The document examines using waste glass powder to partially replace fine aggregates and waste paper sludge ash to partially replace cement in concrete. Waste glass was crushed and sieved to sizes below 1.18mm to replace fine aggregates at rates up to 40%. Waste paper sludge ash, sieved to below 90 microns, replaced cement at up to 20%. Concrete cubes and cylinders were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption and light weight properties at various waste material replacement rates and curing times. The study aims to promote more sustainable concrete production through use of industrial wastes.
To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregateijtsrd
Near about 30 of concrete is produce by concrete industry and it is calculated that in a year 165 million tonnes of concrete is used. Hence, to produce other total sources that are based on waste products, there are many significant incentives. Recycling products are used to produce aggregate Martials for unbound fills, pipe bidding and sub base as the RCA "Recycled Concrete Aggregate" or RCA is not suitable for concrete that is ready to mix because it is blended with another products. Many sites did trials with RCA that mix with ready mix concrete but it was not useful choice. Utilities organizations produce brick, containing stone, clay, Trench arising, asphalt, and concrete but that could be merged in low power concrete which were a cost effective trench product. IN trench reinstatement from RCA formed concrete is used that has 4mm fines and in formed concrete, it has ability to use burner bottom ash. BS 8500 concrete improved the potential for recycling as BS EN 12620. Presently recycled products for concrete is not available but it is a hope that they will be used in future. Nitin Jain | Ashish Verma "To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29348.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29348/to-study-characterstic-behaviour-of-recycled-concrete-aggregate/nitin-jain
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregateijtsrd
Near about 30 of concrete is produce by concrete industry and it is calculated that in a year 165 million tonnes of concrete is used. Hence, to produce other total sources that are based on waste products, there are many significant incentives. Recycling products are used to produce aggregate Martials for unbound fills, pipe bidding and sub base as the RCA "Recycled Concrete Aggregate" or RCA is not suitable for concrete that is ready to mix because it is blended with another products. Many sites did trials with RCA that mix with ready mix concrete but it was not useful choice. Utilities organizations produce brick, containing stone, clay, Trench arising, asphalt, and concrete but that could be merged in low power concrete which were a cost effective trench product. IN trench reinstatement from RCA formed concrete is used that has 4mm fines and in formed concrete, it has ability to use burner bottom ash. BS 8500 concrete improved the potential for recycling as BS EN 12620. Presently recycled products for concrete is not available but it is a hope that they will be used in future. Nitin Jain | Ashish Verma "To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29348.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29348/to-study-characterstic-behaviour-of-recycled-concrete-aggregate/nitin-jain
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction IndustrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ashijtsrd
The usage of cement in concrete is rising day by day. Cement is mostly used in Civil Engineering filed due to the infra structures development and urbanization. The production of cement is emitting the carbon dioxide and effect the environmental problem like global warming, etc. The way to reduce carbon dioxide in cement by the waste material. The fly ash is massive waste disposal in power plants. Cow dung is a used for fuel in domestic proposes like cooking, etc. In current year’s engineers has start using the waste materials in structural component and decrease the rate of concrete. This material is under the category of eco friendly green materials under the carbon foot print and continuous alternate grow without harming the environment. The paper is revealed that the fly ash and cow dung is particle replaced with cement in concrete. The cubes are prepared by the dimension of 150 150 150 mm and M25 grade of concrete are used. The cubes are cure under the period of 7 days, 14days and 28 day. The cubes are tested through the compression testing machine. N. V. Manjunath | P. Karthikeyan | J. Kumaraguru | E. Sankar | S. Praveen "Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41281.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41281/partial-replacement-on-cement-with-flyash-and-cowdung-ash/n-v-manjunath
An experimental laboratory study on utilisation of e waste as a partial repla...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The Growth in the Electronics sector has been rapid and this rapid growth is due to continuous upgradation of technology and introduction of new technologies to the market. This has led to one of the fastest growing solid waste in the world, simply called as E-waste. India is the 5th highest e-waste producer in the world. The rapid increase in the construction activity in India, has resulted in huge demand for the aggregates to be used in the concrete. This has led to depletion of natural resources and adverse changes in the environment. This rapid development in the infrastructure sector has led to shortage of natural sand. This paper outlines the experimental work carried for utilisation of e-waste as a partial replacement for the fine aggregates. Strength tests and durability tests are conducted on hardened concrete. Results show that the partial use of E- waste as fine aggregates results in much higher workable and less dense concrete. This study gives an Economic, environment friendly and efficient disposal method for E-waste to be used as a partial replacement to the fine aggregates in concrete.
