This document presents a comparative analysis of coconut shell concrete versus traditional concrete. Tests were conducted replacing coarse aggregate at 10%, 20%, and 30% with coconut shell aggregate. The results showed:
1) Compressive strength was reduced by 6%, 20%, and 30% respectively as replacement increased. 10% replacement is suitable for normal construction while 20-30% is only for less important works.
2) Flexural strength was reduced by 17.86%, 25%, and 30.36% respectively as replacement increased. 10% replacement is allowable while 20-30% requires some conditions.
3) Total concrete cost was reduced by 2%, 3%, and 4% respectively as replacement increased due to lower coconut
A material that in the works of being used widely as a material for architectural facades and in other fields also. Combining the properties of glass and wood theoretically, has proved to be a marvel in the field of engineering and architecture alike.
This is a power point intended to allow groups to talk about space considerations when building or changing their museum building. It is only an orientation and not a complete one but gets staff to understand that architectural space planning is really a common sense narrative that they can accomplish with the aid of a sympathetic architect.
Understanding what sustainability means, the term, with respect to construction materials.
This is primarily relevant for India but is also informative for international scenarios,
A material that in the works of being used widely as a material for architectural facades and in other fields also. Combining the properties of glass and wood theoretically, has proved to be a marvel in the field of engineering and architecture alike.
This is a power point intended to allow groups to talk about space considerations when building or changing their museum building. It is only an orientation and not a complete one but gets staff to understand that architectural space planning is really a common sense narrative that they can accomplish with the aid of a sympathetic architect.
Understanding what sustainability means, the term, with respect to construction materials.
This is primarily relevant for India but is also informative for international scenarios,
GREEN BUILDINGS
Uses less energy, water, natural resources
Generates less waste
Healthier for people living in it
Energy saved= 30-40% per day
Enhanced indoor air quality, light and ventilation
Potable water saving upto 20-30%
High productivity of occupants
Minimum generation of non-degradable waste
Lower operating costs and increase asset value
The building envelope is physical separator between the exterior and the interior of the building and fenestration systems.
Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the building.
Building materials and environmental impactadi5686
building materials have considerable impact on environment. so choosing the right material and knowledge about modern materials is equally important in modern day construction and technology
Neo-futurism is a late 20th–early 21st century movement in the arts, design, and architecture. It is a departure from the cynical attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic belief in a better future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".
This avant-garde movement is a futuristic rethinking of the aesthetic and functionality of rapidly growing cities.
The industrialization that began worldwide following the end of the Second World War gave wind to new streams of thought in life, art and architecture, leading to post-modernism, neo-modernism and then neo-futurism.
In the Western countries, futurist architecture evolved into Art Deco, the Googie movement and high-tech architecture, and finally into Neo-Futurism.
Neo-futuristic urbanists, architects, designers and artists believe in cities releasing emotions, driven by eco-sustainability, ethical values and implementing new materials and new technologies to provide a better quality of life for city-dwellers.
Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme оf the high-tech architecture’s themes аnd ideas, incorporating elements оf high-tech industry аnd technology іntо building design: technology and context is the focus of some architects of this movement such as Buckminster Fuller, Norman Foster, Kenzo Tange, Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers, Frei Otto, and Santiago Calatrava.
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.
The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often misleading because they have no direct relation to the actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so that a hardwood may actually be softer than a softwood.
SSIPs save energy, lower labor costs, resist rot, mold, and insects and are rated for category 5 hurricane winds. Fully comstomizeable panels enable builders to provide exactly the look their clients are seeking while utilizing the latest in high-performance building technology.
GREEN BUILDINGS
Uses less energy, water, natural resources
Generates less waste
Healthier for people living in it
Energy saved= 30-40% per day
Enhanced indoor air quality, light and ventilation
Potable water saving upto 20-30%
High productivity of occupants
Minimum generation of non-degradable waste
Lower operating costs and increase asset value
The building envelope is physical separator between the exterior and the interior of the building and fenestration systems.
Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the building.
Building materials and environmental impactadi5686
building materials have considerable impact on environment. so choosing the right material and knowledge about modern materials is equally important in modern day construction and technology
Neo-futurism is a late 20th–early 21st century movement in the arts, design, and architecture. It is a departure from the cynical attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic belief in a better future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".
This avant-garde movement is a futuristic rethinking of the aesthetic and functionality of rapidly growing cities.
The industrialization that began worldwide following the end of the Second World War gave wind to new streams of thought in life, art and architecture, leading to post-modernism, neo-modernism and then neo-futurism.
