Nipon Poapongsakorn, Thailand Development Research Institute
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Laos, and Cambodia. While smaller in size than Italy and Germany, Vietnam has over 90 million people and 64 provinces. The capital is Hanoi, located in the north with over 5 million residents. Hanoi has historically been the cultural center of Vietnam as home to many dynasties. Key attractions in Vietnam include Ha Long Bay and Phu Quoc Island. The climate varies regionally from four seasons in the north to a rainy and dry season in the south. The culture is a blend of Eastern and Western influences, exemplified by traditions like Tet New Year celebrations and iconic foods such as pho.
USAID developed a plan to improve Laos' infrastructure by building roads, improving airports, and constructing a railway system. The $25 billion project would create jobs and boost trade over 15 years. Improving transportation could increase development, economic opportunities, and access to healthcare in one of Asia's poorest countries. Regular evaluations will assess the project's success in transforming Laos.
Information about Vietnam. The dos and the dont's, business etiquette, general information about the country. The document was created for the project Info4migrants. Project number UK/13/LLP-LdV/TOI-615
Economic, Political and Legal Environment of JapanSazedul Ekab
Japan has the third largest economy in the world. It suffered a recession in 2008-2009 due to a drop in global demand for exports. The government has implemented economic reforms known as "Abenomics" focused on monetary easing, fiscal stimulus, and structural reforms to boost growth. However, Japan still faces challenges such as a large public debt, dependence on energy imports, and low inflation. Key economic indicators for Japan include a GDP of $4.6 trillion in 2014, foreign exchange reserves of over $1.2 trillion, and a trade deficit in September 2015.
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
Vietnam is a Southeast Asian country with a rich culture influenced by China and France as well as diverse landscapes including Ha Long Bay and beaches. The capital Hanoi and other cities like Hoi An offer historic sites and architecture, while Vietnamese cuisine features dishes recognized in the Asian Record Organization. Motorbikes are a major form of transportation and the Vietnamese people celebrate holidays like Tet with family, food, and lucky money for children and elders.
The document provides an overview of Vietnamese culture and customs, covering topics such as geography, ethnic groups, history, institutions, thought and religion, art, architecture, cuisine, family structures, festivals, performing arts, and more. It discusses how Vietnamese culture has been influenced by Chinese rule and French colonization and how traditions have both blended with outside influences and been affected by recent wars and socialist policies. The summary focuses on providing a high-level view of the key topics and time periods covered in the lengthy document.
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Laos, and Cambodia. While smaller in size than Italy and Germany, Vietnam has over 90 million people and 64 provinces. The capital is Hanoi, located in the north with over 5 million residents. Hanoi has historically been the cultural center of Vietnam as home to many dynasties. Key attractions in Vietnam include Ha Long Bay and Phu Quoc Island. The climate varies regionally from four seasons in the north to a rainy and dry season in the south. The culture is a blend of Eastern and Western influences, exemplified by traditions like Tet New Year celebrations and iconic foods such as pho.
USAID developed a plan to improve Laos' infrastructure by building roads, improving airports, and constructing a railway system. The $25 billion project would create jobs and boost trade over 15 years. Improving transportation could increase development, economic opportunities, and access to healthcare in one of Asia's poorest countries. Regular evaluations will assess the project's success in transforming Laos.
Information about Vietnam. The dos and the dont's, business etiquette, general information about the country. The document was created for the project Info4migrants. Project number UK/13/LLP-LdV/TOI-615
Economic, Political and Legal Environment of JapanSazedul Ekab
Japan has the third largest economy in the world. It suffered a recession in 2008-2009 due to a drop in global demand for exports. The government has implemented economic reforms known as "Abenomics" focused on monetary easing, fiscal stimulus, and structural reforms to boost growth. However, Japan still faces challenges such as a large public debt, dependence on energy imports, and low inflation. Key economic indicators for Japan include a GDP of $4.6 trillion in 2014, foreign exchange reserves of over $1.2 trillion, and a trade deficit in September 2015.
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
Vietnam is a Southeast Asian country with a rich culture influenced by China and France as well as diverse landscapes including Ha Long Bay and beaches. The capital Hanoi and other cities like Hoi An offer historic sites and architecture, while Vietnamese cuisine features dishes recognized in the Asian Record Organization. Motorbikes are a major form of transportation and the Vietnamese people celebrate holidays like Tet with family, food, and lucky money for children and elders.
The document provides an overview of Vietnamese culture and customs, covering topics such as geography, ethnic groups, history, institutions, thought and religion, art, architecture, cuisine, family structures, festivals, performing arts, and more. It discusses how Vietnamese culture has been influenced by Chinese rule and French colonization and how traditions have both blended with outside influences and been affected by recent wars and socialist policies. The summary focuses on providing a high-level view of the key topics and time periods covered in the lengthy document.
Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, slightly larger than Utah, with a population of around 6.8 million people. The capital and largest city is Vientiane. Laos has experienced a complex political history including periods of rule under the French and involvement in the Vietnam War. It is now a communist state led by a president and central committee, with Buddhism as the dominant religion. The economy relies on agriculture and exports of commodities like gold, copper, and coffee.
China has made significant progress in reducing rural poverty through sustained economic growth, pro-poor development policies, and targeted poverty reduction programs. Key factors in China's success include maintaining high GDP growth rates, with a particular focus on agricultural development; improving access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure in poor regions; and implementing comprehensive poverty alleviation programs. China has lifted over 700 million people out of poverty since 1978 and now has less than 5% of its population living below the international poverty line.
This document summarizes fertilizer policies in Thailand from the 1960s to the present. It discusses how trade policies aimed to protect domestic fertilizer companies but were eliminated by 1993. Support policies provided credit and subsidized fertilizer prices through the BAAC and MCF. Price controls were unsuccessfully implemented during an oil shock and led to market distortions. Tailor-made and site-specific fertilizer projects aimed to reduce costs but faced implementation challenges for smallholders due to extra transaction costs. Overall, government intervention caused shortages and higher prices while competition benefited the market when trade policies became neutral.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It has since expanded to include 10 member countries and aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development while maintaining regional peace and stability. ASEAN faces challenges such as financial crises, transboundary haze pollution, and disputes but has taken steps like the ASEAN Surveillance Process and ASEAN+3 Financial Cooperation to prevent future crises and foster cooperation. ASEAN also presents many opportunities for economic growth and development across member countries in the coming years.
North Korea has been ruled as a single-party communist state led by a dictator since 1948. It follows the Juche and Songun ideologies of self-reliance and military-first policy. The country has a centrally planned economy that was heavily dependent on aid from the Soviet Union and China, but it collapsed in the 1990s causing widespread famine. North Korea has a strong military and pursues nuclear weapons, which has led to international sanctions. The society emphasizes universal healthcare and education, but the government strictly controls all aspects of life and human rights abuses are widespread.
1) YOJI sales have decreased as competitors have launched organic product lines, capturing market share. Consumer demand for organic milk is also rising.
2) YOJI should launch an organic milk product, YOJI Natureganic, focusing on the strategic markets of TT South and MT Urban.
3) In TT South, YOJI can regain lost market share as competition is not yet consolidated, while MT Urban offers an opportunity to gain a foothold with less competition.
This document discusses how fonts used in movie titles can help convey information about the genre or themes of the film. Science fiction titles often look metallic and futuristic to match their subject matter. Period drama titles tend to have older, more historical fonts that signal to viewers that the film is set in the past. Teen drama titles are commonly plain with bold, easy-to-read fonts that may look handwritten; they aim to seem unsophisticated and relate to teenage audiences and stories. Font choices can effectively set expectations and provide context about a film's plot or time period.
