This study was conducted at the Sokoine University of Agriculture to assess the influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on sunflower seed oil content. The treatments consisted were: control (no nitrogen fertilizer, no farmyard manure); 2 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ha applied at planting (AAP); 5 t FYM/ha (AAP); 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 days after planting (DAP); 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 2 t FYM/ha at planting + 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 5 t FYM/ha at planting + 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); and 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); + 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP). A randomized complete block design was used and treatments replicated three times. Sunflower variety Record was used as a test variety. Data collected included: soil sample before planting, plant tissue analysis, seed oil content and total seed oil yield per hectare. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using (LSD) P ≤ 0.05. The results showed that unlike the other parameters, oil content was only increased by 10 t FYM/ha in both seasons. It was therefore recommended that farmers in Morogoro to consider application 10 t FYM/ha in order to have high seed sunflower oil content. Get the full articles at: https://bit.ly/30mfVfG
Growth and Yield of Soybean Direct-seeded following Conventional and Aerobic ...AI Publications
Previous studies reported that growing soybean in a dry season following conventional (flooded) rice resulted in lower grain yield compared with following rice cultivated using SRI (system of rice intensification) technique unless it was fertilized with mycorrhiza biofertilizer. This study aimed to examine residual effects of different rice cultivation techniques and organic waste application to the preceding red rice crops on growth and yield components of soybean direct-seeded without tillage following harvest of the preceding rice crop. The experiment on the red rice was arranged according to Split Plot design with three blocks and two treatment factors applied the rice crop, namely rice cultivation techniques as the main plots (T1= conventional, T2= aerobic rice on permanent raised-beds (ARR) without intercropping, T3= ARR + peanut, T4= ARR + peanut + rice straw mulch) and organic wastes applied to the red rice as the subplots (L0= without organic waste, L1= with rice husks, L2= with rice husk ash, L3= with rice husk ash and cattle manure). Results indicated that growth and yield variables of soybean direct-seeded following the red rice crop that showed significant residual effects of both treatment factors applied to the preceding red rice crop were leaf number at 8 weeks after planting, harvest index, grain number and grain yield per clump. Grain yield was highest (18.43 g/clump or 3.69 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following aerobic rice grown on permanent raised-bed intercropped with peanut thin covered with rice straw mulch (T4) and amended with rice husk ash and cattle manure (L3), and lowest (8.54 g/clump or 1.71 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following conventional rice (T1) without application of organic wastes (L0).
This ppt prepared by santosh raut as doctorial seminar
( Ph.D/Agronomy)
This ppt useful for students, all those related agriculture and other peoples. This ppt provide useful information related to organic rice with including reference/ case studies .
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Achievements on pulses & oilseed research in BRAC have been described. #suggested link of my you tube video on mung bean: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iEszjkUab4&t=8s and the link of lentil cultivation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3DfknzVx_c #also the link of sesame cultivation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAFjWsPetK8&t=79s
Growth and Yield of Soybean Direct-seeded following Conventional and Aerobic ...AI Publications
Previous studies reported that growing soybean in a dry season following conventional (flooded) rice resulted in lower grain yield compared with following rice cultivated using SRI (system of rice intensification) technique unless it was fertilized with mycorrhiza biofertilizer. This study aimed to examine residual effects of different rice cultivation techniques and organic waste application to the preceding red rice crops on growth and yield components of soybean direct-seeded without tillage following harvest of the preceding rice crop. The experiment on the red rice was arranged according to Split Plot design with three blocks and two treatment factors applied the rice crop, namely rice cultivation techniques as the main plots (T1= conventional, T2= aerobic rice on permanent raised-beds (ARR) without intercropping, T3= ARR + peanut, T4= ARR + peanut + rice straw mulch) and organic wastes applied to the red rice as the subplots (L0= without organic waste, L1= with rice husks, L2= with rice husk ash, L3= with rice husk ash and cattle manure). Results indicated that growth and yield variables of soybean direct-seeded following the red rice crop that showed significant residual effects of both treatment factors applied to the preceding red rice crop were leaf number at 8 weeks after planting, harvest index, grain number and grain yield per clump. Grain yield was highest (18.43 g/clump or 3.69 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following aerobic rice grown on permanent raised-bed intercropped with peanut thin covered with rice straw mulch (T4) and amended with rice husk ash and cattle manure (L3), and lowest (8.54 g/clump or 1.71 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following conventional rice (T1) without application of organic wastes (L0).
This ppt prepared by santosh raut as doctorial seminar
( Ph.D/Agronomy)
This ppt useful for students, all those related agriculture and other peoples. This ppt provide useful information related to organic rice with including reference/ case studies .