Keywords: E-waste, M-Sand, Fine aggregate replacement, Concrete, Durabilityetc.
Studies on usage potential of broken tiles as part replacement to coarse aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete has several appealing characteristics that have made it as a widely used construction material. It is the material of choice where strength, performance, durability etc., are required and concrete is undoubtedly most versatile construction material. The present study aims at utilization and to ascertain the suitability of tile aggregate as partial replacement to coarse aggregate in normal pervious and blended concretes. The utility of partial replacement of tile waste as aggregates along with partially replacing OPC by fly ash is also addressed in the current work. The strength performance of these concretes (Tiled waste based, tiled waste based pervious, and tile & fly ash based blended concretes) with conventional concretes is studied and important findings are reported. Keywords: Clay tile aggregates, fly ash, replacement material, pervious concrete
Evaluation of Demolition Waste Aggregates in Paver Blocks for Medium Trafficijtsrd
In India, total building waste is projected to be between 12 and 14 million tonnes per year, with concrete and brick trash accounting for 7 to 8 million tonnes. Concrete trash is generated in vast quantities during construction, demolition, and renovation. This trash is either disposed of in a landfill or diverted to one. This concrete waste can be recycled in a high quality manner. We offer the notion of sustainable use of concrete waste in concrete that can be utilised to make interlocking paver blocks in this study. After crushing, this concrete waste can be used as a total or half replacement for coarse and fine aggregates in paver blocks in two steps, according to IS. Deepak Brijpuria | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar | Rajesh Kumar Misra "Evaluation of Demolition Waste Aggregates in Paver Blocks for Medium Traffic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46338.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46338/evaluation-of-demolition-waste-aggregates-in-paver-blocks-for-medium-traffic/deepak-brijpuria
A research study of Donald u. Bulawin, Cristian Ralph E. Ibahay, and Mabeth L. Arellano. It is all about utilizing the waste bottle caps for concrete mixture. This study aims that by utilizing the waste bottle caps as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates helps in increasing the strength of concrete and in the environmental issues of wastes disposal.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction IndustrySandeep Jain
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ashijtsrd
The usage of cement in concrete is rising day by day. Cement is mostly used in Civil Engineering filed due to the infra structures development and urbanization. The production of cement is emitting the carbon dioxide and effect the environmental problem like global warming, etc. The way to reduce carbon dioxide in cement by the waste material. The fly ash is massive waste disposal in power plants. Cow dung is a used for fuel in domestic proposes like cooking, etc. In current year’s engineers has start using the waste materials in structural component and decrease the rate of concrete. This material is under the category of eco friendly green materials under the carbon foot print and continuous alternate grow without harming the environment. The paper is revealed that the fly ash and cow dung is particle replaced with cement in concrete. The cubes are prepared by the dimension of 150 150 150 mm and M25 grade of concrete are used. The cubes are cure under the period of 7 days, 14days and 28 day. The cubes are tested through the compression testing machine. N. V. Manjunath | P. Karthikeyan | J. Kumaraguru | E. Sankar | S. Praveen "Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41281.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41281/partial-replacement-on-cement-with-flyash-and-cowdung-ash/n-v-manjunath
An experimental laboratory study on utilisation of e waste as a partial repla...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The Growth in the Electronics sector has been rapid and this rapid growth is due to continuous upgradation of technology and introduction of new technologies to the market. This has led to one of the fastest growing solid waste in the world, simply called as E-waste. India is the 5th highest e-waste producer in the world. The rapid increase in the construction activity in India, has resulted in huge demand for the aggregates to be used in the concrete. This has led to depletion of natural resources and adverse changes in the environment. This rapid development in the infrastructure sector has led to shortage of natural sand. This paper outlines the experimental work carried for utilisation of e-waste as a partial replacement for the fine aggregates. Strength tests and durability tests are conducted on hardened concrete. Results show that the partial use of E- waste as fine aggregates results in much higher workable and less dense concrete. This study gives an Economic, environment friendly and efficient disposal method for E-waste to be used as a partial replacement to the fine aggregates in concrete.
