Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regencyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regencyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
The slides explain why pulses production in India stagnant over the years and how we can overcome the supply side bottlenecks to meet the growing demand by 2020 and 2015.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
Third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
This is third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) project, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and jointly implemented by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in close collaboration with partners in the national agricultural research systems (NARS) of target countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. TL III aims to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in drought-prone areas of the two regions through enhanced productivity and production of grain legumes.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Impact of Covid-19 on Indian AgricultureAnwesha Dey
Agriculture has proven to be the only bright spot for Indian economy during both first and second wave of Covid-19. Under various sub-headings the effect of covid-19 on agriculture has been studied.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 1: P K Joshi, International Food Policy Re...NCDEX Ltd.
Global status of maize production
Status of global maize trade
Dynamics of maize production in India
Favorable environment for maize
Challenges to the maize sector
Solutions to address the challenges
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
The slides explain why pulses production in India stagnant over the years and how we can overcome the supply side bottlenecks to meet the growing demand by 2020 and 2015.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
Third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
This is third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) project, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and jointly implemented by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in close collaboration with partners in the national agricultural research systems (NARS) of target countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. TL III aims to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in drought-prone areas of the two regions through enhanced productivity and production of grain legumes.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
Impact of Covid-19 on Indian AgricultureAnwesha Dey
Agriculture has proven to be the only bright spot for Indian economy during both first and second wave of Covid-19. Under various sub-headings the effect of covid-19 on agriculture has been studied.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 1: P K Joshi, International Food Policy Re...NCDEX Ltd.
Global status of maize production
Status of global maize trade
Dynamics of maize production in India
Favorable environment for maize
Challenges to the maize sector
Solutions to address the challenges
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
The authors investigated the allocative and technical efficiencies of resources used in cocoyam production among small scale farmers in Central Agricultural Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to: determine the allocative efficiency of resources used in cocoyam production in the area and determine also the technical efficiency of resources used in cocoyam production in the area. Primary data were used to conduct the study. Statistical tools employed were allocative efficiency index (AEI) and stochastic frontier production function (SFPF). Results of the allocative efficiency index showed that farm size (x1), fertilizer (x3) and herbicide (x5) were all found to be grossly underutilized since their allocative efficiency index were greater than one (1) and their marginal value product (MVP) were greater than their marginal factor cost (MFC). However, Labour (x2) alone was over-utilized. The following were recommended cocoyam farmers are advised to improve on their use of farm resources like land, fertilizer, herbicide and seeds as they were found to be under-utilized and labour should be controlled in such a way that it can be used in other farm enterprises.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
India holds the second largest agricultural land (179.9 million hectares) in the world. India is the largest producer of pulses, milk, tea, cashew and jute; and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Total food grains production in India reached an all-time high of 259.32 million tonnes (MT) in FY12. Rice and wheat production in the country stood at 105.3 MT and 94.9 MT respectively.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of agriculture and allied sectors in India reached US$ 151.8 billion in FY12. India is among the 10 leading exporters of agricultural products in the world; the country accounted for 2.07 per cent of global agricultural trade in 2012. Total agricultural exports from India registered 24.1 per cent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach US$ 39 billion during FY07-12.
Domestic demand for agricultural and allied products has not only been rising due to rising population, but also as a result of greater consumption by a wealthier population. Indian agriculture has also benefitted from rising external demand and the sector’s wider participation in the global economy.