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Achievements on pulses & oilseed research in BRAC have been described. #suggested link of my you tube video on mung bean: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iEszjkUab4&t=8s and the link of lentil cultivation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3DfknzVx_c #also the link of sesame cultivation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAFjWsPetK8&t=79s
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame crop is low due to poor agronomic practice and inappropriate use of fertilizers in Gode district. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted under irrigation in the demonstration farm of Gode Polytechnic College, in 2014. The objective was to observe the effect of five N rates (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92kg ha-1) and three sesame varieties (Adi, Barsan and Mehado-80) on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamumindicum L.). The experiment was designed according to randomized complete blocks in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and sesame varieties were highly significant (P<0.01) in relation to number of capsules per plant-1, thousand seed weight, aerial dry biomass weight, seed yield and harvest index. Barsan variety at 46 kg N ha-1 had significantly higher number of capsules plant-1 (46.07) and seed yield (2.08 t ha-1) and harvest index (0.24) than other interactions. Similar trend was observed in 1000 seed weight also except there was no significant difference with Mehado-80 variety at 69 kg N ha-1. Mehado-80 variety at 92 kg N ha-1 had highest aerial dry biomass yield which was statistically at par with Adi at 92 kg N ha-1 and Barsan from 46 to 92 kg N ha-1.Thus, according to the results of partial budget analysis, application of 46kg N ha-1 in Barsan variety was the best interaction than others in relation to yield and yield components of sesame under Gode conditions.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 1: P K Joshi, International Food Policy Re...NCDEX Ltd.
Global status of maize production
Status of global maize trade
Dynamics of maize production in India
Favorable environment for maize
Challenges to the maize sector
Solutions to address the challenges
Wheat is a temperate crop requiring low temperatures for growth and yield. Production of wheat in the Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria is restricted to periods of low temperatures that prevailed from early November to late February. Based on the above, field experiments were conducted in two locations at the University Teaching and Research Farm during 2016/2017 dry season to determine the most appropriate planting date and planting method in the study area. The two locations were: Fadama Teaching and Research farm at Jega (Lat. 12°12.99' N; long. 4° 21.90'; 197m above sea level) and the University orchard at Aliero (lat. 12°18.64'N; long. 4°29.85'; 262 above sea level). Both Jega and Aliero are located within Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four Planting dates (1st November, 15th November 1st December and 15th December 2016) and three Planting Methods (Drilling, Dibbling and Broadcasting). The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that grain number per spike; grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, straw yield, and grain yield were higher when planted on 15th November and 1st December. On the other hand, drilling and dibbling methods resulted to higher stand count, plant height, leave number, leaf area index, days to 50% heading, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight straw and grain yields than broadcasting method. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that planting of wheat from 15th November to 1st December coupled with either dibbling or drilling methods of planting gives the best wheat yield in the study area.
Key-words: Ecological Zone, Planting Date, Planting Methods, Savanna, Triticum aestivum
Response of Nutrient Management Practices through Organic Substances on Rice ...AI Publications
The management of soil organic matter is crucial to maintain a productive organic farming system. No one source of nutrient usually fulfills to maintain productivity and quality control in organic system. In addition, the inputs to supplement nutrient availability are often not uniform presenting additional challenges in meeting the nutrient requirements of crops in organic system. With this concept, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, at Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist. Palghar, Maharashtra, during Kharif 2018-19 in rice. Different treatments comprising organic amendments such as T1-FYM @ 5 t/ha (control), T2-T1 + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha, T3-T1+Neem cake @ 250 kg, T4- T1+ vermiwash @ 3% spray, T5-T1+ Jeevamrut @ 3 % spray, T6-T1+ Panchgavya @ 3 % Spray, T7-T1+ Enriched Bananpseudostem sap @ 3% spray and T8-T1+ Regular Banana sap @ 3% spray were tried in organic crop production. These treatments were compared with absolute control (FYM @ 5 t/ha + No biofertilizer+ No Spray). A Rice variety ‘GR-11’ was taken for study. Results revealed a significant enhancement in grain yield of rice over absolute control due to the application of different organic amendments applied alone or in combinations. The rice grain yield (3.19 t ha-1) obtained under combined application of FYM and vermicompost was at par with the yield recorded under neem cake, vermiwash and panchgavya. An interesting observation recorded was that there was no serious attack of any insects pest or disease in organically grown crop. The study revealed that addition of four organic amendments viz. vermicompost, vermiwash, neem cake&panchgavyacould give the optimum yield of organic rice var. GR-11.
effect of inorganic fertilizer and crop residue on carbohydrate and fat conte...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of July 2013 & 2014at crop research farm SHIATS Allahabad to study the effect of inorganic fertilizer and wheat residue on carbohydrate and fat content in basmati rice. Treatments were arranged using (4x3) factorial R.B.D with three replications. Increasing level of NPK fertilizer significantly increases carbohydrate content in grain in 100% RDF ha-1over control. Among incorporation/ retention of wheat residue also increase the carbohydrate content with increasing level from 0 to 5 tone ha-1. It was lower in control and higher in highest level of wheat residue, which was at par with 2.5 t ha-1 wheat residues in the year of experiment 2013-2014. In the fat content maximum increased in 100% RDF (NPK) over control. Among the fat content maximum increased in incorporation of 5 t ha-1 wheat residue was found better than the rest of the treatment both the years of experiment 2013,14 respectively.
Fertilizer microdosing technology in sorghum, millet and maize production at ...IJASRD Journal
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantati...Innspub Net
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10 years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 – 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development.