Keywords: E-waste, M-Sand, Fine aggregate replacement, Concrete, Durabilityetc.
Studies on usage potential of broken tiles as part replacement to coarse aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete has several appealing characteristics that have made it as a widely used construction material. It is the material of choice where strength, performance, durability etc., are required and concrete is undoubtedly most versatile construction material. The present study aims at utilization and to ascertain the suitability of tile aggregate as partial replacement to coarse aggregate in normal pervious and blended concretes. The utility of partial replacement of tile waste as aggregates along with partially replacing OPC by fly ash is also addressed in the current work. The strength performance of these concretes (Tiled waste based, tiled waste based pervious, and tile & fly ash based blended concretes) with conventional concretes is studied and important findings are reported. Keywords: Clay tile aggregates, fly ash, replacement material, pervious concrete
Evaluation of Demolition Waste Aggregates in Paver Blocks for Medium Trafficijtsrd
In India, total building waste is projected to be between 12 and 14 million tonnes per year, with concrete and brick trash accounting for 7 to 8 million tonnes. Concrete trash is generated in vast quantities during construction, demolition, and renovation. This trash is either disposed of in a landfill or diverted to one. This concrete waste can be recycled in a high quality manner. We offer the notion of sustainable use of concrete waste in concrete that can be utilised to make interlocking paver blocks in this study. After crushing, this concrete waste can be used as a total or half replacement for coarse and fine aggregates in paver blocks in two steps, according to IS. Deepak Brijpuria | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar | Rajesh Kumar Misra "Evaluation of Demolition Waste Aggregates in Paver Blocks for Medium Traffic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46338.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46338/evaluation-of-demolition-waste-aggregates-in-paver-blocks-for-medium-traffic/deepak-brijpuria
A research study of Donald u. Bulawin, Cristian Ralph E. Ibahay, and Mabeth L. Arellano. It is all about utilizing the waste bottle caps for concrete mixture. This study aims that by utilizing the waste bottle caps as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates helps in increasing the strength of concrete and in the environmental issues of wastes disposal.
Indian construction industry is growing at a rate of 9.2% as against the world average of 5.5%.
Construction by nature is not an eco-friendly activity. Construction, renovation and demolition activities lead to the formation of waste.
Growth in construction activities generates construction waste which is fast becoming a serious environmental problem with deadly
consequences. Most of the construction and demolition, waste in our country are not recycled but end up in landfills occupying valuable
land.
The promotion of environmental management and the mission of sustainable development have exerted the pressure demanding for
the adoption of proper methods to protect the environment across all industries including construction.