In the Western countries, futurist architecture evolved into Art Deco, the Googie movement and high-tech architecture, and finally into Neo-Futurism.
Neo-futuristic urbanists, architects, designers and artists believe in cities releasing emotions, driven by eco-sustainability, ethical values and implementing new materials and new technologies to provide a better quality of life for city-dwellers.
Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme оf the high-tech architecture’s themes аnd ideas, incorporating elements оf high-tech industry аnd technology іntо building design: technology and context is the focus of some architects of this movement such as Buckminster Fuller, Norman Foster, Kenzo Tange, Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers, Frei Otto, and Santiago Calatrava.
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.
The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often misleading because they have no direct relation to the actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so that a hardwood may actually be softer than a softwood.
SSIPs save energy, lower labor costs, resist rot, mold, and insects and are rated for category 5 hurricane winds. Fully comstomizeable panels enable builders to provide exactly the look their clients are seeking while utilizing the latest in high-performance building technology.
Experimental investigation of compressive strength properties of eco friendly...IJARIIT
The rapid Urbanization and Industrialization all over the world has resulted in the large deposition of Plastic waste
and Waste Tyre Rubber. This waste can be utilized under the proper condition to reduce the Cement content in Concrete.M30
concrete is used for most of the constructional works. The strength of these concrete results has compared with concrete
obtained of Plastic waste and Waste Tyre Rubber varying from 0% to 20 %.Experimental investigations comprised of testing
physical requirements of Coarse Aggregates, Fine Aggregates, Cement and the modifier Waste Plastic and Waste Tyre rubber.
M30 concrete design mix considered as per IS 10262-1982. The said percentage of modifier was blended with the cement
concrete mix and the optimum modifier content was found. Cubes and Cylinders were casted and tested for 28 days strength.
These tests revealed that by adding Waste plastics and rubber as a partial replacement in Fine Aggregate and Coarse
aggregate by volume, the strength of concrete decreased. The cube strength decreased as the percentage replacement increased
due to their poor binding properties. By using Plastic waste and Waste Tyre Rubber as modifier, we can reduce the quantity of
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate by their volume, hence decreasing the overall cost of construction
The modified cement concrete can be used in the construction of small drainage works and rigid pavement.
Effective utilization of waste plastics can be done for a good cause of protecting the global environment and effective solid
waste management.
Utilization of Plastic waste for Making Plastic Bricksijtsrd
The plastic waste is the hazardous problem in today's world. This is most dangerous problem in front of humanity. The most hazardous type of wastes are HDPE and PTE and the plastic below 50micron is also causing a serious problem. These plastic mixed in the soil, it directly effects on fertility of the soil. Nowadays, the large amount of plastic is deposited into sea. This plastic wastes gives hazardous effect on the aquatic life and quality of seawater also polluted by this plastic. So, we try to finding efficient way to solve this problem of plastic waste. So, we added this plastic wastes into the bricks and create the bricks by using plastic wastes. It is most economical solution present in the construction industry and it is also economical and environment friendly solution of the plastic wastes. R. S. Kognole | Kiran Shipkule | Kiran Shipkule | Manish Patil | Lokesh Patil | Udaysinh Survase ""Utilization of Plastic waste for Making Plastic Bricks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23938/utilization-of-plastic-waste-for-making-plastic-bricks/r-s-kognole
A Research onto Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of ...ijtsrd
Plastic waste management is the main environmental issues in our country. The present study applies to the usage of recycled plastics as an alternative for aggregates in concrete. The motive of the study is to investigate the alteration in the physical qualities of concrete by the use of waste of plastics in concrete. The utilization of plastic aggregates was discovered to lead to the development of sturdy concrete. Additionally, with the plastics, the tensile and compressive strength of the concrete reduces. The foremost change brought approximately by using plastics is the fact that concrete’s thermal conductivity is decreased due to the utilization of plastics. It is able to thus be declared recycled plastics are usually utilized for thermal insulation of structures.Series of experiments had been performed in this current study for a comparison of the usage of Used Plastic as a replacement of sand in various different proportions. The main conclusions drawn was that the compressive strength increases with the inclusion of Used Plastic upto a certain proportions and then reduces the strength. Paras Kumar Yadav | Amit Kumar "A Research onto Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates by Plastic Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33250.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33250/a-research-onto-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-aggregates-by-plastic-aggregates/paras-kumar-yadav
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity
Multi products storage using randomnessIJRTEMJOURNAL
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
A study on financial aspect of supply chain managementIJRTEMJOURNAL
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry.