The Government of India has launched National Food Security Mission (NFSM) to increase production of rice, wheat and pulses. It has also implemented schemes like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) which incentivises states to increase private investment in agriculture and allied sectors
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Allocative Efficiency of Resource use on Beekeeping in Chitwan District of NepalIJEAB
Agriculture is facing with increasing pollinators decline all over the world affecting the functioning of regulatory and production service of pollination in adverse manner. Study on ways to conserve pollinating agents like bee is crucial in modern intensive agriculture. In this context a study was conducted to estimate the productivity and resource use efficiency of bee keeping in Chitwan district of Nepal. The study used data collected from randomly selected 48 bee keepers using face to face interview technique in the year 2014. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, benefit cost analysis and multiple regression analysis using Cob-Douglas form were employed to achieve study objectives. It was found that farmers were rearing honey bee on an average of about 34 hives per farm with annual productivity of bee products equivalent to 36 Kg honey per hive. Gross margin of beekeeping in the research area was found to be NRs. 3111.55 per hive with undiscounted benefit cost ratio of 1.71. Human labour use, expenditure on sugar, drugs and comb foundation and; migration cost were significantly contributing to the productivity of beekeeping and were required to increase their use by 39%, 34% and 74%, respectively to achieve optimum profit. It was suggested to increase the level of all variable inputs through loan, subsidy and insurance to promote beekeeping enterprise in the study area for ensuring optimum profit to farmers and conservation of the most important agent of pollination.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
The study examines the determinant of Beniseed (Sesamum Indicum L.) Production among Beniseed Farmers in Mubi Region of Adamawa State, Nigeria a multi stage sampling technique was used to select 100 beniseed farmers in the study area. The study used a stochastic frontier production model to estimate the efficiency of the farmers; the empirical result revealed that farm size, seed and herbicide were positive and statistically significant at 1% level and family labour was also was also positive and statistically significant at 5% level in the study. The estimated gamma (ϒ) parameter of 0.799 in the study area indicated the 79% of the total variation in beniseed output is due to the technical inefficiencies in the study. The mean technical efficiency (ϰ) was 0.81 in the region, while Return to Scale (RTS) was 0.94 in the study. It was concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between farm size, quality of seed used, herbicide used, family labour and beniseed output in the study.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
Assessment of the Profitability Window of Broiler Chickens Farming in Bobo-Di...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The purpose of this study, was to determine the optimal size for broiler farming and the optimal hen's raising time to achieve technically and economically profitable farming .The study was conducted in the suburban area of Bobo-Dioulasso where three groups of six broiler farms were identified: the 1st group was made of farms that had 200 to 400 heads, the 2nd group had between 400 to 600 heads, and the 3rd group had more than 1000 heads.. In each group, three farms had completed the hen raising within 35 days and the other three within 42 days. We found that among the chicken coops, 17% respected the building orientation standards and most had low roofs (< 2.5 m) with a short extended eave (< 1 m) and a low dwarf wall (< 20 cm). Almost all of the producers (94.4%) used concomitantly a feed formula and a vaccination schedule. In terms of conduct, crawl space, lighting, preheating and heating were effective on all farms. In fact, 72.2% used coal-fired heaters, 16.7% radiant heater and 11.1% heating bulbs. Upon installation of the chicks (day 1), 76.5% of producers were administering veterinary products. In terms of good density of feeding and watering material, 61% were met at start-up, 43% at growth and 29% at finish. For those who observed the recommended density standards, 88.89% were encountered at start-up, 44% at growth and 5.2% at finish. The highest mortalities and average live weights (AVL) were found on large farms and 42 days raising while the highest Feed conversion ratios (FCR) were recorded in farms with 35 days of driving. The highest chicken production costs were seen in smaller flocks (1831±233) and the larger the flock size at finish, the better the profit (822 ± 151). In conclusion, the category of flock size that allowed the highest benefit for farmers in the suburban area of Bobo-Dioulasso is the group had more than 1000 heads and therefore should be recommended for extension purpose.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Similar to Efficiency Improvement of Small Sorghum Farms in India and Nigeria (20)
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
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Efficiency Improvement of Small Sorghum Farms in India and Nigeria
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 13
Efficiency Improvement of Small Sorghum Farms in India and
Nigeria
Jimjel. Zalkuwi1
, Rakesh Singh2
, Madhusudan Bhattarai3
, O.P Singh4
, Arpita Gangwar5
1,2,4,5
Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005
3
ICRISAT India
I. INTRODUCTION
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America,
Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn.
Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking,
crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to
beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum
production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources
increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due
to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source. Its starch consists of 70 to
enzymatic digestion.On cooking, the gelatinized starch of sorghum tends to return from the soluble, dispersed and amorphous
state to insoluble 80% amyl pectin, a branched-chain polymer of glucose, and 20 to 30% amylase, a straight-chain polymer.
Sorghum is the rich in protein, magnesium, copper and iron as compared to wheat, corn and rice (table below).