Construction waste recycling reduces the demand up on new resources. Cuts down the cost and effort of transport and production. Use
waste which would otherwise be lost to land fill sites.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Physical and mechanical properties of composite brick from cement mortar, fly...eSAT Journals
Abstract Responding to the need of minimizing the extraction of natural resources like sand and lime, this study attempted to use industrial wastes such as fly ash and rubber crumbs as substitute materials in making composite brick. A composite brick was produced by varying the rubber crumbs composition, as sand substitute in the mixture, from 1030 wt.% relative to total aggregate weight. Fly ash, 20 wt.% relative to cement and fly ash weight, was used as binder substitute. After 28 days of curing, composite brick was tested in terms of compressive strength, density and water absorption capacity. Compressive test showed that the brick can only be used in less impacted area considering that it does not meet the minimum standard to be considered as substitute to the commercially available brick. A decreasing trend of its compressive strength is observed as the amount of rubber crumbs increases from 10 to 30% of the total aggregate weight. The addition of light rubber crumbs and fly ash desirably decrease the density of the composite brick when compared to those commercially sold in the market. Water absorption test revealed that the produced composite brick is more efficient in minimizing water absorption. This study demonstrated that composite brick can be made using industrial wastes as substitute for aggregate and binder, with huge implication in brick concrete making. Keywords: Composite brick, rubber crumbs, fly ash, and concrete brick
Effective Utilisation of Waste Glass in ConcreteIJERA Editor
Glass is a widely used product throughout the world; it is versatile, durable and reliable. The uses of glass
ranges drastically, therefore waste glass is discarded, stockpiled or land filled. About million tons of waste glass
is generated and around large percent of this glass is disposed of in landfills. This pattern has influenced
environmental organizations to pressure the professional community to lower the amount of glass being
discarded as well as find use to the non-recycled glass in new applications. In relation, the recycling of waste
glass as a component in concrete gives waste glass a sustainable alternative to land filling and therefore makes it
economically viable.The proposed study of utilising waste glass powder(GLP) in concrete as partial replacement
of cement as well as the use of crushed glass particles(CGP) retained on 1.18mm & 2.36mm IS sieve as a partial
replacement to sand, which offers important benefits related to strength of concrete as well as it is eco-friendly.
Recycling of mixed-colour waste glass possesses major problems for municipalities, and this problem can be
greatly eliminated by re-using waste glass as sand/cement replacement in concrete. Moreover, re-using waste
materials in construction can reduce the demand on the sources of primary materials.In this project the attempts
have been made to partially replace the cement as well as sand by waste glass powder and crushed glass
particles with equal combination by 5% interval up to 20% replacement and observe its effect on the strength of
concrete after 7 days and 28 days of curing.
Using tyres wastes as aggregates in concrete to form rubcrete – mix for engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the results, obtained after replacement of fine and coarse aggregates, in concrete mix, with tyre rubber. The tyre rubber, which has been used in the present study, is obtained after the mechanical trituration process of post – consumed tyres from trucks. Researchers have investigated, over the years, the use of recycled tyre rubber waste as a replacement for aggregate in concrete and its effectiveness. “Rubcrete-Mix” which would result from such replacement is found to have many engineering applications and holds promise in future. Rubcrete also possesses good mechanical properties and is considered to be one of the best and economical ways of recycling the used tyres. The present experimental study has the aim of arriving at the optimum quantity of the replacement material for the aggregates in concrete mixtures, for various engineering applications. For achieving a proper bond with the surrounding concrete paste, the recycled aggregates have been designed with respect to their size, shape and gradation. With the water – cement ratio being kept constant fine and coarse aggregate has been replaced with tyre rubber powder and chipped rubber and also cement has been replaced with silica fume. In preparing the concrete, Portland slag cement has been used along with super plasticizer less than 1% by weight of cement to achieve required workability of the resulting concrete. Furthermore, durability studies have been conducted and mixes have been designed for M30 grade concrete. Keywords: Concrete Mix, Mechanical Properties, Rubber Powder, Chipped Rubber, Silica fume.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 161 editor@iaeme.com
consideration to concrete industry, we have an option of shifting to use of waste
materials as constituents of concrete. This will not only ensure sustainability of
concrete industry, but will reduce production cost of concrete and finally be
environment friendly. Waste material generation is accompanied with disposal
problem and hazardous effects on environment. Moreover, most of the waste
materials have no use. Some wastes are non biodegradable thus occupying permanent
land area in today’s world when land is so much insufficient that people are planning
to reside on moon. If such waste materials are utilized in concrete industry as
ingredient of concrete after accessing their performance, it will be extremely
beneficial in making concrete industry sustainable, utilizing idle waste materials and
rendering concrete production economical.