Assessment of Building Failure: The Case of Saint Thomas’s Anglican Church, A...IJRTEMJOURNAL
There have been incessant reports of the collapse of buildings resulting in the loss of lives and
properties globally. However, there has been a dearth of information regarding any findings about the collapse
of building structures. An extensive study of causes of selected building collapse in Nigeria and abroad is carried
out in this work by visiting some locations of building collapse, reading journals and newspaper articles on
structural defects and testing rubbles collected from collapsed areas. This study therefore examined the general
causes of the collapse of some buildings particularly the reasons for the collapse of Saint Thomas’s 2-storey
Church Hall, Akure. Laboratory testing was carried out in this study to investigate the causes of collapse using
samples from the site of the collapsed building. An appraisal of the structural drawings of the collapsed building
was also investigated. Findings revealed that the building collapsed due to poor design, bad construction
materials and inadequate supervision. The paper concludes that buildings collapse can be reduced in Nigeria by
avoiding all. It recommended use of only duly registered professionals in the building industry for construction.
Data warehousing is a technique for collecting and managing data from multiple internal and
external sources to provide meaningful business insights. Data warehouses are designed to give a long-range
view of data over time and provide a decision support system environment. They are a vital component of
business intelligence, which is designed for data analysis and reporting. They are used to provide greater
insight into the performance of a business. This paper provides a brief introduction on data warehousing
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Survivin Immunoreactivity in the Gastric Mucosa of Rats Feedind with Carpet S...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Survivin has been studied many times because of its overexpression in several types of cancer
including lung, kidney, skin, endometrium, stomach, colon, breast, prostate, over, hematologic, head and neck
cancers, histopathology features and polymorphisms in the promoter region which belongs to the inhibitör of
apoptosis gene family by researchers. There is no study of survivin immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of the
rats fed with carpet shell clam grown in the Dardanelles. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of
carpet shell clam fed rats on survivin production in the gastric mucosa. The carpet shell clam given as food to the
rats were removed from the Dardanelles Çardak region. Four groups of rats are included in the study, group 1
(n=6), control group fed with standard rat food, group 2 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat
food daily, group 3 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every two days, group 4 (n=6), 75%
carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every three days. To detect survivin localization in the tissues, the
LAB-SA Detection System was used. Survivin immunoreactivity was detected of epithelial cells in the gastric
mucosa of rats fed with carpet shell clam. After the immunohistochemical staining processing all gastric tissue
samples are evaluated in terms of survivin immunoreactivity with light microscopy and image analysis software.
Survivin immunoreactivity was detected 0% in the first group, 83.33% in the second group, 61.83% in the third
group and 32.67% in the fourth group. There was statistically significant difference between the survivin
immunoreactivity in the gastric gland cells of the rats in the experimental and control groups (p> 0.05). Survivin
production in the gastric mucosa of rats suggests that consumption of carpet shell clam may cause tissue damage.
Security and Crime Management in University Libraries in NigeriaIJRTEMJOURNAL
Security and prevention of crime in university library is very paramount duties of librarian. The
survival of a library depends to a large extend on how secured its collections are, security of library resources
constitutes serious challenge facing university libraries in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, investigates security and
crime management in university libraries in Nigeria using university of Jos and university of Ilorin libraries. The
study adopted a descriptive survey method. The population of the study comprised 108 library personnel and
16,012 registered library users in two university libraries. While the sample size consisted of all the 108 library
personnel, and 2% of the registered users to make a total of 428 respondents. Questionnaire and interview with
the university librarians of the selected university libraries were the instruments used for data collection. Data
were analysed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results revealed that security breaches included
stealing/theft of library materials, mutilation of library materials, and non-return of borrowed items. It also
showed inadequate funding, selfish interest of the culprits and lack of institutional security policy in the library.
Base on the findings, that staff security training, electronic security system should be introduced and improve
funding of university libraries among others. Recommendation orientation of users and staff should be done from
time to time in university libraries to mention but few.
Influence of heat treatment on Vitamin C Levels in Oyster MushroomIJRTEMJOURNAL
The study was conducted to investigate the influence of heat treatment during drying process of
Oyster mushroom in the tropics. Mushroom growing is carried out under carefully controlled conditions mostly
in bulk in specific designed tunnels with aerated floors. There are two main purposes, firstly pasteurization; to
free the compost from undesirable microbes and pests and secondly conditioning; to become mushroom specific
by getting clear of ammonia and free of readily available carbohydrates. Through proper manipulation of
temperature and ventilation these two primary objectives are accomplished. Mushrooms have been identified as
an underutilized crop in Africa, with many nutritive and health benefits. It does not require much land and
investment. However, it is highly perishable and there is need to process it to lengthen its shelf life by drying.