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region
A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
This PPT show about the Vietnam history including the timeline from its time of origin to the after independence and also the 21st century. It includes the culture and demographics of Vietnam. Here you can find also the world war 2 situations in Vietnam, civil war and about their great leader Ho Chi Min. The economy of Vietnam compare to India. Vietnam political leaders and their government structure. The PPT includes the geographical significance of Vietnam and recent events.
Social media has been the information hub for Vietnamese. Recently, though, Video SNS, such as Tik Tok or Kwai got the massive interests among teens in Vietnam.
This survey was made in order to understand habit and perception of Vietnamese about video social network.
The survey is conducted over 500 male & female in 15-29 years old in Vietnam.
This master's thesis examines the Korean Wave in order to understand how Thailand can establish its own "Thai Wave". The authors investigate the factors behind the success of the Korean Wave, such as government support and Korean entertainment industries like TV, film and music. They compare Korea's experience to Thailand's potential for cultural exports. Primary research involved focus groups with people from Asia, while secondary sources included academic articles and industry reports. The conclusion is that strong government promotion and large corporations playing a role, like Samsung and LG in Korea, are important factors for cultural success that Thailand may currently lack.
Thailand is a country in Southeast Asia located in the Indochinese peninsula. It is bordered by Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia, with a total area of 510,900 square kilometers and a population of over 68 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok. Thailand has six main geographical regions - North, Northeast, Central, East, West and South. The regions differ in their population densities, natural resources and economic activities. Thailand has a constitutional monarchy form of government and has experienced political instability and military coups. Its culture is influenced by neighboring countries and over 90% of the population practices Theravada Buddhism. Agriculture, industry and services are the main sectors of Thailand's economy, with
Marketing Forward is using customer preferences to drive targeted marketing
Experian Marketing Services and Bass Pro Shops increase customer response through data-driven marketing
Overview
Bass Pro Shops is a leading multichannel retailer of outdoor recreation goods and hunting and fishing equipment. They wanted to increase email open rates, ROI and transaction rates, as well as gain a better understanding of the online competitive landscape.
Bass Pro Shops was able to meet its goals by utilizing Cheetahmail, QAS and Hitwise to gain the insight they needed to drive targeted marketing campaigns.
Taiwan is an island country located off the southeastern coast of China with a population of over 23 million people. It has a capitalist economy that was formerly guided by the government but is now driven by foreign trade, especially in electronics and other high-tech industries. Taiwan has a highly educated workforce and relies on research and development to drive its economic growth. The country has a large textile industry, including production of nylon 6,6, which was invented in the US and is now a major Taiwanese export.
The document provides information about Japan's economy and political factors. It discusses Japan's status as the third largest economy in the world but one that is highly dependent on exports and vulnerable to external shocks. It notes that while Prime Minister Abe's economic reforms have helped growth, public debt remains very high and population aging is a concern. Key political factors discussed include Japan's stable one-party rule by the LDP and influence of bureaucratic ministries.
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia and has a shape resembling the letter S. It has a long coastline and over 3,000 islands off its coast. Vietnam has diverse terrain ranging from mountains and forests to rivers, seas, and plateaus. Some of Vietnam's most scenic natural attractions include Sapa, Da Lat, Halong Bay, and Nha Trang. The climate varies between tropical in the south and four distinct seasons in the north. Vietnam has a population of over 82 million people and a culture influenced by Confucianism. The Vietnamese are generally warm and friendly people who respect elders and independence. Vietnam has a long history and was previously occupied by China for over 1,000 years and then France for
The document outlines Cambodia's agricultural transformation over the past 10 years and identifies opportunities and risks going forward. Key changes include increased productivity, expansion of rice milling, changing labor patterns, and infrastructure growth. Driving forces were policy reforms, investment, technology adoption, and higher food prices. Sustaining growth requires improving the business environment, public-private partnerships, skills development, and strategic national programs. The diagnostic study will analyze four commodities across regions using surveys, focus groups, and comparing to a previous study to inform Cambodia's agricultural roadmap.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
The Changing Economics and Politics of Rice: Implications for Food Security, ...Joachim von Braun
The document discusses the changing global context of rice production and consumption and its implications. It notes that while rice consumption is declining as incomes rise in Asia, population growth and urbanization are increasing global demand for rice. Future rice production will require sustainable technologies to increase yields while addressing environmental issues. Scenario analysis shows that without progressive policies that promote agricultural growth, global food security and malnutrition could worsen by 2050 due to rising prices and limited production increases. International cooperation in rice science and technology is needed to ensure continued improvements in global rice supply.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
The private sector has transformed the ASEAN food economy through massive investments in wholesale/logistics, food processing, and modern retail over the past 20-30 years. This has improved food security by increasing availability, access, and efficiency in food markets. Governments can further improve food security by reducing investment risks and facilitating public-private partnerships to help small farmers participate in the modernizing food supply chains.
Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, slightly larger than Utah, with a population of around 6.8 million people. The capital and largest city is Vientiane. Laos has experienced a complex political history including periods of rule under the French and involvement in the Vietnam War. It is now a communist state led by a president and central committee, with Buddhism as the dominant religion. The economy relies on agriculture and exports of commodities like gold, copper, and coffee.
China has made significant progress in reducing rural poverty through sustained economic growth, pro-poor development policies, and targeted poverty reduction programs. Key factors in China's success include maintaining high GDP growth rates, with a particular focus on agricultural development; improving access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure in poor regions; and implementing comprehensive poverty alleviation programs. China has lifted over 700 million people out of poverty since 1978 and now has less than 5% of its population living below the international poverty line.
This document summarizes fertilizer policies in Thailand from the 1960s to the present. It discusses how trade policies aimed to protect domestic fertilizer companies but were eliminated by 1993. Support policies provided credit and subsidized fertilizer prices through the BAAC and MCF. Price controls were unsuccessfully implemented during an oil shock and led to market distortions. Tailor-made and site-specific fertilizer projects aimed to reduce costs but faced implementation challenges for smallholders due to extra transaction costs. Overall, government intervention caused shortages and higher prices while competition benefited the market when trade policies became neutral.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It has since expanded to include 10 member countries and aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development while maintaining regional peace and stability. ASEAN faces challenges such as financial crises, transboundary haze pollution, and disputes but has taken steps like the ASEAN Surveillance Process and ASEAN+3 Financial Cooperation to prevent future crises and foster cooperation. ASEAN also presents many opportunities for economic growth and development across member countries in the coming years.
North Korea has been ruled as a single-party communist state led by a dictator since 1948. It follows the Juche and Songun ideologies of self-reliance and military-first policy. The country has a centrally planned economy that was heavily dependent on aid from the Soviet Union and China, but it collapsed in the 1990s causing widespread famine. North Korea has a strong military and pursues nuclear weapons, which has led to international sanctions. The society emphasizes universal healthcare and education, but the government strictly controls all aspects of life and human rights abuses are widespread.
1) YOJI sales have decreased as competitors have launched organic product lines, capturing market share. Consumer demand for organic milk is also rising.
2) YOJI should launch an organic milk product, YOJI Natureganic, focusing on the strategic markets of TT South and MT Urban.
3) In TT South, YOJI can regain lost market share as competition is not yet consolidated, while MT Urban offers an opportunity to gain a foothold with less competition.