An enormous quantity of waste glass is generated all around the world. In India,
0.7% of total urban waste generated comprises of glass [1]. UK produces over three
million tons of waste glass annually [2] Waste glass is crushed into specified sizes for
use as aggregate in various applications such as water filtration, grit plastering, sand
cover for sport turf and sand replacement in concrete [3]. The use of river sand as fine
aggregate leads to exploitation of natural resources, lowering of water table, sinking
of bridge piers and erosion of river bed. If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by
specific percentage and in specific size range, it will decrease fine aggregate content
and thereby reducing the ill effects of river dredging and thus making concrete
manufacturing industry sustainable. The amount of waste glass produced has
gradually increased over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass
products. Most waste glass has and is being dumped into landfill sites. The land filling
of waste glass is undesirable because waste glass is non biodegradable which makes
them environmentally less friendly. Utilization of this waste is the need of the hour.
There is huge potential for using waste glass in the concrete construction sector.
When waste glasses are reused in making concrete products, the production cost of
concrete will go down [4]. In this research, waste glass was crushed using los
Angeles abrasion machine and then sieved through 1.18 mm Indian Standard sieve
and then used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. In addition, waste glass
seemed to positively contribute to the mortar micro-structural properties resulting in
an evident improvement of its mechanical performance [5]. Hence the size of waste
glass used was in the range 0-1.18mm so as to perform new research so as to
determine change in mechanical performance of concrete and of the fact that it was
later used in combination with waste paper sludge ash which would be a new research
area in future.
Another waste material brought into focus in this research is waste paper sludge
ash, a byproduct of paper recycling industry. Paper fibers can be recycled only a
limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality
paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become
waste sludge. Paper mill sludge can be used as an alternative material applied as
partial replacement of fine aggregates in manufacturing fresh concrete intended to be
used for low cost housing projects [6]. About 300 kg of sludge is produced for each
ton of recycled paper. This is a relatively large volume of sludge produced each day
that makes making landfill uneconomical as paper mill sludge is bulky. In 1995, the
U.S. pulp and paper industry generated about 5.3 million metric tons of mill
wastewater-treatment residuals (on oven-dry basis), which is equivalent to about 15
million metric tons of dewatered (moist) residuals. About half of this was disposed in
landfills/lagoons, a quarter was burned, one-eighth was applied on farmland/forest,
one sixteenth was reused/recycled in mills, and the rest, one sixteenth, was used in
3. Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar
Bashir and Umar Chowdhary
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 162 editor@iaeme.com
other ways [7]. Pulp and paper mill residual solids (also called sludge) are composed
mainly of cellulose fibers, moisture, and papermaking fillers (mostly kaolinitic clay
and/or calcium carbonate) [8]. The material is viscous, sticky and hard to dry and can
vary in viscosity and lumpiness. It has an energy content that makes it a useful
candidate as an alternative fuel for the manufacture of Portland cement. Paper sludge
is currently in use as an alternative fuel. It is classified as Class 2 (liquid alternative
fuels) in the Cembureau classification of alternative fuels. After incinerating paper
sludge at approximately 800 0C, the resultant fly ash may contain reactive silica and
alumina (in the form of metakaolin) as well as lime (CaO) which contributes
chemically to the Portland cement ingredients. As wastepaper sludge ash contains
higher percentage of silicon dioxide SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete.
This project will try to study the design parameters of concrete on inclusion of waste
paper as partial replacement of cement both individually and in combination with
waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates.
2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Sustainability of concrete industry is currently a grave concern and in addition
efficient waste material management is gruesome problem. The focus of this study is
to assess the potential of using waste glass partially in place of fine aggregates and
waste paper sludge ash partially in place of cement both individually and in
combination in concrete. The resulting concrete is expected to promote sustainability
of concrete industry through simultaneous enhancements of material greenness and
infrastructure durability and above all utilization of environmentally unfriendly
wastes in concrete. In a shorter term this research is about green concrete.
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Materials Used
The constituent materials used in this study are as follows:
Cement: Khyber ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade confining to IS 8112 [9] was
used throughout the work.
Aggregates: Fine aggregates used throughout the work comprised of clean river sand
with maximum size of 4.75mm conforming to zone II as per IS383-1970 [10] with
specific gravity of 2.6. Coarse aggregates used consisted of machine crushed stone
angular in shape passing through 20mm (0.787") IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm
(0.187") IS sieve with specific gravity of 2.7.