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantati...Innspub Net
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10 years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 – 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/estimating-stored-carbon-stock-in-oil-palm-elaeis-guineensis-jacq-plantation-by-age-group-in-pt-daria-dharma-pratama-plantation-bengkulu-indonesia/
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladeshJaminur Rahman
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladesh
Dr. M Jaminur Rahman, Head, Department of Food Science, The University of Comilla.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame crop is low due to poor agronomic practice and inappropriate use of fertilizers in Gode district. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted under irrigation in the demonstration farm of Gode Polytechnic College, in 2014. The objective was to observe the effect of five N rates (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92kg ha-1) and three sesame varieties (Adi, Barsan and Mehado-80) on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamumindicum L.). The experiment was designed according to randomized complete blocks in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and sesame varieties were highly significant (P<0.01) in relation to number of capsules per plant-1, thousand seed weight, aerial dry biomass weight, seed yield and harvest index. Barsan variety at 46 kg N ha-1 had significantly higher number of capsules plant-1 (46.07) and seed yield (2.08 t ha-1) and harvest index (0.24) than other interactions. Similar trend was observed in 1000 seed weight also except there was no significant difference with Mehado-80 variety at 69 kg N ha-1. Mehado-80 variety at 92 kg N ha-1 had highest aerial dry biomass yield which was statistically at par with Adi at 92 kg N ha-1 and Barsan from 46 to 92 kg N ha-1.Thus, according to the results of partial budget analysis, application of 46kg N ha-1 in Barsan variety was the best interaction than others in relation to yield and yield components of sesame under Gode conditions.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 1: P K Joshi, International Food Policy Re...NCDEX Ltd.
Global status of maize production
Status of global maize trade
Dynamics of maize production in India
Favorable environment for maize
Challenges to the maize sector
Solutions to address the challenges
Wheat is a temperate crop requiring low temperatures for growth and yield. Production of wheat in the Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria is restricted to periods of low temperatures that prevailed from early November to late February. Based on the above, field experiments were conducted in two locations at the University Teaching and Research Farm during 2016/2017 dry season to determine the most appropriate planting date and planting method in the study area. The two locations were: Fadama Teaching and Research farm at Jega (Lat. 12°12.99' N; long. 4° 21.90'; 197m above sea level) and the University orchard at Aliero (lat. 12°18.64'N; long. 4°29.85'; 262 above sea level). Both Jega and Aliero are located within Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four Planting dates (1st November, 15th November 1st December and 15th December 2016) and three Planting Methods (Drilling, Dibbling and Broadcasting). The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that grain number per spike; grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, straw yield, and grain yield were higher when planted on 15th November and 1st December. On the other hand, drilling and dibbling methods resulted to higher stand count, plant height, leave number, leaf area index, days to 50% heading, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight straw and grain yields than broadcasting method. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that planting of wheat from 15th November to 1st December coupled with either dibbling or drilling methods of planting gives the best wheat yield in the study area.
Key-words: Ecological Zone, Planting Date, Planting Methods, Savanna, Triticum aestivum
Response of Nutrient Management Practices through Organic Substances on Rice ...AI Publications
The management of soil organic matter is crucial to maintain a productive organic farming system. No one source of nutrient usually fulfills to maintain productivity and quality control in organic system. In addition, the inputs to supplement nutrient availability are often not uniform presenting additional challenges in meeting the nutrient requirements of crops in organic system. With this concept, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, at Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist. Palghar, Maharashtra, during Kharif 2018-19 in rice. Different treatments comprising organic amendments such as T1-FYM @ 5 t/ha (control), T2-T1 + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha, T3-T1+Neem cake @ 250 kg, T4- T1+ vermiwash @ 3% spray, T5-T1+ Jeevamrut @ 3 % spray, T6-T1+ Panchgavya @ 3 % Spray, T7-T1+ Enriched Bananpseudostem sap @ 3% spray and T8-T1+ Regular Banana sap @ 3% spray were tried in organic crop production. These treatments were compared with absolute control (FYM @ 5 t/ha + No biofertilizer+ No Spray). A Rice variety ‘GR-11’ was taken for study. Results revealed a significant enhancement in grain yield of rice over absolute control due to the application of different organic amendments applied alone or in combinations. The rice grain yield (3.19 t ha-1) obtained under combined application of FYM and vermicompost was at par with the yield recorded under neem cake, vermiwash and panchgavya. An interesting observation recorded was that there was no serious attack of any insects pest or disease in organically grown crop. The study revealed that addition of four organic amendments viz. vermicompost, vermiwash, neem cake&panchgavyacould give the optimum yield of organic rice var. GR-11.
effect of inorganic fertilizer and crop residue on carbohydrate and fat conte...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of July 2013 & 2014at crop research farm SHIATS Allahabad to study the effect of inorganic fertilizer and wheat residue on carbohydrate and fat content in basmati rice. Treatments were arranged using (4x3) factorial R.B.D with three replications. Increasing level of NPK fertilizer significantly increases carbohydrate content in grain in 100% RDF ha-1over control. Among incorporation/ retention of wheat residue also increase the carbohydrate content with increasing level from 0 to 5 tone ha-1. It was lower in control and higher in highest level of wheat residue, which was at par with 2.5 t ha-1 wheat residues in the year of experiment 2013-2014. In the fat content maximum increased in 100% RDF (NPK) over control. Among the fat content maximum increased in incorporation of 5 t ha-1 wheat residue was found better than the rest of the treatment both the years of experiment 2013,14 respectively.
Fertilizer microdosing technology in sorghum, millet and maize production at ...IJASRD Journal
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantati...Innspub Net
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10 years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 – 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development.