This document discusses how fonts used in movie titles can help convey information about the genre or themes of the film. Science fiction titles often look metallic and futuristic to match their subject matter. Period drama titles tend to have older, more historical fonts that signal to viewers that the film is set in the past. Teen drama titles are commonly plain with bold, easy-to-read fonts that may look handwritten; they aim to seem unsophisticated and relate to teenage audiences and stories. Font choices can effectively set expectations and provide context about a film's plot or time period.
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region
A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
This PPT show about the Vietnam history including the timeline from its time of origin to the after independence and also the 21st century. It includes the culture and demographics of Vietnam. Here you can find also the world war 2 situations in Vietnam, civil war and about their great leader Ho Chi Min. The economy of Vietnam compare to India. Vietnam political leaders and their government structure. The PPT includes the geographical significance of Vietnam and recent events.
Social media has been the information hub for Vietnamese. Recently, though, Video SNS, such as Tik Tok or Kwai got the massive interests among teens in Vietnam.
This survey was made in order to understand habit and perception of Vietnamese about video social network.
The survey is conducted over 500 male & female in 15-29 years old in Vietnam.
This master's thesis examines the Korean Wave in order to understand how Thailand can establish its own "Thai Wave". The authors investigate the factors behind the success of the Korean Wave, such as government support and Korean entertainment industries like TV, film and music. They compare Korea's experience to Thailand's potential for cultural exports. Primary research involved focus groups with people from Asia, while secondary sources included academic articles and industry reports. The conclusion is that strong government promotion and large corporations playing a role, like Samsung and LG in Korea, are important factors for cultural success that Thailand may currently lack.
Thailand is a country in Southeast Asia located in the Indochinese peninsula. It is bordered by Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia, with a total area of 510,900 square kilometers and a population of over 68 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok. Thailand has six main geographical regions - North, Northeast, Central, East, West and South. The regions differ in their population densities, natural resources and economic activities. Thailand has a constitutional monarchy form of government and has experienced political instability and military coups. Its culture is influenced by neighboring countries and over 90% of the population practices Theravada Buddhism. Agriculture, industry and services are the main sectors of Thailand's economy, with
Marketing Forward is using customer preferences to drive targeted marketing
Experian Marketing Services and Bass Pro Shops increase customer response through data-driven marketing
Overview
Bass Pro Shops is a leading multichannel retailer of outdoor recreation goods and hunting and fishing equipment. They wanted to increase email open rates, ROI and transaction rates, as well as gain a better understanding of the online competitive landscape.
Bass Pro Shops was able to meet its goals by utilizing Cheetahmail, QAS and Hitwise to gain the insight they needed to drive targeted marketing campaigns.
Taiwan is an island country located off the southeastern coast of China with a population of over 23 million people. It has a capitalist economy that was formerly guided by the government but is now driven by foreign trade, especially in electronics and other high-tech industries. Taiwan has a highly educated workforce and relies on research and development to drive its economic growth. The country has a large textile industry, including production of nylon 6,6, which was invented in the US and is now a major Taiwanese export.
The document provides information about Japan's economy and political factors. It discusses Japan's status as the third largest economy in the world but one that is highly dependent on exports and vulnerable to external shocks. It notes that while Prime Minister Abe's economic reforms have helped growth, public debt remains very high and population aging is a concern. Key political factors discussed include Japan's stable one-party rule by the LDP and influence of bureaucratic ministries.
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia and has a shape resembling the letter S. It has a long coastline and over 3,000 islands off its coast. Vietnam has diverse terrain ranging from mountains and forests to rivers, seas, and plateaus. Some of Vietnam's most scenic natural attractions include Sapa, Da Lat, Halong Bay, and Nha Trang. The climate varies between tropical in the south and four distinct seasons in the north. Vietnam has a population of over 82 million people and a culture influenced by Confucianism. The Vietnamese are generally warm and friendly people who respect elders and independence. Vietnam has a long history and was previously occupied by China for over 1,000 years and then France for
The document outlines Cambodia's agricultural transformation over the past 10 years and identifies opportunities and risks going forward. Key changes include increased productivity, expansion of rice milling, changing labor patterns, and infrastructure growth. Driving forces were policy reforms, investment, technology adoption, and higher food prices. Sustaining growth requires improving the business environment, public-private partnerships, skills development, and strategic national programs. The diagnostic study will analyze four commodities across regions using surveys, focus groups, and comparing to a previous study to inform Cambodia's agricultural roadmap.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
The Changing Economics and Politics of Rice: Implications for Food Security, ...Joachim von Braun
The document discusses the changing global context of rice production and consumption and its implications. It notes that while rice consumption is declining as incomes rise in Asia, population growth and urbanization are increasing global demand for rice. Future rice production will require sustainable technologies to increase yields while addressing environmental issues. Scenario analysis shows that without progressive policies that promote agricultural growth, global food security and malnutrition could worsen by 2050 due to rising prices and limited production increases. International cooperation in rice science and technology is needed to ensure continued improvements in global rice supply.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
The private sector has transformed the ASEAN food economy through massive investments in wholesale/logistics, food processing, and modern retail over the past 20-30 years. This has improved food security by increasing availability, access, and efficiency in food markets. Governments can further improve food security by reducing investment risks and facilitating public-private partnerships to help small farmers participate in the modernizing food supply chains.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Jikun Huang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document analyzes the sources of economic growth in Vietnam since the doi moi economic reforms began in 1986. It finds that capital, labor, and productivity each contributed significantly to growth over different time periods. Capital formation increased steadily from 10.6% of GDP in 1986-1990 to 26.6% in 1997, driving industrial expansion. Labor inputs also increased as agriculture stabilized and food production rose. However, productivity gains from policy reforms, management improvements, and economic restructuring were also major drivers of Vietnam's high growth rates since doi moi.
China's agricultural sector has grown significantly over the past 30 years, with agricultural GDP growing 4-5 times the population growth rate. Institutional reforms, investments in agricultural technology, and market liberalization policies have driven this growth. However, China still faces challenges regarding small farm sizes, rural labor mobility, and improving its agricultural research and extension systems to better serve farmers. Future prospects include growing imports of land-intensive goods and exports of labor-intensive products as China's agriculture continues integrating with global markets.
This document discusses strategies for boosting agricultural productivity in India. It analyzes current agricultural productivity in India compared to global levels and identifies reasons for slow growth. Some key points made include:
- Agricultural productivity in India is among the lowest in the world for most major crops.
- Slow growth is due to factors like degradation of land from erosion and salinization, inefficient water usage, and slow adoption of new technologies.
- Immediate action is needed to uplift productivity through using advanced technologies, organic farming practices, improving water management policies, and providing more support to farmers.
The Rice Sector in Vietnam and Policy Development-ParamariboNhan Nguyen
The document discusses Vietnam's rice sector and policy development. It provides an overview of the rice sector's importance to Vietnam's economy and rural households. It then outlines the government's objectives to ensure food security, increase farmer incomes, and improve competitiveness. The document reviews Vietnam's history of rice policy from stagnation to high growth through reforms and increased yields. It describes nine policy measures implemented, including land allocation, investment in irrigation, reducing export taxes, and agricultural restructuring programs. It concludes by outlining 14 focus areas for future policy development such as increasing private sector investment, diversification, food safety standards, and value addition.
During the 2019 Global Food Policy Report Launch in Dhaka, Bangladesh, IFPRI Country Representative for Bangladesh Dr. Akhter Ahmed presents key accelerators that have driven rural growth in the country, using nationally representative data from IFPRI's Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) and secondary data.
