency of a class
N = Total number of observations
4.8. Estimation Methods
Data were analyzed by developing equations for estimating fixed costs, variable costs, total cost of production,
total revenue, net revenue Input-Output ratio and benefit cost ratio. A brief description of each term is given as
follows:
4.8.1. Estimation of Land Inputs
The land inputs were measured on the basis of area planted under various crops/fruits at the selected diversified
farm in areas. The main component of land inputs included rent of land, irrigation charges and other taxes.
For estimation of land inputs for mango on the sample farms, the following formula was used.
Lit =(As x Cr) + ( As x Rie) / As.
Where
Lit =Land input per acre of mango
As =Area sown under mango
Cr =Contract rent per acre.
Rie =Rate of irrigation expenditures.
As=Area sown
4.8.2.Estimation of Labour Cost
The extent of labour inputs for various cultural operations involved in mango production was estimated by
applying the following formula:
Lib=(Mn x Hc) + (Mwd xWr) + (Bwd x Hc) / As
Where
Lib=Labour input per acre of mango
Hc =Hiring charges
Mn =Machine work hour
Mwd=Man work day
Wr =Wage rate
As =Area sown.
4.8.3.Estimation of Capital Inputs
The following formula was used to compute per (acre) cost of the capital inputs.
Cipu = (Qs x Pr) + (Qf x Pr) + Qi x Pr) / As.
Where
Cipu = Capital inputs per acre of mango
Qs = Quantity of plant.
Pr = Price per acre of input.
Qf = Quantity of fertilizer.
Qi = Quantity of insecticides / pesticides.
As = Area sown.
4.9. Marketing Cost
The marketing cost was estimated by using the following formula:
Mc = Qm (Rl + Tr + Ru)/ As
Where
Mc = Marketing cost.
Qm = Quantity of produce marketed.
Rl = Rate of loading.
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Tr = Transportation rate.
Ru = Rate of unloading of mango
As = Area sown
4.10.Estimation of Returns
The estimation of returns was developed by using the following formula:
VP = (Qs x Pr) / As
Where
Vp = Value of product.
Qs = Quantity sold.
Pr = Price per acre mango
As= Area
4.11.Total Cost of Production
Total cost of production was estimated by using the following formula:
TC=TFC+TVC
Where TC =Total Costs of Production
4.12.Net Returns
Net returns were estimated by using the following formula:
NR= TI- TC
Where
NR = Net Returns
TI = Total Income
TC= Total Cost
4.13.Terms of the mango contract and Methods
Terms of contract: The conditions that people offer demand or accept when they make an agreement.
4.13.1.Methods: A particular method of working.
Purchase value – junk value
Useful life of the asset (years)
4.14.Problems of the mango contract farmers and the contract firm
Opinions expressed by the farmers and the contract firms regarding the problems of contract farming.
5. Results
This study is based on primary data, which was collected from mango orchard growers in taluka Tando Adam
district Sanghar Sindh Pakistan. The study is described into three subsections:
1. Current Status of mango in Pakistan
2. Socio-economic characteristics
3. Physical productivities and net returns on mango orchard growers
5.1.Current Status of Mango Sub-Sector
The area, production and average yield of mango in Pakistan is given in Table-1. Since 2000-01 to 2012-13, the
area under mango fruit has increased from 97.00 to 206.93 thousand hectares and production has increased from
989.80 to 1784.30 thousand tons. To obtain a potential yield, high yielding varieties and improved production
technology have to be adopted.
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Table 1: Area production and average yield of mango in Pakistan (2000 to 2013)
Year Area(000, ha) Production(000, tones) Yield(tones/ha)
2000-01 97.00 989.80 10.2
2001-02 99.00 1037.20 10.4
2002-03 102.00 1034.60 10.06
2003-04 103.10 1056.00 10.24
2004-05 151.50 1674.00 11.05
2005-06 156.60 1753.90 11.20
2006-07 164.50 1719.20 10.44
2007-08 166.30 1753.70 10.54
2008-09 170.10 1727.90 10.15
2009-10 173.80 1845.60 10.61
2010-11 191.33 1804.44 10.58
2011-12 198.97 1715.02 11.43
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan, (2014).