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantati...Innspub Net
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10 years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 – 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/estimating-stored-carbon-stock-in-oil-palm-elaeis-guineensis-jacq-plantation-by-age-group-in-pt-daria-dharma-pratama-plantation-bengkulu-indonesia/
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladeshJaminur Rahman
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladesh
Dr. M Jaminur Rahman, Head, Department of Food Science, The University of Comilla.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3 + H2O + NO3→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field
experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand, district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1= 200 kg/ha, T2= 300 kg/ha, and T3 = 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded
in T3 in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were recorded in T1 plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Crop Residue Management, Smart Mechanization and Its Implications in Tropical...Kasa Kiran Kumar Reddy
Crop residue management through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity and crop production by maintaining SOM levels. Two significant advantages of surface-residue management are increased OM near the soil surface and enhanced nutrient cycling and retention.
Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Supplementary Irri...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Field experiment was conducted in Humera in 2015 main cropping season in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the performance of sesame under different supplementary irrigation applications and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study consists of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0kg N2/ha, 23kgN2/ha, 37.5kgN2/ha and 46kgN2/ha) and three levels of supplementary irrigation; rain-fed (I0), four irrigations (I4), and six irrigations (I6). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits, with the first half at sowing and the remaining half 30 days after emergence. Data on plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), in indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affected sesame grain yield. The highest grain yield 423.4kg/ ha, and 455kg/ha was obtained from application of 46kg nitrogen per hectare, and six supplementary irrigation. The results obtained in this experiment showed that, application of supplementary irrigation could be an important climate change adaptation strategy in areas where onset and cessation of rainfall occur.
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
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Influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers regimes on oil content of sunflower in Morogoro, Tanzania | IJAAR
1. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 166
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers regimes
on oil content of sunflower in Morogoro, Tanzania
Josiah M. Kinama1
, Irika M1, 2
, Habineza M. Jean Pierre1
1
Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
2
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
Article published on June 30, 2018
Key words: Organic and inorganic fertilizers, Sunflower, Oil content.
Abstract
This study was conducted at the Sokoine University of Agriculture to assess the influence of farmyard
manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on sunflower seed oil content. The treatments consisted
were: control (no nitrogen fertilizer, no farmyard manure); 2 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ha applied at
planting (AAP); 5 t FYM/ha (AAP); 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 days after
planting (DAP); 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 2 t
FYM/ha at planting + 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 5 t FYM/ha at planting + 40kg N/ha
applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); and 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); + 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP). A
randomized complete block design was used and treatments replicated three times. Sunflower variety
Record was used as a test variety. Data collected included: soil sample before planting, plant tissue analysis,
seed oil content and total seed oil yield per hectare. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and means were separated using (LSD) P ≤ 0.05. The results showed that unlike the other parameters, oil
content was only increased by 10 t FYM/ha in both seasons. It was therefore recommended that farmers in
Morogoro to consider application 10 t FYM/ha in order to have high seed sunflower oil content.
* Corresponding Author: Josiah M. Kinama ir.jphaby@yahoo.com
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 166-174, 2018
2. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 167
Introduction
Sunflower is one of the oilseed cash crops which have
been promoted by the government and private sectors
as a potential crop for improving farmers’ livelihoods
and ensuring availability of healthy edible oil in the
country (RLDC, 2010). However, the crop is still
facing low production and productivity challenges
which might partly be attributed to poor soil fertility,
low use of improved seeds and poor agronomic
practices (RLDC, 2010). Turuka et al., 2001 reported
that, of all farm management and farm input
applications inorganic fertilizers alone increases
yields by 35 to 40% followed by improved seeds.
Application of nitrogen fertilizers and farm yard
manure has a great impact on sunflower growth,
biological yield components as well as oil content
(Helmy and Ramdan, 2009). The crop is suited to
wide range of agro ecological zones with wide range of
temperatures, soil types and rainfall patterns. It ranks
the third most important source of edible oil in the
world after soya bean (Glycine max L.) and cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Berglund et al., 2007). The
crop gained popularity about less than 15 years ago
after increased peoples’ awareness of its healthier oil
free of cholesterol and rich in polyunsaturated fatty
acids than other vegetable oils (Ugulumu, 2007). It
contributes about 40% of total national cooking oil
requirement, ranking as one of the most important
cooking oils with very high value (ARI- Ilonga, 2008).