The future of Ethiopia's agriculture: Drivers and Scenariosessp2
The document summarizes research on the past and future of Ethiopia's agriculture sector. Key points include:
- Agricultural land expansion is slowing as yields increase, driven by investments, technology, and market access.
- Farm sizes are declining as younger farmers have less land. Population growth and urbanization are transforming food systems.
- Future scenarios show that targeted investments can boost growth and poverty reduction, but returns diminish if supply outpaces demand. Structural changes also affect agriculture's role in the economy over time.
2015. Le Huy Ham. The cassava revolution in VietnamFOODCROPS
The document discusses the cassava revolution in Vietnam over the past 20 years. Key points:
1) Cassava production in Vietnam has tripled since 1995, with yields doubling from 8 tons/ha to 19 tons/ha due to the introduction of improved varieties from CIAT.
2) Cassava is now the 3rd most important export crop in Vietnam, generating $1.5 billion in exports annually and providing income for millions of farmers.
3) Cooperation with CIAT through introduction of new varieties and cultivation techniques like the "10 Techniques" program has been vital to increasing yields and making cassava a competitive crop in Vietnam.
This document discusses three fundamental transformations - structural transformation, agricultural transformation, and dietary transformation - that are driven by global and local forces. It summarizes the key drivers of these transformations since the 1960s including economic growth, technology advances, globalization, and climate change. It then examines the components of the agricultural system and how agricultural and dietary transformations have occurred. Finally, it discusses some of the tensions that must be managed during this process including rural-urban income gaps, food price volatility, and ensuring structural transformation leads to higher productivity jobs.
Global food systems of the future: Challenges and opportunitiesessp2
Global food systems are being transformed by population growth, rising incomes, and urbanization. This is driving three major changes: more and different foods are needed to feed more people with higher incomes, and more foods are being marketed and consumed differently as populations become more urbanized. The off-farm segment of food value chains is growing in importance. Rural-urban food chains are undergoing structural changes like the upgrading of technologies, disintermediation, increased vertical integration, and the rise of supermarkets. These transformations present both challenges and opportunities for guiding the development of future global food systems.
This document summarizes the business process analysis of exporting jasmine rice from Thailand to the United States. It finds that Thailand is the world's largest rice exporter, exporting around 30% of global rice. Jasmine rice specifically makes up around 34% of Thailand's total rice exports by value. The United States is the largest export market for Thai jasmine rice, accounting for over 20% of exports. However, increasing production costs and logistics costs threaten Thailand's competitiveness in international rice markets. The business process analysis was conducted to identify opportunities to streamline regulations and digitize paperwork to reduce costs through a proposed single window system.
Food processing, transformation and job creation: The case of ready-to-eat st...essp2
The document summarizes a study on the commercial enjera markets in urban Ethiopia. Some key findings:
1. The enjera markets are rapidly growing and transforming, driven by rising women's opportunity costs and urbanization. Over 120,000 people are now employed in enjera making and retailing.
2. Large enjera making enterprises now mix teff flour with imported rice to cater to the growing food service sector, where 16% of urban food budgets are now spent on meals outside the home.
3. This sector generates significant employment, especially for women, and has important impacts on farmers, prices, and urban food security. Further attention and regulations may be needed as these markets
Agricultural Pricing Policy of PakistanUltraspectra
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Presentation: The role of agriculture in the development process. Maputo, Moz...UNU-WIDER
The document discusses the role of agriculture in development processes based on perspectives from development literature and international experiences over the past 25-30 years. It notes that while agriculture traditionally played a passive role, more recent evidence shows it can play an active role in supporting industrialization and structural transformation if agricultural growth induces urban-industrial growth. However, many countries in Africa failed to successfully transform due to various challenges. The global context today faces three major crises - finance, food, and climate change - which impact the role of agriculture. In Mozambique, agriculture's contribution to GDP decreased from 1997-2001 but has since stabilized.
Similar to Transformation of the Thai agriculture in the last three decades (20)
This document summarizes the history of cooking oil fortification with vitamin A in Indonesia, including key challenges and progress over time. It describes early feasibility studies showing the program's potential impact in reducing vitamin A deficiency. While standards were established in 2012, implementation was repeatedly postponed due to lobbying by some oil companies. By 2019, consensus was reached to fortify all packaged cooking oils by January 2020. However, leadership changes risk further delays to this effort to combat widespread nutritional problems through a low-cost fortification strategy.
Food Fortification Policies in the Asia Region by Dennis Bittisnich, Food Fortification Initiative. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Pakistan has a history of fortifying staple foods to address micronutrient deficiencies. In the 1960s, oil/ghee was mandated to be fortified with vitamins A and D. In the 1980s, salt iodization became voluntary. A National Fortification Alliance was established in 2003 and 2005 saw the start of a wheat flour fortification program. Current efforts focus on fortifying wheat flour and oil/ghee through legislation, industry standards, and quality control. A 2017 survey found progress but also challenges in reaching small mills. Next steps include continued education campaigns to ensure fortified foods reach those most at risk of deficiencies.
China's Food Safety regulatory system: Achievements, Challenges and Suggestions by Prof. Jiehong Zhou, Zhejiang University, China. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Thailand has a long history of genetically modified crop development and regulation. Key events include the first GM crop field trials in 1994 and establishment of regulatory bodies like the National Biosafety Committee in 1993. While some GM crops were approved for trials, all open field trials were banned in 2001 until biosafety laws were passed. GM food labeling is required only for certain products containing over 5% GM ingredients. Though a biosafety act has been drafted, it has not passed. Current guidelines govern GM research, but emerging technologies may require regulatory changes. Further considerations include exemptions for GM imports and revisions to labeling policies.
Creating and Implementing Biosafety Regulations: The Philippine Experience by Carlo G. Custodio Jr., Philippines Country Coordinator, Program for Biosafety Systems. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Making Vegetable Markets Work by Ye Htut, Grow Asia, Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
1. The document outlines the soybean value chain in Myanmar, which includes smallholder farmers, traders, brokers, tofu processors, oil mills, and locally processed food producers.
2. It notes that 100% of smallholder farmers grow soybeans for food products like tofu, textured soy protein, and traditional soy foods. However, farmers have limited access to new end-product development and market demand information from food processors.
3. New market opportunities have brought private sector investments in three new factories producing wet wholesale and retail packed products as well as dried packed products. This has led to market-driven changes among all stakeholders, including better prices, quality, and quantities of food.
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Farm Production, Market Access and Dietary Diversity in China’s Poor Rural Households: Evidence from a Panel Data by Kevin Chen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI- Beijing.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Livestock Sector in India: Progress and Challenges by Vijay Sardana, Poultry Federation of India.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
1) The study examined the relationship between market access, production diversity, and dietary diversity for pregnant/lactating women and children aged 6-23 months in Chin State, Myanmar.
2) It found that market access appears to play a critical role in animal-source food consumption and overall dietary diversity, particularly for areas closer to markets. Production diversity was more important for dietary outcomes in areas further from markets.
3) Nutrition education through the PACE project had a larger, more significant impact on dietary outcomes than either market access or production diversity interventions alone. Investments in nutrition education are important irrespective of how access to nutritious food is improved.