However, there is need to ensure that the nutrients are not lost in the process. It is for this reason that this
project investigated the effect of drying on nutrient levels in mushroom. Vitamin C levels were monitored in the
course of drying at 80⁰C, 60⁰C, 50⁰C, 40⁰C and in direct sunlight. It was concluded that the temperature that
gave the best drying rate with minimal nutrient loss was 60⁰C. In general, more than half the Vitamin C is lost
during the range of drying temperatures investigated.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
Macroeconomic stability in the DRC: highlighting the role of exchange rate an...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study is part of a macroeconomic approach and seeks to identify the role of the rate of
economic growth and the exchange rate in controlling the macroeconomic framework. The approaches adopted
in this paper are part of Keynesian thinking on macroeconomic stability using the macroeconomic stability
index proposed by Burnside and Dollars (2004) and A. Amine (2005). Our results argue that economic growth
is causing macroeconomic stability and that the exchange rate is negatively and significantly accounting for
macroeconomic stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Reserves Estimating Carbon in Forest City District Village Bongohulawa GorontaloIJRTEMJOURNAL
The estimation of Carbon stock and carbon sink in the City Forest of Bongohulawa village,
Regency of Gorontalo (Guided by. The research was aimed to know volume growth of trees planted in the
Village District Bongohulawa Gorontalo, to calculate the volume and content of carbon biomass in the city
forest and green line (left-right path) and average carbon sequestration/tree/species. Research was conducted
in village of Bongohulawa during 4 (fourth) month; started from March until June 2011. The execution of data
collecting [of] was performed within this research area-location through observation and measurement of trees
and forest stand. For green line research area 100% inventory was upllied and for City Forest line plot
sampling was implemented. For city forest sample plots measurement was conducted in 10 sample units (each
unit sampling of 0.25 ha). Tree diameter, tree hight (total and commercial hight) and crown diameter of all tree
species within research line (green line) and research plots (city forest) was measured. Based on the research
data and its calculation, the results show that: Casuarina junghuhiana can store more carbon than other tree
species. From the inventory conducted in 3 km of green line along the road (6 meters width observations) of the
village Bongohulawa, 366 trees (consist of 7 tree species) were measured. Those tree species namely Casuarina
junghuiana 102 trees, sandalwood 46 trees, mango 7 trees, jackfruit 6 trees, Albizia 1 tree, mahogany 202 trees,
headland 2 trees. Crown cover of those tree species is 3032.54 m2
. The result of calculation also indicated that
Casuarina has higher carbon stock than other tree species that is 33.56 tons (equal with 52% of total crbon
stock). Further calculation indicated that during the period of 19 years (since 1992) Casuarina can strocked
carbon average of 1.77 tons/year. The average diameter increment of individual Casuarina tree species is about
1.72 cm/year. Furthermore, for Swietenia magrophilla King, with an average diameter increment of 1.40
cm/year, the leaves of this tree species can absorbed carbon of 18.1233 tons within green line of both sides of
the road. For research plots within City Forest which located in the valey the results of the research show that
the crown cover of 124 trees is about 1,359.67 m2, then carbon absorbtion is about 0.15 ton/tree or about 7.8
kg/tree/year. Within the research area of City Forest (located both in the valey and hill) totally there are 1,353
trees (consist of 13 tree species) and carbon absorption of the canopy is about 25.521 tons. Further calculation
results also indicated that carbon absorption of small trees ( poles) is about 25.521 tons and for sapling is
about 78.163 tons or 39,0815 tons/ha then fionally for mature trees is about 39.813 tons or 15,925 tons/ha.
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and Caucasus: A Study ...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study aims to find the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
variables. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and all the
independent variables along with the statistical significance. It is recommended that the governments of the
European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
Translation Errors of Public Signs in English Subtitle: Residents’ Poor Forei...IJRTEMJOURNAL
China is in an Age of Economy Thriving and Technology Advancing. This strike
increasing international visitors. In the foreigners, very few of them are able to communicate in
Chinese, which means that it is significant to provide accurate information to the foreign friends by
their understandable codes. For instance, in a hotel, a foreigner needs to know which way to go for
their daily activities without enquiring at the reception desk. These requirements are served by public
signs, e.g. the location of a canteen. Actually, this service is a challenge of Chinese people’s English
level. In recent years, as a lack of contextually linguistic and cultural knowledge, there are some
errors of translation on public English signs, resulting in some inconvenience to the oversea
travelers. This paper will analyses these problems in root and then advance prospective resolutions.