Waste glass powder: Waste glass was collected from Trilok Glass House, Srinagar,
J&K, consisting of waste window glass (Soda Lime glass). It was pulverized in Los
Angeles abrasion apparatus and then sieved through 1.18mm (0.046") IS sieve. The
specific gravity of waste glass was found to be 2.42. Chemical composition of glass is
presented in TABLE 1. Fig.1 shows sieved glass powder.
Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA): Waste paper sludge was obtained from JML waste
paper corporation, Pathankot, Punjab, India. It was then sun dried and incinerated so
as to convert it into ash. The ash was sieved through 90 micron (0.0035") Indian
Standard sieve. The specific gravity of waste paper sludge ash was found to be 2.6.
Chemical composition of paper sludge ash is presented in TABLE 2. Fig.2 shows
waste paper sludge ash placed on cement to present contrast.
4. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
Concrete
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 163 editor@iaeme.com
Specimen Preparation
The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS 10262 [11]. The grade of concrete
used was M-25 with water to cement ratio of 0.45. Normal M 25 concrete specimens
were casted so as to act as standard for test results when comparing with concrete
specimens containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash.
Concrete containing waste glass
Waste glass was used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. The mixture
proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 3.
Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash
Waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of cement. The mixture
proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 4.
Concrete containing both waste glass and waste paper sludge ash
Waste glass and waste paper sludge ash was simultaneously used in concrete in
varying composition. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation
are shown in TABLE 5.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS
Tests on fresh concrete
Slump Test: The workability of all concrete mixtures was determined through slump
test utilizing a metallic slump mould. The difference in level between the height of
mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and reported
as slump. The slump tests were performed according to IS 1199-1959 [12].
Tests on hardened concrete
From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150mm (5.90") and 300mm (11.81")
length and 150mm (5.90") diameter cylinders have been casted for the determination
of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The concrete
specimens were cured under normal conditions as per IS 516-1959 [13] and were
tested at 7 days, 28days and 60 days for determining compressive strength as per IS
516-1959 and splitting tensile strength as per IS 5816-1999 [14].
Water absorption test
The average dry weight of cube specimens after removing from moulds was measured
and the average weight of cube specimens after submerging in water for curing was
measured at 28 days of age. The percentage of water absorption was measured for
each concrete specimen and it gave indirect measure of durability.
Light weight character
The average dry weight of concrete cube specimens for all combinations of waste
glass and waste paper sludge ash was compared with average dry weight of normal
M-25 concrete cube specimens and the percentage decrease in dry weight was
measured.
5. Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar
Bashir and Umar Chowdhary
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 164 editor@iaeme.com
4. RESSULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are described in view of the experiments conducted as:
4.1. Fresh Concrete
4.1.1. Concrete containing waste glass (WG)
Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 3. The
slump increased with the increase in waste glass content. Waste glass particles
absorbed less water as compared to sand and thus improving the workability of
concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture containing 40% waste
glass in place of fine aggregates. The variation of slump with waste glass content is
depicted in Fig. 3.
4.1.2. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)
Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 4. The
slump decreased with the increase in waste paper sludge ash content. Waste paper
sludge ash particles absorbed more water as compared to cement and thus decreasing
the workability of concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture
containing 5% waste paper sludge ash in place of cement. The variation of slump with
waste paper sludge ash content is depicted in Fig. 4.
4.1.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination
(WG + WPSA)
Slump test: The slump values for mixtures containing waste glass (WG) and waste
paper sludge ash (WPSA) in combination increased continuously and was found to be
maximum for mixture containing 5% WPSA and 30% WG. WPSA particles absorb
moisture while glass particles do not which enhances the workability of concrete.
TABLE 5 and Fig. 5 depict slump values of mixture containing WG and WPSA in
combination at varied percentage contents.