The Quiet Revolution in Myanmar’s Aquaculture Value Chain by Ben Belton, Michigan State University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
E-commerce has significantly increased food consumption in rural China through two channels. First, it reduces the cost of living, increasing disposable income that is partly spent on food. Second, it expands choices of food items available, especially non-perishables. Data shows rural household food expenditure grew more than other items with greater e-commerce. However, the biggest impact was on poor households and food for young children, as online access has reduced breastfeeding and increased formula purchases among the poor. While e-commerce has boosted rural consumption, the nutritional effects on children in poor areas requires further study.
Impacting at Scale: From .5% to + 40% by Grahame Dixie, Executive Director, Grow Asia.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Regulatory Cooperation in ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices by Catherine Frances J. Corpuz, Senior Program Officer, ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
This document summarizes research on traditional and modern milk marketing chains in India and their implications for smallholder dairy farmers. The key points are:
1) India has a large dairy sector dominated by small farms, but milk is sold through both traditional local markets and modern cooperatives/companies.
2) Research finds smallholder dairy farmers who sell to modern markets earn higher incomes than those relying only on local traders.
3) Factors like farm size, education, and information access influence whether farmers use traditional or modern markets.
4) Policies should encourage smallholder participation in formal markets to improve farmer welfare through higher returns.
Pakistan’s Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy by Amna Ejaz, Research Analyst, IFPRI-Pakistan.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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Transformation of the Thai agriculture in the last three decades
1. Transformation of the Thai agriculture in the
last three decades*
Nipon Poapongsakorn
Thailand Development Research Institute
“Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia : Past Experiences
and Future Opportunities” A regional conference organized by
RESAKSS-Asia, RESAKSS-Asia, IFPRI,TDRI and TVSEP Project of
Leibniz University Hannover, Bangkok.
12-14 December 2017
1
*Adapted from Ammar Siamwalla and Nipon Poapongsakorn,
“Transformation of the Thai rice economy in the last two decades”, the Thai
Studies International Conference. Chiangmai. 16 July 2017
2. Summary
The presentation describes the major structural
transformation of Thai agriculture, including an
emergence of modern food value chain in the last
three decades using the historical approach
• The transformation is induced by industrialization, export
market opportunities, import pressure for safe food,
increasing per capita income, government policies and
institutional change
The evaluation of long-term agricultural development
focuses on the sources of competitiveness of Thai
agriculture, using the trade theory of economies of
scale and clusters which is mostly neglected by
agricultural economists.
Both internal and external challenges facing Thai
agriculture are identified, with some policy
implications focusing on boosting agricultural
productivity for smallholders, accelerate agricultural
growth, and reducing income inequality.
2
3. Topic of discussion
1. Preliminaries
2. Narrative history I
3. Narrative history II
4. Evaluation of the long-term development
5. Challenges to the future of Thai agriculture
3
4. 1. Preliminaries
Some Historically Unique Features of Thailand (relative to other
countries of Monsoon Asia)
• Favorable man/land ratio due to remaining forest between 1960s and
early 1980s, yet most private lands did not have title deeds (see
Appendix 1)
• Population growth resulted in agricultural land expansion through forest
clearance in the 1960s-1970s;
• Relatively poor water resources; hence lower ratio of irrigated to total
land area;
• No policy urgency to provision the cities, except the rice premium
(export tax)
Hence not suited to ‘classical’ Green Revolution in the 1970s and 1980s,
also because that phase of Green Revolution did not pay attention to
rice quality which is a major concern for the Thai rice market
Unlike other Asian countries, Thai governments have always adopted
the laissez faire policy and invested heavily in rural infrastructure since
the late 1950s
• Rural road network, dams, rural electrification, rural schools and agricultural credit
bank, ports and logistics, etc.
Therefore Thailand became regular exporter, and eventually the
world major exporter of rice, rubber, cassava, shrimp, canned
pineapple, etc. (Fig. 1-a and 1-b)
5. 2. Narrative History I: 1986-1998
Agriculture as a sunset industry because of
several difficulties, particularly depressed world
rice price in the 1980s, and loss of traditional
comparative advantage (caused by Dutch
disease) in the 1990s
• The government was forced to cease its traditional
rice export taxing policy which had adverse impact on
rural-urban income disparity (Ammar and Suthad
1996).
• Since then, Thai trade policy has been neutral (Warr).
• Abolition of the fixed exchange rate in 1998 restored
agricultural competitiveness
6. 2. Narrative History I: 1986-1998 (cont.)
Structural Transformation: The industrial boom
in the late 198os caused an exodus of one
generation of young rural workers resulted in
labor scarcity.
• Fig. 3: Agricultural workers by age groups
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Millions
15-24 Years old 25-34 Years old 35-44 Years old
45-54 Years old >54 Years old
crisis >54
45-54
35-44
25-34
15-24
Source: LFS, NSO.
7. 2. Narrative History I (cont.)
Structural Transformation (con.)
• Emergence of labor scarcity leading
to early mechanization (in land
preparation); and later supplemented
by other labor-saving machineries
and agricultural practices (Fig. 3);
Mechanization is possible for small
farms, thanks to the active market for
hired farm machinery services
Fee for hiring combine harvester has
remained constant for 10 years.
9. 2. Narrative History I (cont.)
Other structural transformation
• Thai government began to do research and
release new rice varieties based on quality
This establishes Thailand as a quality rice producer
(Fig. 5 - Thai rice price is higher than Vietnam).
• The emergence of contract farming, started in
the mid 1970s by agribusiness firms in poultry,
tomato and sugar cane, thanks to the adoption
of contractual institutional arrangements for
poultry & tomato from the US companies
Number of contract farms quickly surged during the 1980s
and 1990s, thanks to the competition among contractors
and almost no government intervention
10. 3. Narrative History II: winds of
change between 2000-2016
Structural change stalled in the 2000s
due to slower economic growth (Fig. 7-a)
• After 1997, migration of workers to
industrial employment slowed down,
coinciding with a slowdown in labor supply
stemming from a decline in fertility starting
in 1975. (Fig 7-B).
• Migration slightly reversed in the early
2010s.
11. Figure 7-a: Stall structural
change after 2008
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Millions
15-24 Years old 25-34 Years old
35-44 Years old 45-54 Years old
>54 Years old
Source: LFS, NSO.
>54
45-54
35-44
25-34
15-24
crisis
Slow-down migrants
Fig. 7-B: Migration
12. 3. Narrative History II: winds of change
between 2000-2016
The economic stagnation following the 1997 crisis led to a
policy shift towards favoring high paddy prices for farmers,
culminating in the great paddy pledging fiasco of 2013-2015
(Fig. 5);
Such interventions are different from previous
interventions which are mostly at the border: governments
became active traders, holding and then releasing large
stocks of rice, and having impact on movements of
international rice price (Fig. 5).
Government trading means decline in rice quality and rice
export, huge fiscal loss (USD18.4 billion in 2.5 years) and
corruption (particularly in the government rice sale-
estimated at USD 3 billion) (Nipon and Kamphol 2016).
After the military coup in May 2014, the price mechanism
has returned to guide agricultural resource allocation.
14. 3. Narrative History II (cont.)
Yet the 2000-2016 period was also a period of
institutional transformation in food value
chain
• The demand for safe food imports by the EU and
USA put pressure on the Thai exporters and government
to jointly introduce new institution of safe food standards
and traceability
• Dietary change and demand for safe food as a result
of rising middle class
• The rise of foreign supermarket in the late 1990s and
the organic farmer groups
Supermarkets use the central procurement system to
impose food standards and stable supply price
Farmer groups producing organic products, thanks to
IFOAM, OXFAM’s fair trade practices and NGOs (Figure 9).