One of the limiting factors in sunflower production
among majority of Tanzanian farmers is poor soil
fertility and productivity. For instance Berglund
(2012) reported that low sunflower yields can be
caused by incorrect plant population, poor soil
fertility, lack of weed control, diseases, insect damage,
bird depredation, lodging, late planting and
harvesting losses. Oyinlola et al., (2010) also noted
that nitrogen deficiency is generally the most limiting
nutritional disorder which affects sunflower
production. Similarly Warrick, (2001) reported that
in order for farmers to obtain high and consistent
sunflower yields, an adequate fertilizer programme
should be part of production planning . Helmy and
Ramdan, (2009) also noted that use of animal wastes
and nitrogen fertilizer contribute significantly in
increasing sunflower seed yields and oil content. This
signifies that, soil fertility management is essential for
consistent achievement of high sunflower seed yields
and high oil content. The conventional method of
sunflower production in many parts of Tanzania and
Africa is cultivation without considering the soil
fertility management practices. In addition, farmers
rely mostly on extensive cultivation to increase crop
yields, the practice which leads to deforestation and
soil fertility depletion. Production of sunflower oil
seed in Tanzania has been increasing from 75,000
tons to 100,000 tons from 2002 to 2005, the
production then increased dramatically to 350,000
tons in 2007. The main reason for this increase is due
to opening up of new land under sunflower
production and a bit of use of improved seeds (MAFC,
2009). This accounts for extensive cultivation rather
than intensively agricultural production where
farmers open up a virgin land, cultivate for three to
four consecutive years and abandon the farms after
depleting the soils. Further, it is estimated that
350,000 tons of oil seed produced 90,000tons of
sunflower oil per year. FAO recommends annual per
capita oil consumption of 5kg of vegetable oil. In
2002 census, the population was 35,000,000 in
Tanzania and the equivalent oil demand was
175,000,000kg. With current Tanzania population of
44,000,000 people, the amount of oil needed is
220,000,000kg per year. Thus, the demand for
vegetable oil is high and the production has not met
this demand. Despite continuous increase in area
under production, there is still low production per
unit area, and the deficit has been compensated by oil
importation from Malaysia and Indonesia. To date
Tanzania is a net importer of oil. Although there is
good production of other oil seeds like groundnuts
and sesame, sunflower oil is mostly preferred because
of its high quality and healthy oil (free of cholesterol)
and has high oil content of about 40%. This makes
sunflower the most important cooking oil produced in
Tanzania especially in the central corridor of the
country. This shows a great need to deliberately
increase sunflower production through soil
fertilization. That why this study was conducted to
assess the influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen
3. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 168
fertilizers on oil content of sunflower in order to know
which fertilizer could help Tanzanian people to
increase the quantity of sunflower oil.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted in Morogoro- Tanzania, at
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of soil
science experimental sites. Sokoine University of
Agriculture is located at longitude 60 51’ 5 E latitude
390 37’ 26 S, at the base of Uluguru mountains,
200km west of Dar es Salaam on an altitude of 600 m
above sea level.
Morogoro region has a bimodal rainfall pattern
characterised by short rains which start from mid-
September to December with total rainfall amount of
700mm and 1000mm for long rains which start from
mid-March to June every year. During this
experimental period short rain season from October
2013 to February 2014, 200mm of rain was recorded,
and 500 mm was recorded during long rain season of
March to July 2014. Mean monthly maximum and
minimum temperatures were 31°C and 20°C
respectively. The soils were red, friable sandy clay
with pH range of 5.5 to 6.0 and soil extractable P of
0.024% (P2O5), total N 0.12% and cation exchange
capacity (C.E.C) of 17 Cmol/kg. First planting was
done on 10/10/2013 and harvested on 10/02/2014
equivalent to 122 days from planting to harvesting.
The second season trial was planted on 29th March
2014 and harvested on 17th July 2014, equivalent to
113 days from planting to harvesting. In the first
season primary tillage was conducted before onset of
short rains by using a tractor, followed by secondary
tillage / harrowing before field layout by using a hand
hoe and 7 m* 5m were used. Spacing used was 20cm*
70cm and these plots were maintained for use in the
second season. The residual effect of the first
treatment was determined by using the extrapolation
of the plant nutrient uptake and removal from the
plant tissue analysis data from the two seasons. The
seed beds were prepared by using hand hoe and 30cm
ruler in making planting hills of 10cm depth. From
seed to seed the distance was 20cm and from row to
row the distance was 70cm. Farmyard manure (FYM)
was applied at planting in 3cm to 5 cm depth in a
10cm planting hill and was covered by a thin layer of
soil prior to placement of the seed. Two to three seeds
were placed manually in each planting hill and were
thinned to one seedling per hill in 12 days after
germination as per farmers’ practice. Inorganic
nitrogen fertilizer in form of urea was applied/ top
dressed 30 days after seedlings emergence. Manure
which was analysed for nutrient content was obtained
from nearby Magadu farm, sunflower seeds (Record)
were sourced from Agricultural Seed Agency (ASA)
and Agro Seed International ltd and urea was
obtained from agro dealer’s shops in Morogoro town.
The design of an experiment was Randomized
Complete Block Design laid out on an area of 1135m2,
with three blocks each block having ten 35m2 plots
arranged in a 5 by 5 lines. The treatments were
presented as follows: Control (no nitrogen fertiliser,
no farmyard manure, 2 t farmyard manure (0.01kg N)
(FYM)/ha applied at planting, 5 t FYM/ha (0.03kg N)
applied at planting, 10 t FYM/ha(0.51kg N) at
planting , 20kg N/ha applied as urea at 30 days after
planting, 40kg N/ha applied as urea at 30 days after
planting, 60kg N/ha applied as urea at 30 days after
planting, 2 t FYM/ha (0.01kg N) at planting + 20kg
N/ha applied as urea at 30 days after planting, 5 t
FYM/ha (0.03kg N) at planting + 40kg N/ha applied
as urea at 30 days after planting ,10 t FYM/ha
(0.05kg N) applied at planting + 60 kg N/ha applied
as urea at 30 days after planting. Each 5m by 7m
experimental plot consisted of six planting rows each
row having 34 planting hills making a plant
population of 204 per plot.
Two to three sunflower seeds were planted per hill
and later were thinned to one plant per hill. Short
rains continued and supplemental irrigation was
carried out whenever long dry spell resulted. Data
collected included: soil sample before planting, plant
tissue analysis, seed oil content and total seed oil
yield per hectare. All data were subjected to analysis
of variance (ANOVA) using General Statistical
Package (GENSTAT) and means were separated using
the least significant difference (LSD) test at P ≤ 0.05.
4. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 169
Effect of inorganic nitrogen and organic fertilizer on
sunflower seed oil content
Soil sampling and analysis
Soils of the experimental site and manure were
sampled and prepared for physico-chemical check
one week before first planting. The soil sample was
collected from the top soil 30cm 22 depth at 15 points
by using a hand hoe within a furrow slice. A 0.25kg
sample from each block was air dried for two weeks,
ground, sieved in a 2mm sieve and were analysed at
the soil science department of Sokoine University of
Agriculture. Analyzed plant nutrients include: pH,
organic carbon by wet titration method, electric
conductivity (E.C) nitrogen by Kjedahl method,
macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
and Sulfur) Exchangiable bases (Mg, Ca, K)
micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Bo) Cation Exchange
Capacity (C.E.C) by atomic absorption method. The
soil physical properties determined were particle size
analysis and texture.
Plant tissue analysis
Plant tissue analysis was conducted to determine the
soil nutrient status during the two crop growth
seasons. At 60 days after planting five plants were
sampled randomly from which three newly matured
or new fully developed leaves were sampled. Sampled
leaves from each plot were placed in a paper bag and
transferred to the glass house for under shade drying.
The leaves were left to air dry for two weeks, and then
were oven dried at 70°C for two days prior to
grinding. Oven dried leaves were ground using a
Wiley Mill grinding machine to a fine powder. The
ground samples were weighed and digested for
determination of nutrients concentrations, both
macro and micronutrients content by the wet ashing
procedure. The procedure consisted of digesting 0.5g
of plant sample using H2O2 – HClO4HF, heated in
tubes in a block digester at 200°C for 2 hours. The
digest were cooled and made up to volume (50ml).
The nutrients content of the plants extracts were
determined as for soils.
Sunflower seed oil content and total seed oil yield
For oil determination and quantification, 30 samples
of 20g dehulled seeds from each plot were taken to
food science laboratory for oil extraction by using
soxhlet extraction method by Franz von Soxhlet,
(1879). The seeds were ground to obtain the fine
powder and 5g of ground seeds from each sample was
weighed and placed in a thimble. The thimbles was
covered with a cotton wool to avoid loss of the sample
during oil extraction in the soxhlet apparatus and
were placed in the pre weighed round bottomed flasks
containing 250ml of petroleum ether as an extraction
solvent and then were arranged in the soxhlet
extraction apparatus. After 3 hours the flasks were
removed from soxhlet apparatus and were left to cool.
After cooling the flasks with crude fat plus solvents
were taken to evaporator and were dipped in the 70°C
boiling water until no more moving solvents could be
seen. The flask with crude fat was taken to the oven at
105°C for 30 minutes to allow more evaporation of
organic solvents. The flask with oil was placed in the
desiccators for 45 minutes to attain the ambient
temperature, and then was weighed to obtain the
weight of flask + oil. Method of analysis used was as
described by Leas, (1975) and fat/oil extraction
manual from the department of food science and
technology of the Sokoine University of Agriculture.
Fig. 1. Sunflower oil determination.
5. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 170
To obtain a percentage oil the following calculation
was carried out. % Oil/fat Content = ((Weight of flask
+ oil- Weight of empty flask)/ weight of Sample) *
100. Percentage oil data obtained from each sample
was subjected to analysis of variance using Gen Stat
discovery edition 13 statistical package at 5%
probability level. Treatment means were compared by
using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5%
probability level.
Results
Effect of inorganic nitrogen and organic fertilizer on
sunflower seed oil content
Soil physical and chemical analysis
Table 1 on determination of soil fertility of the
experimental blocks prior to planting during the short
rain season of 2013/204 and the composition of
farmyard manure showed that the soils were sandy
clay, slightly acidic non saline with medium, sufficient
and high levels of most of the nutrients except for
Nitrogen and Calcium which were low and Zinc which
was very low.
Sunflower plant tissue analysis for short rain season
and long rain season 2013/2014
The amount of macronutrients determined during the
short rain season ranged from medium to sufficient
(Table 2). The plant materials had low levels of
calcium. During the long rain season the plant
material had very high levels of nitrogen, high levels
of potassium and sulphur and low to medium levels of
phosphorus (Table 2).
Table 1. Soil fertility status of an experimental site before planting.
Properties Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
Value Value Value
A: Physical properties
Sand (%) 48 48 48
Silt (%) 9 11 9
Clay (%) 42 40 44
Textural Class Sandy clay Sandy clay Sandy clay
B: Chemical composition
pH 5.65M 5.7M 5.7M
Electric conductivity (mS/cm) 0.07 NS 0.07 NS 0.07 NS
Organic carbon (%) 1.58M 1.58M 1.66M
Total N (%) 0.12L 0.12L 0.12L
Total P bray1(mg/kg) 676.07 1038.88 2688.04
Extractable P (mg/kg) 10.03M 9.22M 10.16M
Cation exchange capacity (cmol/kg) 18.03M 17.8M 17.8M
K+ (cmol/kg) 0.76H 0.98H 0.89H
S (mg/kg) 52.52VH 52.52VH 31.2H
Cu (mg/kg) 1.79 H 1.58 H 1.53 H
Mn (mg/kg) 112.2VH 121.6 VH 124.74 VH
Zn (mg/kg) 0.97VL 0.97VL 0.88VL
Fe (mg/kg) 49.8VH 47.13VH 44.44VH
Ca2+ (cmol/kg) 4.88L 3.9L 4.9L
Mg2+ (cmol/kg) 2.79M 2.69M 2.64M
K+ (cmol/kg) 0.76H 0.98H 0.89H
Na+ (cmol/kg) 0.2L 0.71H 0.39L
C: composition of farmyard manure
Total N (%) 0.512 H
P2O5 (%) 1.94M
K2O (%) 1.16M
The rating of soil analysis data L = Low, M = Medium, H = High, VH = Very High and NS = Non Saline were
according to Jones, (2001).
6. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 171
Table 2. Plant tissue analysis results for short rain season 2013/2014 and long rain 2014.
Treatments Short rain Treatments Long rain
N% P% K% S% Ca% Mg% N% P% K% S%
Control (No fertilizer) 2.60S 0.32S 1.15M 0.24S 0.12L 0.16M Control (No fertilizer) 4.43E 0.13L 3.79H 0.67H
20kgN/ha 2.94S 0.37S 1.19M 0.25S 0.06L 0.14M 20kgN/ha 4.41E 0.11L 4.91H 0.33H
40kg/ha 3.18S 0.34S 1.30M 0.21S 0.10L 0.16M 40kg/ha 4.47E 0.14L 3.80H 0.41H
60kg/ha 3.23S 0.37S 1.24M 0.23S 0.18L 0.17M 60kg/ha 4.75E 0.13L 5.08E 0.45H
2t FYM/ha 3.07S 0.39S 1.44M 0.24S 0.14L 0.16M 2t FYM/ha residual 3.81E 0.15M 3.99H 0.45H
5t FYM/ha 3.06S 0.40S 1.17M 0.22S 0.15L 0.15M 5t FYM/ha residual 3.19E 0.20M 4.49H 0.44H
10tFYM/ha 2.86S 0.40S 1.47M 0.24S 0.16L 0.15M 10tFYM/ha residual 3.60E 0.14L 3.71H 0.51H
20kg N/ha+2t FYM/ha 3.18S 0.37S 1.59S 0.23S 0.15L 0.14M 20kg N/ha+ 2t FYM/ha
residual
4.61E 0.13L 4.33H 0.44H
40kgN/ha+5t FYM/ha 3.17S 0.39S 1.3M 0.23S 0.15L 0.19M 40kgN/ha+5t FYM/ha
residual
5.56E 0.15M 3.90H 0.42H
60kgN/ha+10tFYM/ha 3.26S 0.30S 1.28M 0.21S 0.16L 0.18M 60kgN/ha+10tFYM/ha
residual
4.61E 0.18M 5.15E 0.47H
N.B: the rating of plant tissue data; L = Low, M = Marginal, S = Sufficient, H = High and E = Excess were
according to sunflower plant tissue interpretation.
Percent seed oil content
In both seasons fertilizer application had a
significant effect (P≤ 0.05) on seed oil content
(Table 3). In the short rains, 10 t FYM/ha gave a
higher percent of oil content than most of the other
treatments (Table 3). Percent oil content ranged
from 33.67 to 47.35%. In the long rain season,
control had higher percent seed oil than most of
the other treatments (Table 3). Percent oil ranged
from 23.71 (20kg N/ha +2 t FYM/ha) to 44.56%
(control). Short rain had 23.82% higher average
percent seed oil than long rain season.
Table 3. Effect of fertilizer application regime on sunflower seed oil content during the short rain season of
2013/2014 and long rain of 2014.
Treatments Short rain season Treatments Long rain season
Seed oil content % Seed oil content %
Control (No fertilizer) 40.05c Control (No fertilizer) 44.56a
20kgN/ha 44.24ab 20kgN/ha 26.98cd
40kg/ha 45.17ab 40kg/ha 36.63ab
60kg/ha 39.32c 60kg/ha 26.51c
2t FYM/ha 43.44b 2t FYM/ha residual 40.99ab
5t FYM/ha 33.67d 5t FYM/ha residual 27.58bc
10tFYM/ha 47.35a 10tFYM/ha residual 33.71bc
20kg N/ha+2t FYM/ha 38.69c 20kg N/ha+ 2t FYM/ha residual 23.71d
40kgN/ha+5t FYM/ha 36.97c 40kgN/ha+5t FYM/ha residual 41.87ab
60kgN/ha+10tFYM/ha 43.51b 60kgN/ha+10tFYM/ha residual 30.52bc
P value 0.028 P value 0.017
LSD 0.05 3.23 LSD 0.05 9.64
C.V% 8.1 C.V% 28.01
Means bearing same letters along the column are no significantly different (P < 0.05) according to Duncan’s New
Multiple Range Test.
Total seed oil yield
During short rains fertilizer application had a
significant effect (P≤ 0.05) on total seed oil yield.
During this season, 60kg N/ha + 10 t FYM/ha had
higher total seed oil content than most of the other
treatments. Total seed oil yield ranged from 182.2kg
(control) to 552.1kg (60kg N/ha + 10 t FYM/ha). In
the long rain season, treatment effect was not
significant on total seed oil yield (P > 0.05). The oil
yield ranged from 64.9 (20kg N/ha) to 223.7kg (2 t
FYM/ha). The short rain had 159.70% higher total
seed oil yield than the long rains (Table 4).
7. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 172
Table 4. Effect of fertilizer application regime on sunflower total seed oil content during the short rain season of
2013/2014 and long rain of 2014
Treatments Short rain season Treatments Long rain season
Total seed oil
content Kg/ha
Total Seed oil
content Kg/ha
Control (No fertilizer) 182.2b Control (No fertilizer) 178.9a
20kgN/ha 364.5ab 20kgN/ha 64.9a
40kg/ha 350.0b 40kg/ha 159.2a
60kg/ha 316.4b 60kg/ha 100.2a
2t FYM/ha 519.7ab 2t FYM/ha residual 223.7a
5t FYM/ha 319.9b 5t FYM/ha residual 172.3a
10tFYM/ha 498.4ab 10tFYM/ha residual 126.1a
20kg N/ha+2t FYM/ha 333.2b 20kg N/ha+ 2t FYM/ha residual 113.5a
40kgN/ha+5t FYM/ha 311.9b 40kgN/ha+5t FYM/ha residual 137.6a
60kgN/ha+10tFYM/ha 552.1a 60kgN/ha+10tFYM/ha residual 166.9a
P value 0.018 P value 0.114
LSD 0.05 189.20 LSD 0.05 NS
C.V% 29.4 C.V% 39.3
Means bearing same letters along the column are no significantly different (P < 0.05) according to Duncan’s New
Multiple Range Test.
Discussion
The significant increase in sunflower seed oil content
by application of 10 t FYM/ha could have resulted from
beneficial wide range of nutrients of FYM in improving
soil productivity and easy uptake of other nutrients like
sulfur which has been reported to influence fatty acid
formation processes on oil crops (Rasool et al., 2013).
Additionally, Urea releases N to the soil rapidly and
this could have improved sunflower plant growth. The
oil content trend reported from this study are
supported by Ghalavand et al., (2011) who found that
higher organic nutrition levels exhibited the highest
levels of seeds oil content and as nitrogen accessibility
increased, the seed oil content decreased. Further,
Manikandan and Thamizhiniyan (2016) in their study
on effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on
phytochemichal costituents in sunflower showed that,
organic fertilizer was found to be more efficient than
inorganic fertilizer over control improving
phytochemichal costituents in sun flower. In addition,
Yaser et al., (2012) in his study on comparison of sole
and combined nutrient application on yield and
biochemical composition of sunflower under water
stress reported that, protein and seed oil content were
significantly higher in sheep manure and the
combination of 50% cattle manure + 50% chemical
fertiliser respectively. In contrary, Akbari et al., (2011)
reported that, the application of bio fertilizer reduced
the saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic)
and enhanced unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid
and oleic acid) and oil content compared to control in
his study on effects of biofertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer
and farmyard manure on grain yield and seed quality
of sunflower. However, Mahmooda et al., (2015) in
his study on impact of organic and inorganic manures
on sunflower yield and yield components reported
that, poultry manure and goat/sheep manure 6t ha-1
or 8tha-1 replacing 25% or 50% recommended dose of
NPK fertilisers, respectively showed more promising
results as compared to other manures increasing
sunflower seed yield and seed oil content. Amjed et
al., (2012) in his study on the effect of nitrogen on
achene protein, oil, fatty acid profile, and yield of
sunflower hybrids reported that crop oil yield was
positively related to increased N supply with higher
achene yield. Yaser et al., (2011) in his study of
investigation the influences of manures sources and
chemical fertilizers on yield, protein and oil content of
sunflower under drought stress showed that,
maximum achene oil content and oil yield were
recorded , when crop fertilized by cattle manure
alone. Amin et al., (2014) in his study on effect of
phosphate and nitrogen bio fertilizers on yield, yield
components, oil and protein in sunflower showed
that, application of nitrogen and other P biofertilizers
compared to nonapplication of N biofertilizers had a
better effect on biomass, seed yield, oil content and
protein.
8. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Kinama et al. Page 173
Insignificant effect from the combination of FYM and
UREA on increasing sunflower seeds oil content was
contrary to other investigations which reported that;
application of organic fertilizers and their
combinations increased oil content over the control
in Egypt (Helmy et al., 2009). Similar results were
also reported by Munir, (2007) who studied the
effect of different fertilizer levels on sunflower oil
content that combination and control treatments
had higher and lower oil contents respectively. The
trend of 60 kg N/ha producing lowest oil content
from both seasons might have been caused by
sunflower crop lodging which occurred at early grain
filling stage, 76 days after planting. Lodging has
been reported to affect all crop yield components by
HGCA, (2005) including seed oil percentage.
Conclusion
Organic and inorganic fertilizers generally in sunflower
production has showed a positive impact on seed
sunflower oil content and total seed sunflower oil
content. All fertilizer regimes applied from both sources
gave higher response than the control. Oil content
showed peculiar behavior, which was only increased by
the 10 t FYM /ha in both seasons. It was therefore
recommended that farmers in Morogoro to consider
application of fertilizers in 10 t FYM/ha in order to have
high seed sunflower oil content.
Acknowledgements
This publication was made possible through financial
support provided by USAID- Innovative Agricultural
Research Initiative (iAGRI) and Regional Universities
Forum (RUFORUM).
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