What are the determinants of the non-reimbursement for SMEs in Central Africa...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This article aims to determine the factors that are the cause of the non-repayment of credits
received from financial institutions by Cameroonian SMEs. This choice is sometimes. This non-repayment is
often caused by factors related to the environment and the functioning of SMEs. It aims to analyze and highlight
the factors that put Cameroonian SMEs in a situation of inability to repay the receivables received from
financial institutions. To achieve this goal, we opted for a mixed approach: Inductive (exploration on the
ground) and hypothetico deductive. To do this, we first analyzed the content of the interviews conducted with 15
SME managers and owners and tested data collected from a questionnaire administered face-to-face with 185
Cameroonian SMEs. . We used descriptive analysis and explanatory analysis. Our results show that the tax rate,
the mismanagement of managers, poor accounting and unforeseen situations have a significant positive
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Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete to Traditional Concrete
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 6 ǁ June 2018 ǁ PP 107-113
|Volume 2| Issue 6 | www.ijrtem.com | 107 |
Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete to Traditional
Concrete
Mr. V. P. Kumbhar1
, Mr. S.S. Pawar2
1&2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, AGTI’s Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering,
Karad, Maharashtra (India)
ABSTRACT : It is found that so many wastes which can be used in traditional concrete like e-wastes, rubber
tyre waste, glass waste etc. The coconut shell is also a main waste which can be used in traditional concrete.
Generally, coconut shells are used in traditional concrete in the form of viz., coconut shell aggregate and
coconut shell fiber. This paper describes coconut shells are used as replacement of coarse aggregates. The
compressive and flexural strength test where taken on 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate to
coconut shells. It is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some extent and the
flexural strength also reduced as replacement of coconut shell is increased, but the 10% replacement is possible
to use in construction work and 20% and 30% replacement are possible to use for less important construction
work under some conditions.
It is found that, workability of concrete is increased than traditional concrete as percentage replacement is
increased. Total cost of concrete is get reduced by replacement of coarse aggregate to coconut shells. The
volume of concrete is also increased as replacement is increased, hence, the total quantity of concrete required
is getting reduced and the cost is again getting reduced. This paper supports the “SWACHHA BHARAT
ABHIYAN” carried by our Hon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Finally, this paper concluded that, the Coconut Shell is possible to use for construction work as coarse
aggregate under some conditions economically. It is majorly used for construction of small huts, watchman
cabin, farm house in forest areas and small houses etc.
KEYWORDS: Coconut Shell, Compressive strength, Flexural Strength, Mix Design, Cost Comparison,
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is worlds most widely used construction material. The utilization of concrete is increasing at a higher
rate due to development in infrastructure and construction activities all around the world However there are
some negative impacts of more production of concrete like continuous extensive extraction of aggregate from
natural resources will lead to its depletion and ecological imbalance Researchers are in search of replacing
coarse aggregate to make concrete less expensive and to lead sustainable development This environmental
reason has generated a lot of concern in the construction world. The use of sugarcane bagasse wooden chips,
plastic waste, textile waste, polyethylene, rice husk ash, rubber tyres, vegetable fibers, paper and pulp industry
waste, groundnut shell, waste glass, broken, bricks are some examples of replacing aggregates in concrete
Modification in Concrete: This has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction. There is an
increasing interest in what happens to products at the end of their useful lives, so natural materials have an
advantage in that they can biodegrade or burnt in a carbon-neutral manner. Concern for sustainable development
has emerged as one of the major societal issues of the late 20th century. This pertains among others to
environmental issues and the conservation of natural resources. The beginnings of this awareness are difficult to
pinpoint, but it is clear that it did not originate in the United States, where a public accustomed to an abundance
of natural resources was relatively late to realize the limits of these resources and the real costs associated with
their wasteful exploitation. But at present, environmental consciousness is being encountered in all walks of life.
In the construction industry, increasing attention is being paid to the concept of “green buildings”. The search for
“green” or environmentally friendly materials in the building industry involves the development of new materials
but might also lead to the reconsideration of traditional ones. The use of sugarcane bagasse wooden chips,
plastic waste, textile waste, polyethylene, rice husk ash, rubber tyres, vegetable fibers, paper and pulp industry
waste, groundnut shell, waste glass, broken, bricks are some examples of replacing aggregates in concrete
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Necessity of Development: Coconut shell is categorized as light weight aggregate. The coconut shell when
dried contains cellulose, lignin, pentosans and ash in varying percentage In Asia, the construction industry is yet
to realize the advantages of light weight concrete in high rise buildings Coconut shells are not commonly used in
construction industry and are often dumped as agricultural waste. The aim of this research is to spread awareness
of using coconut shell as partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete and technical and economical
feasibility of the same The concrete obtained using Coconut Shell aggregates satisfies the minimum necessities
of concrete. Coconut Shell concrete has superior workability because of the smooth surface on one side of the
shells. The impact resistance of Coconut Shell concrete is high when compared with conventional concrete.