15. Fig. 7: A declining share of households’ food
expenditure
Source: NSO, SES.
1400
2782
6350
8502
726.7
1301.72
3041.12
3878.92
51.9%
46.8%
47.9%
45.6%
42%
43%
44%
45%
46%
47%
48%
49%
50%
51%
52%
53%
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
1990 2000 2011 2015
Household total and food
expenditures (Baht/m)
ค่าใช้จ่ายรวม ค่าใช้จ่ายด้านอาหาร สัดส่วนค่าอาหาร
Total expenses
Food expense
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Fig. 7-b: Dietary changes
in Thailand
meals
eaten away
from home
prepared
meals
taken
home
fruits and
vegtables
17. Figure 9-a: Certified organic farm areas
Source: Earth Net Foundation, Green Net 2015.
0.00%
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Ha
Organic area Share of rice planted area in major crop
18. 4. Evaluation of long-term development and
structural change
Competitiveness and revealed comparative
advantage
Sources of competitiveness and trade
theories
18
19. 4.1 Competitiveness and revealed
comparative advantage index
Thailand moved from 24th largest exporter of
agricultural and food products in the 1960’s to 15th
largest in the mid 2010s (Fig. 12)
Major exports : rice, rubber products, cassava
products and modified starch, canned pineapple,
sugar, breast chicken and further products,
shrimp, feeds, fruits, etc.
RCA of 989 products (6 HS digits) (Fig. 13)
• 26 rising stars (RCA > 1 and increasing) : swine
breeders, honey, cereals, duck meal, apple juice, stc
• 156 hot list : rice, tuna, shrimp. Cassava flour, canned
pineapple, animal feed
• 56 drop out : sausage, fresh and chilled fish, melon
seeds
• 750 items with no/negligible trade
19
21. 4.2 Sources of competitiveness : trade theory
Heckscher-Ohlin : resource endowment
Adam Smith : “Specialization is governed by
the extent of market”
New trade theory: economies of scale –
external & internal
Michael Porter’s diamond model : clusters
generate agglomerations economies (part of
external deconomies).
21
22. A) Resource endowments
• Larger farm per worker than other Asian farmers (Fig. 14-a)
but scarce labor (used to have surplus labor until the mid
1990s) and low interest rate (due to financial liberalization)
Hence higher labor productivity and capital (than Vietnam) but
lower land productivity (Fig. 14-b and Fig. 15-c)
22
..
Land/worker
0
5
10
15
20
25
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Mil.Rai
Rai /
worker
Planted
Areas
Source: 1. Office of Agricultural Economic, 2. National Statistical Office Labor Force Survey
23. Fig. 14-b: Agricultural Productivity Change
in Southeast Asia, 1961-2010: land & labor
productivity and land/worker
23
Source: Courtesy of Professor Phil Pardey, University of Minnesota.
Cited by Peter Timmer
24. B) Specialization vs diversification
• At the household level: Farmers have become more
specialized in one single crop as the number of
crops grown by a farm household has declined
over time (Fig. 15)
Lower average and marginal cost of production
• At the national level, land use has become more
diversified (Fig. 17) as more farmers switch to
perennial crops, particularly fruit trees and rubber :
higher or stable income
24
25. Figure 15: Farm households have become
more specialized
25
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
197819931998200320082013
Share of farm
households
Cultivated single kind of crop
Cultivated more then one kind of
crop Source: NSO, Agr Census.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1978 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013
Share of crops
Multicrop w/o rice
Multicrop with rice
Pasture
(cultivated)
Para rubber
Permanent crop
Vegetables and
other
Field crops
Rice
26. Diversification at the national level
26
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013
Crop Diversification Index Modified Entropy Index*
Composite Entropy Index*
27. C) Internal economies of scale and farm size: no
clear trend
• A trend of declining farm size has stop mainly because
of the lower-than-replacement population growth since
1980s
• Evidence from casual observations : Increasing
number of large farms in the following production:
Rice farm in the Central Plains
sugar cane farms, orchard farms, and rubber farms
broiler farm and shrimp farm
• Yet the change is still so small that cannot yet be
captured by the national farm survey
• Therefore no clear trend of increasing farm size (see
David Dawe 2016) because
Legal constraints: tenant law and foreclosure law (high
interest rate on loan for land purchase)
Social factors: land inheritance
Water shortage and management
27
28. D) But food processing factories at the mid- and
downstream of the food supply chain have become
larger, thus enjoying larger internal scale economies
• Increasing capacity of rice mills and sugar factories (Fig. 19),
• Larger chicken slaughter and processing plants
• A few large rice exporters dominate the export business, the
top five largest capturing 55-60% of total export
• Small local traders have been replaced by larger suppliers
who have contractual arrangements with supermarkets and
exporters
• Three largest supermarkets dominating the retail business
• Vertical integration in poultry, dairy and seafood business
ensures that most agents – farms as well as input and output
suppliers – have to be larger
• Producers and distributers of farm inputs – machinery, seeds,
fertilizer and pesticides – are larger, thanks to the network of
efficient logistics, communication and digital technology
28
30. Fig 19-c: Only 1% of mills are large mills, but
their electricity use is 17%
< 1
Mill.Unit
/Month
100%
1-5
Mill.Unit
/Month
0%
> 6
Mill.Unit
/Month
0%
Num of rice mill
< 1
Mill.Unit
/Month
83%
1-5
Mill.Unit
/Month
8%
> 6
Mill.Unit/Month…
Electricity utilization of mills
Blue: >6 mil units/month=0.05%
Source: DIT, MEA, PEA
31. Fig. 19-d: Average daily production of sugar
mills (tons/day)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1990 2000 2010 2016
MillionstonofSugarcane/Day
Production of sugar per day:
average whole kingdom
Province Ton/Day
1Phetchabun 43,791
2Sa Kaeo 28,221
3Uttaradit 27,844
4Nong Bua Lamphu 26,305
5Khon Kaen 25,657
Source: OCSB.
32. E) Clusters and economies of scale : low
input prices & specialized labor
Thanks to the agronomic & specific conditions,
each geographical area (or cluster of
provinces) is specialized in specific kinds of
crops/products
Rice cluster in some provinces along the Chao
Phraya river and the Northeast
• Large rice mills (measured by electricity usage) are
heavily concentrated in 6 provinces in the mid-
Central Plains near Bangkok (Fig. 20-a)
• More than 50 private ports that handle small vessels
for export shipments are along the Chao Phraya
river and Pasak River where vessels can off-load
rice to larger ships in the deep seaport on Cholburi
province
32
33. Fig. 20-a: Rice cluster in some provinces in
the mid-Central, lower North and Northeast
Production No. Rice Mill Electric
consumptio
Mill Capacity
Source: Production from OAE, Rice mill data from DIT, Electric bill from PEA
34. Clusters of other major products
Sugar cane in the upland areas of the Lower North,
Western and Northeastern provinces (Fig. 20-b)
Rubber and factories are concentrated in the
Southern provinces (Fig. 20-c)
Chicken in the provinces near Bangkok (main
market) and the sea port in Cholburi. (Fig 20-d)
• The provinces must have adequate source of water and
main area of feed production.
• Lopburi becomes the largest production area
Shrimp farms are in the eastern seaboard and
provinces with large mangrove areas, while factories
concentrate in a few provinces near sea ports,
Samut Sakorn in the Central Plains and Songkla in
the South (Fig. 20-e)
Also clusters of suppliers of seeds, fertilizers and
insecticides in provinces with large agricultural
activities (Fig. 20-f)
34
35. Fig. 20-b: Sugar cluster
Planted Area Sugar Plant
Production
Production
Source: OCSB.