5.2.Socio-Economic Characteristics
5.2.1.Age
Age is very important demographic factor which influences the efficient allocation of resources’ it shows the
ability to do work, efficiency, willingness to make progress and attitude towards various social and economic
aspects of life.
Table 2: Distributions of age groups of selected growers in the study area
Age group No. of farmers Percentage
Below 30 18 30.00
31-45 22 36.66
Above 45 20 33.34
Total 60 100
Table-2 shows that 33.34 percent of the mango respondent belonged to the age group of above 45 years;
followed by 36.66 percent respondents belonged to the age group of 31-45 years and while 30.00 percent
belonged to the age group of below 30 years in the study area.
5.2.2.Education
Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits. The education
system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels: primary, middle, high, intermediate and university
programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees.
Table 3: Distributions of education level of selected growers in the study area
Education level No. of farmers Percentage
Illiterate 8 13.33
Primary 30 50.00
Matriculation 16 26.66
Graduate 6 10.00
Total 60 100.00
Table-3 shows education level 13.33 percent mango farmers were illiterate, 50.00 percent farmers were
Primary level of education, 26.66 percent of matriculation and while 10.00 percent farmers of the graduate
education level in the study area.
5.2.3.Farming experience
Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw Materials farming are a part of
agriculture. Experience comprises knowledge of or skill of something or some event gained through involvement.
Table 4: Distributions of mango farmers farming experience in the study area
Farming Experience No. of farmers Percentage
Below 10 years 12 20.00
11-20 years 20 33.34
Above 20 years 28 46.66
Total 60 100.00
Table-4 shows that 20.00 percent respondents belonged to the mango farming experience group of
below 10 years and above followed by 33.34 percent respondents belonged to the experience group of 11-20
years, while 46.66 percent respondents belonged to the above 20 years.
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5.2.4.Farm Size
A farm is an area of land. It is the basic production facility in food production. Farms may be owned and
operated by a single individual, family and community.
Table 5: Distributions of mango farmers farm size in the study area
Farm size No. of farmers Percentage
Up to10 acres(small) 15 25.00
11-30 acres(medium) 32 53.34
Above 30 acres(large) 13 21.66
Total 60 100.00
Table-5 shows about the number of small mango farm were 25.00 percent, 53.34 percent and 21.66
percent were medium and large mango farm in the study area.
5.2.5.Farmer Status
The status of the farmers has significant role in mango production. Two Tenures classes i.e. landowner and
lessee/rent were found in mango farming.
Table 6: Distributions of mango farmer status in the study area
Farmer status No. of farmers Percentage
Landowner 22 36.66
Lessee/rent 38 63.34
Total 60 100.00
Table-6 shows that there were 36.66 percent mango farmers who have owner ship and 63.34 percent
were renters who have hired their mango farms on rent
.
5.3.Verities of Mango
The banana varieties are the most vital and important input for fruit production. Quality plant is one of the ways
to increase the productivity.
Table 7: Distributions of mango farmers Verities of mango in the study area
Verities of mango No. of farmers Percentage
Sindhri Mango 32 53.34
Dusehri Mango 7 11.66
Chaunsa Mango 8 13.34
Langra Mango 5 8.33
Saroli Mango 5 8.33
Neelam Mango 2 3.34
Gulab Khas Mango 1 1.66
Total 60 100.00
Table-7 indicates that about 07 mango varieties were cultivated by sample farmers in the study area
during the study. The majority of mango producers were 53.34 percent of Sindhri Mango verity cultivate, while
11.66 percent,13.34 percent,8.33 percent, 8.33 percent,3.34 percent,1.66 percent respondent were cultivate
Dusehri Mango, Chaunsa Mango, Langra Mango, Saroli Mango, Neelam Mango and Gulab Khas Mango verity
in the study area.