Moisture retaining and water absorbing capacity of Coconut Shell are more compared to conventional aggregate.
The amount of cement content may be more when Coconut Shell are used as an aggregate in the production of
concrete compared to conventional aggregate concrete. The presence of sugar in the CS as long as it is not in a
free sugar form, will not affect the setting and strength of concrete. It is found that wood-based materials, being
hard and of organic
Objectives
1. Collection of material and finalization of replacement percentage of coarse aggregate.
2. Casting of cube moulds and beam moulds and taking tests on them.
3. Analyzing of tests results and economical feasibility
4. To find economical and environmental helpful solution for high cost of concrete.
II. INTRODUCTION OF WASTE MATERIAL
A research effort has been done to match societyﹸs need for safe and economic disposal of waste materials. The
use of waste materials saves natural resources and dumping spaces and helps to maintain a clean environment.
The current concrete construction practice is thought unsustainable because, not only it is consuming enormous
quantities of stone, sand and drinking water, but also two billion tons a year of Portland cement, which releases
green-house gases leading to global warming. Experiments has been conducted for waste materials like- rubber
tyre, e-waste, coconut shell, blast furnace slag, waste plastic, demolished concrete constituents, waste water etc.
Construction waste recycle plants are now installed in various countries but they are partly solution to the waste
problems. Following a normal growth in population the amount and type of waste materials have increased
accordingly. Many of the non-decaying waste materials will remain in the environment for hundreds, perhaps
thousands of years. The non-decaying waste materials cause a waste disposal crisis, there by contributing to the
environment problems. However, the environmental impact can be reduced by making more sustainable use of
this waste. This is known as the „‟ WASTE HIERARCHY‟‟.
Its aim is to reduce, reuse, or recycle waste the latter being the preferred option of waste disposal.
Use of Waste in Concrete:
Research efforts have been done to match society need for safe and economic disposal of waste materials.
The use of waste materials saves natural resources and dumping spaces and helps to maintain a clean
environment.
The current concrete construction practice is through unsustainable because, not only it is consuming
enormous quantities of stone, sand and drinking water, but also 2 billion tons a year of Portland cement,
which releases green-house gasses leading to global warming.
Experiments have been conducted for waste materials like rubber tyre, E-waste, coconut shell, blast
furnace slag, plastic waste, demolished concrete constituents, waste water etc.
Construction waste recycle plants are now installed in various countries but they are partly solution to the
waste problems.
Types of Waste
E-waste
E-Waste is any refuse created by discarded electronic devices and components as well as substances
involved in their manufacture or use.
Examples: computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones,
television sets and refrigerators.
The e waste in India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tones.
3. Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete…
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Ten states generate 70% of the total e waste generated in India the Maharashtra ranks first.
Rubber Tyre Waste
Discarded vehicle tires constitute one important part of solid waste which has historically been disposed
of into landfills.
Recycled waste tire rubber has been used in different application. It has been used as a fuel for cement
kiln, as feedstock for making carbon black and as artificial reefs in marine environment.
Crushed Glass
Crushed glass can also be used as an alternative to aggregate in concrete and this type of concrete is
known as glass Crete.
As a construction material, the glass offers several advantages that could be exploited in the concrete
industry. Some of this advantages properties are given below
The very significant hardness of glass gives the glasscrete and abrasion resistance that very few natural
stone aggregate can match. Because glass aggregate has basically 0 water absorpsion. It improves the flow
properties of fresh concrete so that a reduction in water content can be obtained even without the use of
water reducing admixture. The high chemical resistance of the glass to acidic solution makes it suitable be
applied to cases when the exposure to the chemicals is expected
Rubber Tyre Waste
Discarded vehicle tires constitute one important part of solid waste which as historically been disposed of
into landfills.
Recycled waste tire rubber has been used in different application. It has been used as a fuel for cement
kiln, as feedstock for making carbon black and as artificial reefs in marine environment.
Crushed Glass
Crushed glass can also be used as an alternative to aggregate in concrete and this type of concrete is
known as glasscrete.