36. Fig. 20-c: Natural rubber cluster
Planted Area Rubber PlantProduction
Note: Exclude area that lower then 4,000 Ha
Source: Area and production from OAE, Rubber plant from DOA.
38. Fig. 20-f: Input cluster
Fertilizer shop Pesticide shop Rice seed shop
Note: Fertilizer and Pesticide license Zone 4 and 7 no data
Source: Fertilizer and Pesticide from DOA, Rice seed form RD.
39. Evidence of efficient value chain in Thai
agriculture
As a result of cluster of farm inputs, output
and food processing factories, farmers have
easy access to competitive supplies of
inputs and market alternatives to sell their
outputs.
Thus the input prices paid by Thai rice
farmers are lower than that in CLMV
Thai farmers can also obtain higher “net”
farm-gate price for their output since the
market is highly competitive
39
40. Table 1: Value chain: Input Supply Efficiency
Measure Indicator Cambodi
a
Laos Myanmar Thailand Vietnam
Access to
affordable
fertilizers
Urea price at farm
gate, $/ton
425 450 460 426 357
Urea price to
paddy price (in dry
equivalent)
1.8 1.6 2.3 1.1 1.6
Availability
of seeds
% of demand met
by supply of good
seeds
10 9 0.4 117 100
Depth of
seed
market
% of farmers using
purchased seeds
20-80 10 9 60 53
Depth of
fertilizer
market
% of rice farmers
using NPK
80 20 30 90 100
40
Source: Sergiy Zorya and David Dawe, 2015.
41. V. Future challenges
The transformation (specialization, clustering &
external economies of scale and structural
change) has enabled Thailand to remains
competitive until recently
Now the pressure is rising as agricultural
growth and TFP growth has declined, thanks to
• Stalled structural transformation
• The increasing cost of non-traded inputs, esp. labor
• The costs imposed by the policy responses to tackle
the problems of IUU and illegal migrants (which have
adverse impacts on the supplies of seafood, income of
small fishermen, and labor cost in the food processing
industries)
41
42. Growth of real GDP, agriculture & food
processing value added (1961-2016)
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
%
GDP growth
GDP growth (annual %)
AgGDP growth (annual %)
Food processing GDP growth (annual %)
growth
Value
(Bill.USD)
1961-
2016
1961 2016
GDP 6.0% 16.48406.39
AgGDP 3.2% 6.66 37.26
Food processing GDP
(1980) 4.6% 0.03 17.81
Source: NESDB and The World Bank.
43. 4.1 Internal challenges facing
Thailand’s agriculture
More important, Thailand is facing several
challenges – internal as well as external ones.
• This time the challenges are much more complex, if
not more serious, and may be “different” from the past
malaises
Four internal problems affecting agriculture
• Too large a share of agricultural workers, causing
low per-capita farm income and large income
disparity
• Rapidly aging farmers
• Increasing costs of non-traded inputs
• Decline in public investment in agric R&D and
quality of research & extension services
43
44. Larger income gap between agricultural and non-agricultural
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Millionsbaht
Real per capita
income
Agriculture Non-agricultural
44ที่มา: NESDB, LFS-NSO. และ World Bank, 2015.
Agri income equal to
11% of non-Agri
income
(2013)
14%
• High income disparity between agriculture and non-
agriculture…a political pressure for price subsidy
3. Thailand’s agricultural challenges : internal and external
46. 5 disruptive
forces
Impact
1.Rapid urbanization
emerging courtiers
• Middle class เพิ่ม
2. Aging society
• Ageing population
• Ageing farmers
3. Technological change
• Second green
revolution
5. Globalization : trade,
investment, politics,
social/environmental
concerns
• Demand for food : diet
change
• Meat & processed food
• Safe & healthy
• Better quality
• Supply of food
• Labor shortage
• Abundant land
• New varieties; tolerances to
drought, disease etc.
• Form management water
management etc.
• Market
• Foreign supermarkets:
vertical coordination
• NTBs
• Laws and labels: IUU
(human trafficking, over-
fishing), animal welfare,
carbon–water foot print 46
4. Climate change
• Higher temperature
• Extreme weather
4.2 External factors : 5 disruptive forces
Source :
extension of
McKinsey
Institute’s
concept
47. 4.3 Policy implications
Policy objective is “productivity
improvement”, particularly the adoption and
adaptation of modern farm technology (e.g.,
precision agriculture)
3 high priority policies
• 1) Proactive R&D&E policy
Adoption and adaptation of modern agricultural technology,
including precision agriculture for smallholders
Reforming its public research system
• 2) Facilitate agricultural transformation through the
following policies
• 3) Reforming the institution of agricultural policy
determination process and implementation, e.g.,
contracting out the extension services, etc.
47
55. Fig. 9-b: GAP certification for paddy farms
Certified farms
36,529 Farms
Certified area
51,401 Ha
Share of Rice area
0.5%
Source: RD 2014-2015.
56. Global Export Ranking of Food and agricultural products
increased from 19-23 in the 1960s to 12-15 in the 2010s.
But not so impressive as Germany, Spain, China
Source: FAO
1961 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2013
United States of
America 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Netherlands 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
Brazil 7 8 4 7 8 5 3
Germany 21 14 5 4 4 4 4
France 6 4 3 2 2 3 5
China, mainland 33 12 21 10 13 11 6
Spain 22 20 18 13 11 8 7
Canada 5 6 7 11 10 9 8
Belgium #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 6 9
Italy 11 11 11 9 9 7 10
India 15 19 19 23 21 17 11
Argentina 9 7 9 19 12 10 12
Australia 2 2 6 8 7 13 13
Indonesia 16 35 22 21 20 16 14
Thailand 19 23 16 17 15 14 15
57. Fig. 12: Rank and share of Thai agricultural
exports in world agric exports
22 22
24
19
16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Rank of agriculture export Share of total agriculture export
Source: FAOSTAT.
1.17
Bil.$
99.3
Bil.$21.5
Bil.$
Growth 1961-2013 = 8.4% , 2000-2013 = 13.1%
58. Fig. 13-b: Relative Comparative Advantage
Rice
RCA 2012 2013 2014 2015
Cambo
dia 18.42 27.96 24.51 23.98
Thailan
d 15.46 14.34 17.32 15.49
Vietna
m 24.6 16.43 14.17 12.46
Myanm
ar
20.02 9.81 5.52 6.77
Lao
PDR.
3.36 2.64 2.15 5.54
Sugar
RCA 2012 2013 2014 2015
Thailan
d 9.18 7.33 8.39 9.08
Lao
PDR. 5.51 5.03 4.08 5.32
Cambo
dia 0.04 4.03 2.86 1.71
Malaysi
a
0.4 0.43 0.42 0.38
Philippi
nes
1.14 2.82 1.23 0.32
Durian Cooked chicken
Vegetable
Shrimp
Source: TDRI, UN comtrade
RCA 2012 2013 2014 2015
Myanm
ar 31.75 23.12 13.46 21.71
Lao
PDR. 3.02 2.45 2.52 4.11
Thailan
d 1.9 1.99 2.23 2.13
Vietna
m 1.93 1.15 1.87 0.88
Cambo
dia 0.44 0.56 0.97 0.65
RCA 2012 2013 2014 2015
Vietna
m 31.07 21.43 18.7 12.49
Indone
sia 11.4 9.21 9.84 9.25
Myanm
ar 23.02 13.47 6.18 7.62
Thailan
d 14.57 5.66 4.11 3.46
Malaysi
a 0 1.78 1.76 1.14
RCA 2012 2013 2014 2015
Thailan
d 46.73 48.29 49.32 40.33
Vietna
m 0.26 0.21 0.39 3.34
Malaysi
a 2.4 2.31 1.26 1.82
Lao
PDR.