5.4.Production Variation
Table 8: Distributions of the mango farmers according to production variation in the study area
Reasons No. of farmers Percentage
Increase
More and long term income 38 63.34
Good yield 18 30.00
Reduce tenants 4 6.66
Total 60 100.00
Decrease
Disease problems 41 68.34
Shortage of irrigation water 14 23.33
Shortage of capitals 5 8.33
Total 60 100.00
Table-8 indicates that higher and long term income was the major reason to increase mango plantings,
so 63.34 percent of mango growers, while 30.00 percent good yield and 6.66 percent fewer requirements of
tenants were also the reason to increase mango production. The mango growers who responded to decrease
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mango acreage perceived the disease problem 68.34 percent, shortage of irrigation water 23.33 percent and
shortage of capitals 8.33 percent.
5.5.Planting Material
The main criteria used by the mango producers in selecting planting material for a new mango orchard. It was
observed the growers were conscious of planting material, because of disease problem. So growers try to avoid
the disease carrier plants for their orchards.
Table 9: Distributions of the mango farmers according to their Planting Material in the study area
Planting Material No. of farmers Percentage
Progressive & Reliable grower 22 36.66
Help of Malhi 05 8.34
Health & looking of suckers and plants 18 30.00
Own plants 15 25.00
Total 60 100.00
Table-9 indicates that a majority 36.66 percent of farmers obtained planting material from progressive
& reliable grower. Where 30.00 percent of mango producers considered good looking and health of plants and
25.00 percent planted the suckers of their own plants. Finally 8.34 percent received help from Malhi, in
identification and selection of best planting material.
5.6.Labour costs
A labour input refers to all outlays incurred to engage labour for production. Labour inputs were employed for
all cultural operations during the period of mango cultivation. These operations are, leveling, sowing and inter-
culturing, application of fertilizer harvesting, weeding and cutting/harvesting.
Table 10: Average per acre labour cost incurred by the mango contractor in the study area
Particulars Number Rate/Unit Amount
Layout (time) 2 300.00 600.00
Suckers (time) 5 300.00 1500.00
FYM( time) 2 300.00 600.00
Urea, DAP and Nitrophas ( time) 7 300.00 2100.00
Irrigation ( time) 25 300.00 7500.00
Harvesting ( time) 26 300.00 7800.00
Ploughing 2 1800.00 3200.00
Clod crushing 1 2200.00 2200.00
Harrowing 1 2114.00 2114.00
Hoeing 1 1233.00 1233.00
Total 28847.00
Table-10 depicted that the Rs.28847.00 on an average per acre mango farmer spent labour cost of
production. This included Rs.600.00 on Layout (time), Rs.1500.00 on Suckers (time), Rs.600.00 on FYM (time),
Rs. 2100.00 on Urea, DAP and Nitrophas (time), Rs. 7500.00 on Irrigation (time) and Rs. 7800.00 on Harvesting
(time). Results showed that Rs. 1800.00 on ploughing, Rs.2200.00 on cold crushing, Rs.2114.00 on harrowing,
and 1233.00 on hoeing respectively in the study area.
5.7.Capital Inputs
Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of physical assets used in production. The assets
included are fixed business equipment, structures, inventories and land.
Table 11: Per acre expenditure incurred on capital inputs in the study area
Particulars Number Rate/Unit Amount
Suckers and plants 1543.00 4.00 7715.00
F.Y.M(Farm Yard Manure) 3 2250.00 6750.00
Urea 7 2900.00 20300.00
DAP (Diammonium phosphate) 3 5300.00 15900.00
SOP (Sulphate of potash) 5 1250.00 6250.00
Total 56915.00
Table-11 shows that each selected and plants grower of study area on an average per acre of plants
spent a sum of Rs.56915.00 that included Rs.7715.00, Rs.6750.00, Rs.20300.00, Rs.15900.00 and Rs.6250.00 on
Suckers, F.Y.M (Farm Yard Manure), Urea, DAP (Diammonium phosphate), SOP (Sulphate of potash) in the
study area.