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SORGHUM AS COMPARED TO WHEAT, CORN AND RICE
Sorghum is a good source of B-complex vitamins. Some varieties of sorghum contain β-carotene which can be converted to
vitamin A by the human body; given the photosensitive nature of carotenes and variability due to environmental factors,
scientists claim sorghum is likely to be of little importance as a dietary source of vitamin A precursor. Some fat-soluble
vitamins, namely D, E and K, have also been found in sorghum grain in detectable, but insufficient, quantities. Sorghum as it
is generally consumed is not a source of vitamin C.
Sorghum has a high yield potential and the highest recorded yield for the crop is 20.1 tons per hectare. However, yields in
Africa and India remains very low due to many factor related to low technology. The United States harvested approximately
9.7 million acres of sorghum in 2014 and production is concentrated in the central and southern plains of five states - Kansas,
Texas, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Missouri (listed in ranking order) - representing approximately 89 percent of total
production. As a continent, Africa is the largest producer of sorghum with approximately 21.6 million metric tons (850.6
million bushels) produced annually. The leading producers around the world during the fiscal year 2014 include the United
States (10.25 million metric ton), Nigeria (6.30 million metric tons), Mexico (7.0 million metric tons) and India (5.00
million metric tons).
Sorghum is one of the most drought tolerant cereal crops currently under cultivation. It offers farmers the ability to reduce
costs on irrigation and other on-farm expenses. Having better nutritional value, the sorghum has taken an important place in
the consumption basket of high income group people. Minimum Support Price as well as market price is also higher than the
Nutrient Sorghum 100 g Wheat 100g Corn 100g Rice 100g
Energy 339.0 342 365 360
Protein 11.3 11.31 9.42 6.61
Total Fat 3.3 1.71 4.74 0.58
Calcium 28 32 7 9
Magnesium 190 93 127 35
Copper 1.08 0.363 0.314 0.110
Iron 4.4 4.56 2.71 0.81
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 14
other cereals like wheat, maize and paddy. Sorghum in India is a grown by small farms in rainfed regions. Despite the
significant growth in sorghum production, there is huge inefficiency in the production system of sorghum production. An
improvement in the efficiency of production system will have direct positive impact on agricultural growth, nutritional
security and rural livelihood in a country like India and Nigeria, where sorghum is one of the major crops.
The productivity growth may be achieved through either technological progress or efficiency improvement (Coelli, 1995).
Several studies indicated that the existing low levels of efficiency hinder efforts to achieve progress in production (Beleteet
al., 1991; Seyoumet al., 1997). This study was conducted to examine the technical, allocative and economic efficiency of
sorghum farms in India and Nigeria.
II. METHODOLOGY
In India the second highest sorghum producing state Karnataka was purposively selected. The state has six Divisions with 28
Districts; two highest sorghum producing districtsviz.Tumkur and Bijapur were selected purposively. Two villages from
Tumkur and two villages from Bijapur(viz. Harati, Belladamadugu, Markabinahalli and Kappenimbergi were purposively
selected on the basis maximum Sorghum production.Where by 240 sorghum farmers were extracted from a penal data for the
study. Adamawa State on the basis of highest production level was selected purposively in Nigeria. The state has twenty-one
Local Government Areas which are categorized into four agricultural zones; South West, Central, North West and North East
Zone. Twenty percent Local Government Area have been ( i.e four LGA) have been purposively selected from each zone,
comprise Viz, Mubi south; Ganye, Guyuk and Girei. The data pertained to year 2013 cropping season, primary data from
farmers were collected from Adamawa, Nigeria which also pertained to 2013 cropping season. Secondary data were collected
from publications and ministry of Agriculture, India. while Primary data was collected directly from 240 sorghum farmers
from Nigeria. Thus the total sample size was 480.
III. ANALYTICAL TOOL
Technical efficiency (TE) is the ratio of actual output to the potential output on the deterministic frontier production function
and it was calculated as per Timmer’s measure.
TEi= or lnTEi = lnYi- lnYi* ………………. (4)
TEi =Technical efficiency of ith farm
Yi= Actual gross return in Rs. Per hectare of ith farm
Yi*=potential output (maximum output of ith farm at present input use
ln = natural logarithms
Yi* is estimated by substituting ith
farmers level resources into the estimated deterministic frontier production function. Kopp
(1981) suggested an alternative approach within the Farrell framework. Here the measure of technical efficiency compared
the actual level (Xi) of input used to the level (Xi*) at which it should be used, by farm 'i', to obtain the same output Y, but at
the efficient level. This level of input (Xi*) to realize the same output Y is calculated as follows.