0 0 0 0.44
Philippi
nes 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.03
RCA 2012 2013 2014 2015
Thailan
d 23.62 23.14 21.73 22.89
Philippi
nes 0.5 0.14 0.29 0.2
Malaysi
a 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.1
Singap
ore
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
Vietna
m 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01
59. Fig. 14-c: Land productivity in Thailand is
lower than Vietnam (output in tons and value)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
0
5
10
Thailand
Land productivity (Ton/Ha) Land productivity (USD@2010/Ha)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
0
5
10
15
Vietnam
Land productivity (Ton/Ha) Land productivity (USD@2010/Ha)
Source: The World Bank and FAOSTAT.
61. 194,401.63
9,845.14
249,849.03
13,267.86
175,612.74
45,255.74
Per HH (Baht/Year) Per Unit of land (Baht/Year)
Rice Mono Crop Rice and other crops
Vegetables/Root Crops
Growing rice and other crops
give the highest payoff per
household per year whilst
growing growing vegetables and
root crops give the highest payoff
per unit of land per year.
Fig. 16: Farmers who diversify enjoy higher net
profit per unit of land
62. Fig. 18: Rice farm in the Central Plains
become marginally larger (Rai/ household)
62
24.1
21.7
23.4
23.8 24
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Central Plains
1993 1998 2003 2008 2013
ที่มา: สามะโนการเกษตร 2536-2556 และการสารวจการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางการเกษตร 2541-2556, สานักงานสถิติแห่งชาติ
63. Fig. 20-e: Shrimp cluster
Area Production Factory
Source: Production from OAE and Factory from DIW.
64. Sources of value added growth in agriculture: total factor
productivity growth is the second largest
6464
Labou
r
19%
Land
6%
Capita
l
55%
TFP
20%
Agricultural Labour
7%
Land
8%
Capital
64%
TFP
21%
Crop
Labour
77.77%
Land
-0.38%
Capita
l
4.50% TFP
17.36%
Livestock
Source: Waleerat, 2009.
Lab our Land Capital TFP
Agricultural 18.79 6.13 54.73 20.35
Crop 7.6 7.63 63.95 20.82
Livestock 78.35 -0.38 4.53 17.49
65. 65
(a) Thailand has an unusually large share of workers in
agriculture
(second highest share amongst middle income
countries, after Albania)
Source: World Bank, 2015
4.1 Internal challenges
66. 66
Source: World Bank, 2015
Decreasing additional earning outside
agricultural sector
Agricultural structure
not change
• Stalled structural change after 2004, which used to be a major source
of agriculture growth
– Very low growth of private investment in non-agricultural activities
67. Increase in Agriculture Employment since 2004
- What are the Factors behind?
67
Source: World Bank, 2015
• Distorted agricultural support policies may have stalled the structural
change and resulted in an increase in agricultural employment after 2004
68. Share of agricultural income is about 12% (18% in rural and 6% in urban) of total household income in 2013.
Declining trend of primary occupation in agriculture
68Source: World Bank, 2015
So farm income is very low, accounting for
only 12% of household income
• Smallholders’ farm income is not enough for farmers to
have a decent living, e.g., can’t afford sending children
to college.
• Household members have jobs outside agriculture
69. Larger income gap between agricultural and non-agricultural
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Millionsbaht
Real per capita
income
Agriculture Non-agricultural
69ที่มา: NESDB, LFS-NSO. และ World Bank, 2015.
Agri income equal to
11% of non-Agri
income
(2013)
14%
• High income disparity between agriculture and non-
agriculture…a political pressure for price subsidy
3. Thailand’s agricultural challenges : internal and external
70. b) Aging farmers: Next 10 year there will be 5 million farmers
retiring. Will farming be a promising career for the young
generation?
7.2
6.5
2.3
1.1
4.2
7.6
2.7
1.81.9
6.9
2 2.11.8
6.7
2.5 2.5
0
2
4
6
8
15-29 30-49 50-59 60+
Millionfarmers
Thai farmers by age groups
1986 1996 2006 2009
70ที่มา: LFS-NSO และ World Bank.
4.1. Thailand’s agricultural challenges : internal and external
76. Gross income and cost of farmers with different
cropping patterns
319,016.06
15,668.52
124,401.63
6,183.38
396,763.33
20,864.09
146,914.31
7,596.23
262,100.88
68,079.30
86,488.15
22,823.55
Gross income
(Baht/HH/year)
Gross income per
unit of land (Baht
/Rai)
Total production
cost per HH
(Baht/Year)
Cost per unit of
land (Baht/ Rai)
Rice mono crop Rice and other crops Vegetables/ Roots crops
Income
Cost
77. Farmers shift towards high value rice (แปลอังกฤษ)
77
Cropping year 2007/08 Cropping year 2012/13
ข้าวเจ้าหอม
มะลิ
34%
ข้าวเจ้าอื่นๆ
34%
ข้าวเหนียว
32%
Rice planting area
ข้าวเจ้าหอม
มะลิ
41%
ข้าวเจ้าอื่นๆ
27%
ข้าวเหนียว
32%
Rice planting area
ข้าวเจ้าหอม
มะลิ
28%
ข้าวเจ้าอื่นๆ
45%
ข้าวเหนียว
27%
Output (tons)
ข้าวเจ้าหอม
มะลิ
34%
ข้าวเจ้าอื่นๆ
39%
ข้าวเหนียว
27%
Output (tons)
Source: OAE
79. Is there a future on the farm ?
Yes, Thai agriculture has some strength:
abundant land per worker
79
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Farm land per worker (ha/worker)
Malaysia (right bar) Cambodia Indonesia
Lao PDR Myanmar Philippines
Thailand Vietnam
80. Transformation to cope with the 5 disruptive force
5 disruptive forces Impact Transformation
1.Rapid urbanization
emerging courtiers
• Middle class เพิ่ม
2. Aging society
• Ageing population
• Ageing farmers
3. Technological change
• Second green revolution
5. Globalization : trade,
investment, politics,
social/environmental
concerns
• Demand for food : diet
change
• Meat & processed food
• Safe & healthy
• Better quality
• Supply of food
• Labor shortage
• Abundant land
• New varieties;
tolerances to drought,
disease etc.
• Farm management
water management etc.
New production
process
New products
• Functional foods
• Large-scale farms
• Effective cooperatives &
producer association
• New organizations for small
holders in some product
e.g., non-market
coordination (contract
farming, partnership
between farmer group and
agri-business /supermarket
, CSO-led farmer groups)
• New private standards/
labels
• Cross-border investment
• Resource conservation
• Re-defining government
role
• New laws 80
4. Climate change
• Higher temperature
• Extreme weather • Market
• Foreign supermarkets:
vertical coordination
• NTBs
• Laws and labels: IUU
(human trafficking,
over-fishing), animal
welfare, carbon–water
foot print
81. Data collection Communication & Decision support
data processing system
Real time data for a site-specific farm
satellite image +
GPS…plot
boundary
Weather
forecast
DronLand leveling:
GPS/ laser
Farming4.0