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5.8.Fixed Cost
Fixed costs are expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced. They tend to be time-
related, such as tax, rents being paid per month/year, and are often referred to as overhead costs. This is in
contrast to variable costs, which are volume-related.
Table 12: Average per acre rate of contract (per year) mango orchard in the study area
Particulars Rate of contract (per year)
Rent/Contract of mango orchard 80000.00
Total 80000.00
Table-12 showed that majority 80 percent of contractor obtained advance payment to mango producer.
On an average per acre mango growers spent for rent of land Rs.80000.00 in the study area.
5.9.Marketing costs
The cost associated with delivering goods or services to customers. The marketing cost may include expenses
associated with transferring title of goods to a customer, storing goods in warehouses pending delivery,
promoting the goods or services.
Table 13: Average per acre marketing cost incurred by the mango producer in the study area
Particulars Number Rate/Unit Amount
Loading 20 300.00 6000.00
Transporting 8 2000 16000.00
Unloading 20 300.00 6000.00
Commission charges -- 6.00% 10000.00
Total Rs. 38000.00
Table-13 the result indicated that each selected mango farmers in study area on average per farm spent a
sum of Rs. 38000.00. This included Rs. 6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of
unloading respectively in the study area.
5.10.Total Cost of Production
TCP defined as sum of fixed cost plus variable costs make the total cost of production.
Table 14: Per acre total cost of mango orchard production in the study area
Particulars Mean
Fixed Cost 80000.00
Labour Cost 28847.00
Capital Inputs 56915.00
Marketing Cost 38000.00
Total 203762.00
Table-14 the results showed in this table that the selected mango grower in the study area on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 203762.00 this included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00
and Rs.38000.00 on fixed cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs and marketing costs respectively in the study area.
5.11.Physical Productivity
The yield when expressed in terms of physical weight is known as physical productivity. It is generally
expressed in terms of unit weight of production obtained. In other words physical productivity of mango farm is
the same as the total yield obtained of other crop by farmers.
Table 15: Per acre physical productivity mango orchard in the study area
Particulars Mean
Mango 233 Mds
Total 233 Mds
Table-15 it is clear form the result each mango grower in the study area obtained per acre233 Mds on an
average.
5.12.Revenue productivity
The value of farm production of gross profit it refers to money income accruing to the farmers from the sale of
their production. It is calculated by multiplying the physical productivity (yield) obtained with the price, it is sold.
Table 16: Per acre revenue productivity mango orchard in the study area
Particulars Mean
Mango fruit 291250.00
Total 291250.00
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Table-16 depicted that each selected mango grower in the study area on revenue an average per acre
earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained by the grower of mango in the study area.
5.13.Net Income
Net income is gross profit remains cash operating expenses and depreciation cost of machinery and equipments
costs could be obtained by subtracting the gross revenue from cash operating expenses. Net income Averages
output or gross income after subtracting all farm expenses.
Table 17: Per acre net income of mango orchard in the study area
Particulars Mean
Gross Income (Rs) A 291250.00
Total Expenditure (Rs) B 203762.00
Net Income (Rs) A-B=C 87488.00
Table-17 the results showed in this table that the mango growers on an average per acre earned during
study, Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs. 291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in
the study area.
5.14.Input – Output ratio
The input-output ratio is calculated by dividing total income with the total cost of production.
Table 18: Per acre input-output ratio of mango orchard in the study area
Area sown Gross Income(Rs.) Total Expenditure(Rs.) Input-output ratio
Acre (A) (B) A/B=C
1 291250.00 203762.00 1:1.42
Table-18 showed that the selected mango growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00
and total expenditure is Rs. 203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from
mango growing in the study area.
5.15Cost Benefit ratio
The cost benefit ratio refers to net returns as compared to the cost of production. It is calculated by dividing net
returns with cost of production.