4.2. Hardened Concrete
4.2.1. Concrete containing waste glass (WG)
The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in
TABLE 6. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%
replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass and there after decreasing. The
maximum compressive strength measured was 25% more than that of reference mix at
28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing 20% waste glass in place of
fine aggregates. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 40% waste glass content
was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength decreased
with increasing waste glass content. Fig. 6 present compressive strength of all
mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 7 present splitting tensile strength of
all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
4.2.2. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)
The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in
TABLES 7. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed at 5%
6. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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replacement of cement by waste paper sludge ash and there after decreasing. The
maximum compressive strength measured was 15% more than that of reference mix at
28 and 60 days corresponding to normal M 25concrete mix. Compressive strength for
concrete mix with 10%, 15% and 20% waste paper sludge ash content was found to
be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength was found to be more than
that for reference mix at 5% cement replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased
with increasing waste paper sludge ash content. Fig. 8 present compressive strength of
all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 9 present splitting tensile strength
of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
4.2.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination
(WG + WPSA)
The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in
TABLE 8. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%
replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by WPSA and
thereafter decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 28% more
than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing
20% replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by
WPSA. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 10% WPSA and 30% WG
content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength
decreased with increasing WG and WPSA content. Fig. 10 present compressive
strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 11 present splitting
tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
4.3. Water Absorption
Water absorption test was carried out for all mixtures and percentage water absorption
was measured as:
4.3.1. Concrete containing waste glass (WG)
The percentage water absorption decreased with increase in waste glass content. The
lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 40% waste glass
content. TABLE 9 depicts the percentage water absorption for all mixtures.
4.3.2. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)
The percentage water absorption increased with increase in waste paper sludge ash
content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5%
waste paper sludge ash content. TABLE 10 depicts the percentage water absorption
for all mixtures.
4.3.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination
(WG + WPSA)
The percentage water absorption increased with increase in WPSA content. The
lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5% WPSA and
30% WG content. TABLE 11 depicts the percentage water absorption for all
mixtures.
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4.4. Light weight character
Average dry weight of cube specimens of each mixture as compared to reference mix
was studied as:
4.4.1. Concrete containing waste glass (WG)
It was observed that density decreased with increase in waste glass content. The
results showed 5% reduction in dry weight of concrete cube specimens for concrete
mix with 40% waste glass content as compared to reference mix. Thus, waste glass
concrete is light weight in nature. TABLE 12 depicts the value of dry density and
percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference mix.
4.4.2. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)
The weight density of WPSA concrete decreased with increase in waste paper sludge
ash content. The results showed 4.58% reduction in dry weight of concrete cube
specimens for concrete mix with 20% waste paper sludge ash content as compared to
reference mix. This reduction in density can be attributed to lesser specific gravity of
waste paper sludge ash as compared to cement. Thus, waste paper sludge ash concrete
is light weight in nature. TABLE 13 depicts the value of dry density and percentage
change in dry weight with respect to reference mix.
4.4.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination
(WG + WPSA)
The density of concrete containing WPSA and WG decreased with increase in WPSA
and/or WG content. The results depicted 4.61% reduction in dry weight of concrete
with 10% WPSA and 30% WG content as compared to reference mix. The reduction
in density is the resultant of less denser WPSA and WG. Thus, concrete containing
WG and WPSA becomes light weight which is a positive result. TABLE 14 depicts
the value of dry density and percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference
mix.
5. TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1 Chemical composition of waste glass
Oxides Percentage content
SiO2 70.4
Al2O3 1.9
Fe2O3 1.2
MgO 10.3
Na2O 14.0
K2O 0.4
Table 2 Chemical composition of waste paper sludge ash
Element Percentage Content
O 15.83
Ca 14.94
Si 60.57
Al 2.06
Mg 3.59
S 1.07
K 0.16
Fe 0.92
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Table 3 Mixture Proportion for concrete containing waste glass as partial replacement of fine
aggregates.