As a construction material, the glass offers several advantages that could be exploited in the concrete
industry. Some of this advantages properties are given below
The very significant hardness of glass gives the glasscrete and abrasion resistance that very few natural
stone aggregate can match. Because glass aggregate has basically 0 water absorpsion. It improves the flow
properties of fresh concrete so that a reduction in water content can be obtained even without the use of
water reducing admixture. The high chemical resistance of the glass to acidic solution makes it suitable be
applied to cases when the exposure to the chemicals is expected
Coconut Shell
It is an agricultural biodegradable waste found in most of tropical countries especially in Asia.
India manufacture 15,730 million nuts annually, which is next to Indonesia with 16,498 million.
Coconut shells dumped improperly to the environment provide breeding places for disease vectors such as
rats and mosquitoes.
It is a light weight material which is becoming much popular nowadays because of its easy handling and
low dead loads.
It is a good alternative to wood and helps to prevent deforestation and also inexpensive.
Coconut shell exhibits more resistance against crushing, impact and, compared to crushed granite
aggregate.
Coconut shell can be grouped under lightweight aggregate.
There is no need to treat the coconut shell before use as an aggregate except water absorption.
Coconut shell is compatible with the cement.
Coconut shell aggregate is a potential construction material and simultaneously reduces the environmental
problem of solid waste and is readily available at a lower cost than normal aggregates
Coconut Shell: Making It an Aggregate
1. Here coconut shell which were already broken into two pieces were collected from local temple, river side
etc.
2. Removed fiber and husk from dried shells.
3. All the shells are first washed out and cleaned with water to remove any material present in it as well as
smell from the shells.
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4. Air dried five days approximately at the temperature of 250 to 300 c.
5. Further the shells are broken into small pieces approximately 16mm by using hammer.
Fig. No. 2.1 Coconut Shell Aggregate
6. These broken shells were Sieved through the sieves of 16mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve was
taken for the replacement of course aggregate.
7. The material retained on 16mm sieve was discarded.
8. The quantity of total material of coconut shells is taken out and that much of coconut shells are prepared.
TESTS AND RESULTS: Following are the various tests and its result which are taken on coconut shells
Specific Gravity Test
The Specific Gravity of Coconut Shell as shown in fig 3.1 is 1.34 and that of Aggregate is 2.77.
Fig. No. 3.1 Specific Gravity Test Results
1.2 Water Absoption Test
Water absorption for coconut as shown in fig 3.2 is 0.22 and that of aggregate is 0.66.
5. Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete…
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Fig. No. 3.2 Water Absorbsion Test Result
3.3 Mix Design
For M-20 grade concrete, mix design is carried out by IS code method as shown in Table 3.1
Table No. 3.1 Mix Proportion
Mix proportion For 1 M3
Cement 310 kg/m3
Water 186 kg/m3
Fine aggregate 689.38 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate 1197.23 kg/m3
Water cement ratio 0.6
Cost Comparison: As per various research articles, it is decided to replacement course aggregate by coconut
shell 10%,20% and 30%. Cost comparison for 1cum concrete as shown in table 3.2.
Table No. 3.2 Cost Comparison
Materials Rate (Rs)
Cost of concrete (Rs)
PCC
10%
replacement
20%
replacement
30%
replacement
Cement 6.4/kg 2080/- 2080/- 2080/- 2080/-
Sand 2800/br 545/- 545/- 545/- 545/-
20 mm Aggregate 2300/br 305/- 305/- 305/- 305/-
Total (Rs) 3180/- 3130/- 3105/- 3080/-
Percentage Reduction
in cost
2% 3% 4%
Slump Cone Test: Before preparation of mould it is carried out slump cone test for concrete without
replacement of course aggregate, 10% replacement, 20% replacement and 30% replacement as shown in fig.3.3
6. Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete…
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Fig. No. 3.3 Results of Slump Cone Test
Compressive Strength Result: After 28 days curing of concrete cube of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% course
aggregate replacement are used for compressive strength test. Its compressive strength comparison as shown in
fig. 3.4
Fig. No. 3.4 Graph for 28 Days Compressive Strength Comparison
3.7 Flexural Test
After 28 days curing of concrete beam of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% course aggregate replacement are used
for flexural strength test. Its flexural strength comparison as shown in fig. 3.5
Fig. No. 3.5 Comparison of Flexural Strength Result
III. DISCUSSION
With respect to above results it is prove that the compressive strength is less as percentage increases of
coconut shells. Hence, we can use 10 % and 20 % replacement but if 30 % replacement is done then the
compressive strength is very less and cannot useful and uneconomical in any construction work.