Table 9: Per acre cost benefit ratio of mango orchard in the study area
Area sown Net income(Rs.) Total Expenditure(Rs.) Input-output ratio
Acre (A) (B) A/B=C
1 87488.00 203762.00 1:0.42
Table-19 showed that the selected mango growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and
total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango
growing in the study area.
6.Discussion
In this study, identified a number of factors that believed would be influential in determining the mango growing
area of in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar Sindh sustainability. The results indicate that proposed model
provides an acceptable fit on the data.
The results of present study conducted to determine the economic implications of mango production in
taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar indicated that the farmers on 33.34 percent of the mango respondent
belonged to the age group of above 45 years; followed by 36.66 percent respondents belonged to the age group
of 31-45 years and while 30.00 percent belonged to the age group of below 30 years in the study area.education
level 13.33 percent mango farmers were illiterate, 50.00 percent farmers were Primary level of education, 26.66
percent of matriculation and while 10.00 percent farmers of the graduate education level in the study area.
Pirzada (2006) revealed that enormous potential and opportunities existed in the production and trade of
mangoes from Pakistan. He mentioned potential mango varieties which according to him were quite suitable for
export purpose from Pakistan. These varieties included Sindhri, Chounsa, Fajri, Golden and Began Phali and
were in great demand in the Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries. Despite an increase in mango exports,
Pakistan continued to encounter many technical barriers to trade. He suggested that a proactive approach should
be adopted to deal with the situation and an all-out effort made to comply with emerging requirements of the
international market.
Thus the mango growers in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar are 20.00 percent respondents
belonged to the mango farming experience group of below 10 years and above followed by 33.34 percent
respondents belonged to the experience group of 11-20 years, while 46.66 percent respondents belonged to the
above 20 years. About the number of small mango farm were 25.00 percent, 53.34 percent and 21.66 percent
11. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
34
were medium and large mango farm in the study area. There were 36.66 percent mango farmers who have owner
ship and 63.34 percent were renters who have hired their mango farms on rent.
The majority of mango growers were 53.34 percent of Sindhri Mango verity cultivate, while 11.66
percent,13.34 percent,8.33 percent, 8.33 percent,3.34 percent,1.66 percent respondent were cultivate Dusehri
Mango, Chaunsa Mango, Langra Mango, Saroli Mango, Neelam Mango and Gulab Khas Mango verity in the
study area. The higher and long term income was the major reason to increase mango plantings, so 63.34 percent
of mango growers, while 30.00 percent good yield and 6.66 percent fewer requirements of tenants were also the
reason to increase mango production. The mango growers who responded to decrease mango acreage perceived
the disease problem 68.34 percent, shortage of irrigation water 23.33 percent and shortage of capitals 8.33
percent in the area.
Khushk et al. (2004) studied structure, conduct and performance of marketing system, margins and
seasonal price variation of selected fruits and vegetables in Pakistan. Wholesale prices of fruits and vegetables
and regressed base market prices against other market prices in their first difference form were used in the
analysis to check level of integration between the markets. Hyderabad and Multan were taken as base markets in
Sindh and Punjab province respectively. The analysis revealed that fruit and vegetable prices did not move
uniformly across spatially separated markets. Distance between markets was not found as an important constraint
to affect the process of price transmission right from production point to the markets rather higher transportation
cost and risks associated with transportation along with constraints in the availability of price information were
found as the major factors revealing weak integration between these markets. They concluded that there was
weak evidence that price changes in one market were fully and immediately transmitted to another market. They
suggested that government should invest in infrastructural developments to improve access in different markets
by reducing transportation cost.