If, 1n Y = b0* + b1 lnX1 + b2 lnX2 + ……..+ e
Let R1 = , R2 = …… Rn-1 =
Then,
lnX2 = .…………..(5)
1nX1*, 1nX3*………. 1nXn* is calculated in a similar fashion.
X1*, X2*, X3*, X4* …Xn* indicate the frontier values of the corresponding input use. Then, the technical efficiency of the
ith
farm would be:
TEi= , = ,… = ------------------(6)
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 15
Using Kopp measure of technical efficiency the frontier usage of input was worked out and compared with the actual usage
of inputs to know the savings in input use had the sorghum farm operated at higher efficiency level.
Allocative efficiency measures the degree of correctness in the adoption of factor proportions to current input prices. A
producer is allocatively efficient if production occurs in a sub set of the economic boundary of the production possibilities set
that satisfies the producer's behavioral objective.
The Allocative Efficiency (AE) in the use of variable inputs is worked as the ratio of,
AEij=MGRj/ OGRij
Where,
MGRj= Maximum possible gross revenue of the jth
farmers’
OGRij= Gross revenue at the optimum level of the ith
input with all input remaining at the same level of the activity by jth
farmers’
Farm specific optimum input level (Xij) equated by marginal value product of an input with its price.
Xij*= [Pi/bo*]-1/ [1-bi]
Pi= per unit price of input (i)
bo = bi
In order to determine optimal use of a resource, keeping the use of other resources constant, MVP and opportunity cost
(factor cost) of that resources were compared. The marginal product (MP) was estimated from the parameters of Cobb-
Douglas production function and the geometric mean levels of the output and input. The MVP of each resource was
calculated. The formula used to compute MVP is:
MVP (Xi) = bi . . Py……………4)
Where,
bi = Elasticity of production of ith
input
= Geometric mean of output
i = Geometric mean of ith input
Py = Price of the product
The criterion for determining optimality of resource use was,
MVP/MFC > 1 underutilization of resource
MVP/MFC = 1 optimal use of resource
MVP/MFC < 1 excess use of resources
COST FUNCTION
LnCy=β0+β1LnP1+β2LnP2+β3LnP3+β5LnP5+β5LnP5+β6LnP6+β7LnP7+Vi-Ui (9)
Where:
Ln=Logarithm to base e
Cy=Total production cost (₦/ha) of the ith
farmer
P1=Cost of land
P2=Cost of hired labour (in man days)
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 16
P3=Cost of family labour (in man days)
P5= Cost of seed in kg
P5=Cost of fertilizer in kg
P6=Cost of herbicide in litres
V and U as previously defined above
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Economic Efficiency is combination of both technical and allocative Efficiencies. Technical and allocative efficiencies are
mutually exclusive and simultaneous achievement of both efficiencies provided sufficient condition to ensure economic
efficiency.
TEj= Actual output/Potential output
AEj= Optimum output/Actual output
EEj =TEj x AEEj
Where;
TEj = farm specific technical efficiency of jth
farmer
AEEj = allocative efficiency of all input on jth
farm
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is revealed from table 1 that farm size is the most important factor of production having an elasticity of 0.5901 and 0.2152
for India and Nigeria respectively, indicating `that the output in sorghum production is inelastic to changes in the level of
cultivated land area. A 1% increase in hectares of land used in production ceteris paribus, would increase the total output of
sorghum by almost 0.6% and 0.2% for India and Nigeria respectively
TABLE 1
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATES OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE STOCHASTIC FRONTIER PRODUCTION
