Non conventional materials in architecture

1. NON-CONVENTIONAL
MATERIALS
BUILDING TECH 01
STUDENTS:
CARPIO,CAMILLE
PASSI,XANDREA
INSTRUCTOR:
ARCH. IRENE G. FLORENDO MS. AR

2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• APPROPRIATE RAW MATERIALS
• PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY
• ROOFING SOLUTIONS
• DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS

3. INTODUCTION
THIS PRESENTATION DESCRIBES THE UTILIZATION
OF NATURAL RESOURCES, WHICH ARE EASILY
AVAILABLE, IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES. IT IS AIMED AT
MATERIALS THAT COMBINE ADVANTAGES WHICH
CAN FULFIL THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN DIFFERENT AREAS.

4. THESE INCLUDE TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE
COMPATIBLE WITH INTENDED APPLICATIONS,
STRENGTH WITHIN AN EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE,
ECONOMICAL VIABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL
PRESERVATION, AND HEALTH AND COMFORT OF
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.THERE IS AN INTENSE
ON GOING RESEARCH FOR NON-POLLUTING
MATERIALS, WHICH CONSUME LITTLE ENERGY IN
THEIR PRODUCTION AND/OR UTILIZATION.

5. ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS AND I NDUSTRY HAS
TURNED TO NON-CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS SUCH
AS VEGETABLE FIBRES (INCLUDING BAMBOO),SOIL,
STONE, AND LIME FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS.
NEW TYPES OF CEMENT BASED ON RESIDUES ARE
BEING DEVELOPED AND USED FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH FIBRES AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO ASBESTOS CEMENT WHICH IS
HAZARDOUS TO HUMAN HEALTH.

6. AT PUC-RIO, VARIOUS RESEARCH PROGRAMS
HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED SINCE 1979, UTILIZING
BAMBOO AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS,
COMPOSITES WITH BAMBOO FIBRES, COCONUT
FIBRES, SISAL, PIASSAVA, JUTE, SUGAR CANE
BAGASSE, BAMBOO PULP, SISAL PULP,
EUCALYPTUS PULP, MIXTURES WITH RAW EARTH,
EARTH FIBRE.

7. THE STUDY OF THE DURABILITY OF THESE
COMPOSITES, THE FAILURE MECHANISMS OF THE
INCLUDING REACTIONS BETWEEN FIBRE AND
MATRIX, AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS NEED SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION.
APPROPRIATE METHODS TO IMPROVE THE
SERVICE LIFE OF THESE MATERIALS, INCLUDING
BAMBOO, ARE REQUIRED.

8. ORDINARY PORTLAND
CEMENT SUBSTITUTES

9. ASHES FROM AGRICULTURAL
RESIDUES
• BY-PRODUCTS FROM RICE HUSK, SUGAR-CANE BAGASSE
OR ANIMAL MANURE
• BURNING UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
-HEATING UP TO 600 DEGREES CELCIUS
-GRINDING
• SUBSTITUTE OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
-UP TO30% IF AMORPHOUS SILICA IS AVAILABLE

10. CHALLENGE FOR SWINE PRODUCTION
-REQUIREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN INTENSIVE
PRODUCTION AREAS
-PRESSURE FOR THE CONCENTRATION IN SMALL AREAS AND FOR THE
INCREASE OF PRODUCTIVITY
-REQUIREMENTS FOR ALTERNATIVE DESTINATIONS FOR THE GENERATED
RESIDUE
BURNING OF SWINE
DEEP BEDDING
(40-50% BY MASS OF
MANURE)

11. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTARS
PRODUCED WITH OPC AND ASHES

12. VEGETABLES
FIBRES

13. VEGETABLE FIBERS REINFORCEMENT
• MAIN CONSTITUENTS
-CELLULOSE
-LIGNIN
-HEMICELLULOSE
• FIBRILS DISPOSED IN SUBSEQUENT LAYERS
• BUNCH OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS
1-PRIMARY LAYER
2- S1, 3-S2, 4-S3
(SECONDARY LAYERS)
5- INTERCELLULAR LAYER

14. SISAL FIELD BY-PRODUCT
• CLEANING OF RESIDUAL FIBRES BY ROTARY SIEVE
• ADDITIONAL INCOME FOR PRODUCERS

15. RESIDUES OF COIR FIBER
COCONUT HUSKS
LONG FIBERS (~25CM) &RT
RESIDUAL FIBERS (1-3 CM)

16. APPROPRIATE CELLULOSE
PULP

17. RECYCLED KRAFT PULP
• RESIDUE OF EUCALYPTUS KRAFT
• UNREFINED PULP
• PECULIARITIES OF RECYCLED FIBRES:
-LATERAL SHRINKAGE
-TWISTED
-SHORT FILAMENTS