Thus the selected mango growers in district Sanghar incurred of Rs.28847.00 on an average per acre
mango farmer spent labour cost of production. This included Rs.600.00 on Layout (time), Rs.1500.00 on Suckers
(time), Rs.600.00 on FYM (time), Rs. 2100.00 on Urea, DAP and Nitrophas (time), Rs. 7500.00 on Irrigation
(time) and Rs. 7800.00 on Harvesting (time). Results showed that Rs. 1800.00 on ploughing, Rs.2200.00 on cold
crushing, Rs.2114.00 on harrowing, and 1233.00 on hoeing respectively in the study area. And per acre of plants
spent a sum of Rs.56915.00 that included Rs.7715.00, Rs.6750.00, Rs.20300.00, Rs.15900.00 and Rs.6250.00 on
Suckers, F.Y.M (Farm Yard Manure), Urea, DAP (Diammonium phosphate), SOP (Sulphate of potash) in the
study area.The majority 80 percent of contractor obtained advance payment to mango producer. On an average
per acre mango growers spent for rent of land Rs.80000.00 in the study area.
The mango growers in district Sanghar incurred in study area on average per farm spent a sum of Rs.
38000.00. This included Rs. 6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of unloading
respectively in the study area. The mango grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of
production of Rs. 203762.00 this included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00 and Rs.38000.00 on fixed
cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs and marketing costs respectively in the study area. It is clear form the result
each mango grower in the study area obtained per acre233 mounds on an average. On revenue an average per
acre earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained by the grower of mango in the study area.
Mustafa et al. (2006) explored barriers against export of mango from Pakistan in the context of sanitary
and phytosanitary agreement of World Trade Organization. They collected information from 20 mango
producers, 15 pre-harvest contractors and 40 exporters and identified number of hurdles in the export of mango
from Pakistan. They concluded that mango producers and exporters were not capable enough to comply with
SPS requirements of the global market. Majority of the exporters showed their dissatisfaction about policies of
the government. As such, government was not promoting mango industry. They suggested that existing
concentration and overdependence of mango in few export markets should be avoided by identifying new
markets and introducing value added products and also by complying with emerging international standards like
HACCP and Europe GAP.
Thus the mango growers on an average per acre earned during study, Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs.
291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in the study area. the selected mango
growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00 and total expenditure is Rs. 203762.00 in the study
area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from mango growing in the study area. Mango growers on
a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the study area therefore they
availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango growing in the study area.
7. Conclusion and suggestions
The research study on Economic Analysis of mango orchards production in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar
Sindh was concluded for the findings during 2014 there were the most efficient to cultivate the mango. The
agricultural infrastructure is the web of personal, economic, social and legal relationships that support the
production of agricultural commodities. It includes, most visibly, agricultural input suppliers and output
12. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
35
processors. However, it also includes the formal and informal business relationships between individual farms.
Infrastructure provides access to input and output markets, access to agricultural services ranging from
continuing education to consulting, as well as including institutional arrangements, such as the legal and
monetary systems.
In Sanghar district is fertile in agricultural production. Thus, the district can have a potential to produce
more fruits for demand of growing population, there is also need for study the efficient mango fruits production
practices and issues in the production process for policy making.
7.1. Suggestions
Based on the findings of the study the following policy implications were made. The information such as total
holding, area under mango, physical and revenue productivity obtained from mango enterprises were enquired
from the respondents. Data so collected was processed, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the previous
chapters. Investigate the quantitative and qualitative aspect of various inputs as incurred by the producer to
cultivate per unit (acre) of mango in the area. The present study has been carried out the means to increase per
acre yield and consequently the income of farm; therefore the following suggestions are put forwarded as under;
i. Awareness should be created among the farming through media and extension services regarding
scientific farming of Mango.
ii. Growers may be educated about soil status market conditions to get better profit of mango fruit.
iii. Agricultural loans should be provided on soft and simple terms and conditions to small farmers.
iv. The required inputs should be made available for, farmers in required amount and at the right time.
v. The cold storage facility will also positively contribute to enhance mango productivity.
vi. Processing and manufacturing plants should be installed for easy access of the farmers. Where the
farmers could either sell their product at profitable rates or make juices, jams, squashes etc. This could result into
more mango production and better socio-economic conditions of the farmers.
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