FUNCTION
Variable
Production factors
India Nigeria
Parameter Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio
Constant β0 5.4426*** 14.7894
2.8465*** 9.7321
Farm size (X1) β1 0.5901*** 4.9384 0.2152*** 3.3895
Labour (X2) β2 0.2773** 2.1424 0.1952** 2.1981
Seed (X3) β3 0.1726*** 3.1038 0.2061** 2.3258
Fertilizer (X4) β4 0.1489 0.9850 -0.0091 -0.5849
Chemicals (X5) β5 0.0467 0.8680 0.0490 1.4212
Diagnostic statistics
Sigma squared (ɗ2
) 0.1836*** 7.1208 0.6688*** 5.2574
Gamma (ϓ) 0.4382*** 3.6641 0.4530*** 0.1368
*** Estimates are significant at1% level, ** Estimates are significant at 5% level.
*Estimates are significant at 10% level
This suggests that land is a significant factor associated with changes in sorghum output. This is in harmony with the study of
Maurice et al., (2005) ,Zalkuwi (2014) and Daniel et al.,(2013).Subsequently labour and seeds were also important factor in
the sorghum production in both India and Nigeria , so from the results, it was revealed that farm size, labour and seed are
important factor in sorghum production in both areas while fertilizer and chemicals are not significant factor in the sorghum
production . This same pattern in the factors significant and insignificant may be as because of the two countries are
developing countries and might be operating at the same level of production .So if you want to increase the viability of
sorghum production in the study areas there is need to increase the farm land , labour and quantity of seed in the production
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 17
TABLE 2
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY RATING OF THE SORGHUM FARMERS
Efficiency
India Nigeria
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
<0.40 13 16.25 2 0.8
0.40 – 0.49 4 5.0 12 5.0
0.50 – 0.59 6 7.50 24 10.0
0.60 – 0.69 15 18.75 22 9.2
0.70 – 0.79 14 17.50 64 26.7
0.80 – 0.89 22 27.50 78 32.5
0.90 – 1.00 6 7.50 38 15.8
Total 80 100 240 100
Minimum
efficiency
0.1076 0.353
Maximum
efficiency
0.9375 0.964
Mean efficiency 0.6312 0.775
Source: Computed from Stochastic Frontier Result
The distribution of technical efficiency of the farmers in table 2 reveals that about 21.25% had technical efficiency of less
than 50 percent, while about 26.25% had technical efficiency of 50-69 percent. 52.50% of the respondents had technical
efficiency of 70% and above in India. the distribution of technical efficiency of the farmers in Nigeria reveals that about 6%
had technical efficiency of less than 50 percent, while about 19% had technical efficiency of 50-69 percent, 75% of the
respondents had technical efficiency of 70% and above The magnitude of the mean technical efficiency of the farmers is a
reflection of the fact that most of the sampled farmers carry out sorghum production under technical conditions, involving the
use of inefficient tools, local seed varieties and so on
TABLE. 3
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATE OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE STOCHASTIC COST FUNCTION
VariableCosts Parameter Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio
Constant β0 6.0650*** 6.1501 4.5348*** 25.0180
Cost of land (P1) β1 0.3884** 2.3783 0.1554*** 4.3465
Cost of labour (P2) β2 0.6254*** 3.2387 0.0092 0.8391
Cost of seed (P3) β3 0.3299 1.0650 0.1105*** 2.6001
Cost of fertilizer (P4) β4 0.3474*** 3.3047 0.2780** 2.522
Cost of chemical (P5) β5 0.0233 0.3901 0.0269 1.6628
Diagnostic statistics
Sigma squared (ɗ2
) 0.4491*** 0.4637 0.7123*** 6.4063
Gamma (ϓ) 0.3672*** 0.3148 0.8314*** 3.842
Source: Calculated from collected data
*** Significant at 1% **Significant at 5%*Significant at 10%
The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the stochastic cost frontier model used in estimating allocative
efficiency is presented in Table 3. Three parameters out of five estimates have the expected sign and are statistically
significant ,ie cost of land (P1), cost of labour (P2), cost of fertilizer (P4) while cost of seed (P3) and cost of chemical (P5) are
not statistically significant, meaning that these factors( cost of land, labour and fertilizer are important determinants of total
cost associated with sorghum production in the study area. The cost elasticities with respect to this three input variables used
in the production analysis are positive, implying that an increase in the cost of land, cost of labour, cost of fertilizer increases
total production cost. That is, 1% increase in the cost of land will increase total production cost by approximately 0.388%,
1% increase in the cost of labour will increase total production cost by 0.63%, 1% increase in the and cost of fertilizer will
increase total production cost by 0.35%.While in Nigeria Three parameters out of five estimates have the expected sign and
are statistically significant, ie cost of land (P1), cost of labour (P2), cost of fertilizer (P4) while cost of seed (P3) and cost of
chemical (P5) are not statistically significant, meaning that these factors (cost of land, labour and fertilizer are important
determinants of total cost associated with sorghum production in the study area. The elasticities with respect to these three
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 18
inputs used in the production are positive, implying that an increase in the cost of land, cost of labour, cost of fertilizer
increases total production cost. That is, 1% increase in the cost of land will increase total production cost by approximately
0.1554%, 1% increase in the cost of seed will increase total production cost by 0.1105%, 1% increase in the and cost of
fertilizer will increase total production cost by 0.2780%.