The compressive strengths obtained by 10 %, 20% and 30% replacement are 94 %, 80% and 70% of the
total compressive strength of conventional (M20 grade) concrete.
The flexural strength which was taken on beams is reduced by 17.86%, 25% and 30.36% for replacement
of 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. Hence 10% replacement is allowable in construction members and 20
% and 30 % replacement is used in some conditions
The total quantity required for making beams and cubes is reduced by 4 %, 7%, 15% material is
remaining for 10%, 20%and 30% respectively, hence as volume of coconut shells is increased.
The total cost of the concrete is also affected when the coconut shells replaced by coarse aggregate. The
cost is reduced by 2%, 3% and 4% as replacement is done by 10%, 20% and 30% respectively.
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IV. CONCLUSION
The compressive strength of concrete is get reduced by 6%, 20% and 30% for replacement of 10%, 20%
and 30% respectively. With respect to this conclusion it is proved that replacement of 10 % aggregate is
allowable in normal construction work but 20% and 30% replacement of aggregate is done only for less
importance works of constructions.
The flexural strength of concrete is also get reduced by nearly 18%, 25% and 31% after the replacement
of 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. Hence only 10% replacement can be used in any structural member.
The total weight of concrete is reduced than traditional concrete and the quantity of material is increased
with 4%, 7% and 15% by replacement of 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of aggregate respectively.
The workability of concrete is tested by slump cone test, as percentage of aggregate is increased the slump
value is decreased i.e. the workability of concrete is increased as percentage of coconut shells increased.
The segregation and bleeding is get increased as compaction is increased hence extra compaction reduce
the strength of concrete.
Cost Analysis is depending upon the quantity, quality, and proportion of materials used. Coconut shell in
concrete not only changes the strength property of concrete but also changes the cost of that particular
design. The total cost of concrete is get reduced by 2%, 3% and 4% for replacement of 10%,20% and
30% respectively.
Finally, it is concluded that, the Coconut Shell is possible to use for construction work as coarse aggregate
under some conditions economically. It is majorly used for construction of small huts, watchman cabin,
farm house in forest areas and small houses etc.
REFERANCES
Journal Paper
1. S.A.Kakade and Dr. A.W.Dhawale “Light Weight Aggregate Concrete by Using Coconut Shell”
“International Journal of Research and Application e-ISSN” Volume 3(May-June 2015) pp 127-129.
2. Dewanshu Ahlawat and L.G.kalurkar “Coconut Shell as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in
concrete” “IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering(IOSR-JMCE)” (October 2012) pp 21-31.
3. Apeksha Kanojia and S.K. Jain “Performance of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: A
Review” “International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology(IRJET)” (4 July 2015) pp 1096-
1100
4. Kulkarni Parag Pramod, Prashant Ganapat Chavan and Parag Chetan Bhaskar “ICRTESM” “Light
Weight Concrete Using Coconut Shell” (8TH January 2017) pp 151-158
5. Amarnath Yerramala Ramachandrudu C B “Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shell as Aggregate
Replacement” “International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN;7278-7461(October 2012) PP: 21-
31
6. Damodhara Reddy, et. al.,“Experimental analysis of the use of as couese aggregate”. IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 6, s (Jan 2014) pp. 06-13
7. Dr.B. Rajeevan, Shamjith K.M. “A Study on the utilization of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in
concrete” “International Journal of Engineering research and technology(IJERT)”ISSN:2278-0181
Volume 4 issue 7 July 2015
8. Lopa.M. Shinde, P.L.Naktode, P.P.Saklecha “A review on consumption of agricultural waste material
(coconut shell)” as aggregate in design mix concrete “International Journal of computer application”
(975-8887 ICQUEST 2015)
9. Parag S. kamble, Sandhya R.Mathapati “compressive strength of concrete by using coconut shell” IOSR
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) VOLUME 4, issue 4April 2014, V7 PP 01-07
10. Shrikant M.Harale “Partial replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shell in the concrete” Journal of
research Engineering and Applied Science (JREAS) Volume 2, issue 1 January 2017
11. Akashay S.Shelake, Kalyani R.Ninghote, Pooja P.Kunjekar Shradha P.Gaikwad “Coconut shell as partial
replacement of coarse aggregate” “International Journal of Civil Engineering research”, issue 2278-3652
Volume 5 November 3 2014
Mr. V. P. Kumbhar, and Mr. S.S. Pawar. “Copmarartive Analysis of Covonut Shell to
Traditional Concrete” Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering &
Management (IJRTEM), vol. 2, no. 6, ser. 2018, 1 June 2018, pp. 107–113. 2018,
www.ijrtem.com.