18. CTMP PULPING
ORIGINAL SILVER
BUNCH OF INDIVIDUAL FIBRES
CHEMI-THERMOMECHANICAL
PULPING
INDIVIDUAL FILAMENTS
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
FIBRILLATION

19. PULP AND FIBRE PROPERTIES

20. ORGANOSOLV PULPING
• CHEMICAL PROCESS: ORGANIC SOLVENTS ASSOCIATED TO WATER
• ADVANTAGES
-BETTER IMPREGNATION OF THE VEGETABLE ISSUES
-EASY RECOVER OF LIGNIN AND POLYSACCHARIDES
-EASY RECOVER OF THE SOLVENT BY DISTILLATION
-LOW COST AND SMALL PULPING PLANTS
• DISADVANTAGES
-ENERGY CONSUMPTION MAY BE GREATER THAN IN KRAFT

21. ORGANOSOLV PULPING RESULTS
• SISAL WASTE
ORGANOSOLV PULPING T=190 DEGREES CELCIUS
2H: ENOUGH
ECONOMY OF ENERGY

22. ENGINEERED
SYNTHETIC FIBRES

23. PP & PAN FIBER FOR REINFORCEMENT
PRODUCTION OF ENGINEERED PP AND PAN FIBERS WITH:
 MODULUS ELASTICITTY (10-30 GPA) AND TENSILE STRENGTH
-USE OF NEW RESINS
 FIBER DISPERSION
 FIBER ADHESION TO THE CEMENT MATRIX
-USE OF COATINGS ANFD FIBRILLATED FIBERS
EVALUATION OF THEIR PERFORMANCE IN FIBER CEMENT COMPOSITES

24. PROCESSING OF FIBRE
CEMENT COMPOSITES

25. PRODUCTION OF ROOFING TILES
TRANSFERENCE TO THE UNDULATE MOULD

26. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE TILES
WASTE EUCALYPTUS PULP AS REINFORCEMENT (4% BY MASS)
ADMISSIBLE LOAD = 425 N (gram & gut, 1994)

27. SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF TILES
• OPTIMIZED FORMULATION
• VACUUM CHAMBER AND LIGHT
PRESSING
• TILES BEING TRANSFERRED TO THE
MOULD JUST AFTER PRODUCTION
• PATENT DEPOSITED

28. POTENTIAL
APPLICATIONS

29. INDIVIDUAL SHELTERS FOR CALVES
RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY (FR) &
RADIANT THERMIC LOAD (CTR)
THERMAL COMFORT
(-1 DEGREES CELCIUS IN COMPARISON WITH ASBESTOS CEMENT
ROOFING

30. ROOFING SYSTEM
RURAL SHELTER FOR CATTLE

31. PRESSED & AIR CURSED
PADS OF CELLULOSE-
CEMENT

32. SLURRY DE-WATERING & PRESSING

33. DURABILITY

34. WEATHERING OF SISAL CTMP IN BFS

35. FIBER DEGRADATION

36. MECHANICAL
MODELLING

37. LABORATORY FACILITIES
• PRE-CRACKING
-FAR-FIELD COMPRESSION
• THREE POINT BENDING TEST
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AEROSPACE
ENGINEERING
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, USA

38. HYBRID
REINFORCEMENT
WITH SYNTHETIC
FIBER

39. HATSCHEK METHOD
(INDUSTRIAL SCALE)

40. TESTING OF CORRUGATED SHEETS
PVA AND PINUS CELLULOSE FIBER CEMENT
TESTING AT ESCOLA
POLITECNICA- USP,
BRAZIL

41. HEAT RAIN TEST
FACILITY FOR THE ACCELERATED AGING
OF THE CORRUGATED SHEETS

42. • EFFECT OF THE HEAT RAIN CYCLES
-MATRIX IMPROVEMENT
-INCREASE OF THE LOP
-REDUCTION OF THE POROSITY
-CARBONATION
-DEGRADATION
-TOUGHNESS REDUCTION
-DEGRADATION OF THE CELLULOSE FIBER
-DENSIFICATION OF THE FIBER/MATRIX INTERFACIAL ZONE

43. ADDITIONAL ROOFING
SOLUTIONS

44. COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION
POLYETHYLE
NE SHADE
NET

46. POULTRY HOUSING

47. FINAL REMARKS
• INNOVATE MATERIALS
-FIBER CEMENTS
-ADEQUATE TECHNIQUES
• MATERIALS PERFORMANCE & DURABILITY
• AFFORDABLE HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE
• HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

48. REFERENCE
• WWW.UPV.ES/VALORES/DOCUMENTACIÓN/.../PRESENTATION%20HSJ%20200605
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