The estimated gamma parameters (γ) and the Sigma squared (σ2
) were statistically significant at 1% level indicating
correctness of fit of the model as assumed for the composite error term.
TABLE 5
ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY RATING OF THE SORGHUM FARMERS
The distribution of farmers’ allocative efficiency indices derived from the analysis of the stochastic cost function is presented
in Table 4. The allocative efficiency of the sampled farmers ranged from 0.2080 to 0.8664. The mean allocative efficiency is
estimated to be 0.6128, meaning that an average farmer in the study area has the scope for increasing allocative efficiency by
39% in the short-run under the existing technology. This would enable the average farmer equate the marginal value product
(MVP) of the inputs to the total production while for Nigeria the distribution of farmers’ allocative efficiency indices derived
from the analysis of the stochastic cost function is presented in Table 5. The allocative efficiency of the sampled farmers
ranged from 0.1156 to 0.8709. The mean allocative efficiency is estimated to be 0.5802, meaning that an average farmer in
the study area has the scope for increasing allocative efficiency by 42% in the short-run under the existing technology. This
would enable the average farmer equate the marginal value product (MVP) of the inputs to the total production
TABLE 6
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY RATING OF THE SORGHUM FARMERS
Efficiency India Nigeria
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
<0.40 17 21.25 24 10.0
0.40 – 0.49 4 5.00 50 20.8
0.50 – 0.59 15 18.75 52 21.7
0.60 – 0.69 12 15.00 54 22.5
0.70 – 0.79 19 23.75 50 20.8
0.80 – 0.89 13 16.25 10 4.2
0.90 – 1.00 0 0 0 0
Total 80 100 240 100
Minimum efficiency 0.2080 0.1156
Maximum efficiency 0.8664 0.8709
Mean efficiency 0.6128 0.5802
India Nigeria
Efficiency Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
<0.40 37 46.25 98 40.8
0.40 – 0.49 14 17.50 46 19.2
0.50 – 0.59 16 20.00 38 15.8
0.60 – 0.69 9 11.25 34 14.2
0.70 – 0.79 2 2.5 18 7.5
0.80 – 0.89 1 1.25 6 2.5
0.90 – 1.00 0 0 0 0
Total 80 100 240 100
Minimum efficiency 0.0761 0.0912
Maximum efficiency 0.8021 0.8356
Mean efficiency 0.4008 0.4515
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) [Vol-1, Issue-5, September- 2015]
Page | 19
It is evident from table 6that economic efficiency of sorghum farmers ranged from 0.08 – 0.80. More than 46% respondents
had economic efficiency of 40% and below, while about around 18% had economic efficiency of 41-50%, 20.50% of the
respondents had economic efficiency of 51- 59%, 13.75% had economic efficiency of 51-80%, while only 1.25% had
economic efficiency above 80%. The mean economic efficiency is 0.40, indicating that sorghum farmers are fairly
economically efficient in the use of production resources while The distribution of the farm efficiency for sorghum
production in Nigeria shows that only (41 %) of them operated below 40 % of their maximum efficiency and 59 % operated
above 40%. The mean efficiency is 45%
V. CONCLUSION
Sorghum is one of the most drought tolerant crop grown in rainfed regions by small farmers. Having better nutritional value,
the sorghum has taken an important place in the consumption basket of high income group people. Minimum Support Price
as well as market price is also higher than the other cereals like wheat, maize and paddy. Despite the significant growth in
sorghum production, there is huge inefficiency in the production system of sorghum production. The analysis of economic
efficiency indicated there exists a scope of increase by 60 percent in India and 55 percent in Nigeria.Therefore it is suggested
that in the climatic change scenario sorghum farmers in rainfed regions should be well trained to exploit the full potential of
resources so that their income can be enhanced by more than 60 percent.theefficiency of production system will have direct
positive impact on agricultural growth, nutritional security and rural livelihood in a country like India and Nigeria, where
sorghum is one of the major crops.
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