Waste
Glass
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Waste
Glass
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Slump
(mm)
0 0.45 191.6 425.8 543.5 0.00 1199.36 25
10 0.45 191.6 425.8 489.15 54.35 1199.36 29
20 0.45 191.6 425.8 434.80 108.70 1199.36 34
30 0.45 191.6 425.8 380.45 163.05 1199.36 40
40 0.45 191.6 425.8 326.10 217.40 1199.36 50
Table 4 Mixture proportion for concrete containing waste paper sludge ash as partial
replacement of cement
Paper
Sludge
Ash
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Paper
Sludge
Ash
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Slump
(mm)
0 0.45 191.6 425.80 543.5 0.00 1199.36 25
5 0.45 191.6 404.51 543.5 21.29 1199.36 24
10 0.45 191.6 383.22 543.5 42.58 1199.36 20
15 0.45 191.6 361.93 543.5 63.87 1199.36 16
20 0.45 191.6 340.64 543.5 85.16 1199.36 13
Table 5 Mixture proportions for concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash
in combination.
Paper
Sludge
Ash
%
Waste
Glass
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Paper
Sludge
Ash
(Kg/m3
)
Waste
Glass
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Slump
(mm)
0 0 0.45 191.6 425.80 543.50 0.00 0.00 1199.36 25
5 10 0.45 191.6 404.51 489.15 21.29 54.35 1199.36 27
10 10 0.45 191.6 383.22 489.15 42.58 54.35 1199.36 26
5 20 0.45 191.6 404.51 434.80 21.29 108.7 1199.36 33
10 20 0.45 191.6 383.22 434.80 42.58 108.7 1199.36 31
5 30 0.45 191.6 404.51 380.45 21.29 163.05 1199.36 35
10 30 0.45 191.6 383.22 380.45 42.58 163.05 1199.36 31
Table 6 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste
glass. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2
= 145.037 psi)
Waste
Glass in %
Cube compressive Strength (N/mm2
)
Cylinder splitting tensile strength
(N/mm2
)
7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days
0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74
10 24.29 33.69 35.93 2.08 2.48 2.67
20 24.73 35.11 37.49 2.02 2.30 2.46
30 22.37 30.82 32.00 1.80 2.16 2.21
40 18.07 25.69 27.21 1.63 1.91 2.01
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Table 7 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste
paper sludge ash. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2
= 145.037 psi).
Waste Paper
sludge ash in
%
Cube compressive Strength
(N/mm2
)
Cylinder splitting tensile strength
(N/mm2
)
7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days
0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74
5% 23.62 32.34 34.32 2.22 2.69 2.86
10% 20.15 26.29 27.85 2.16 2.51 2.63
15% 17.92 24.74 26.24 2.05 2.33 2.45
20% 15.14 22.147 23.48 1.77 2.12 2.22
Table 8 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete waste glass
and waste paper sludge ash in combination. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2
=
145.037 psi).
Waste Paper
sludge ash in
%
Waste
Glass
%
Cube compressive Strength
(N/mm2
)
Cylinder splitting tensile strength
(N/mm2
)
7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days
0 0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74
5 10 22.82 33.78 35.83 2.08 2.51 2.64
10 10 22.15 32.73 34.72 2.01 2.39 2.50
5 20 26.07 36.14 38.34 1.91 2.26 2.39
10 20 23.77 33.62 35.61 1.80 2.15 2.28
5 30 23.33 32.00 33.93 1.84 2.26 2.36
10 30 20.67 26.90 28.54 1.91 2.33 2.48
Table 9 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass.
Waste
glass
content
Average dry
weight before
curing (g)
Average wet
weight after 28
days curing (g)
Water
Absorbed (g)
Percentage
Water
Absorption (%)
0% 8382 8480 98 1.169
10% 8343 8415 72 0.863
20% 8235 8295 60 0.729
30% 8130 8181 51 0.627
40% 7952 7993 41 0.516
Table 10 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste paper sludge ash.
S. No.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
Dry weight of
cube (gm)
Wet weight of
cube (gm)
Water
absorbed
(gm)
Percentage
water
absorption
1 0 8382 8280 98 1.17%
2 5% 8352 8456 104 1.245%
3 10% 8225 8340 115 1.398%
4 15% 8115 8241 126 1.552%
5 20% 7998 8135 137 1.713%
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Table 11 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination.
S.
No.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
Waste
Glass
%
Dry weight
of cube
(gm)
Wet
weight of
cube (gm)
Water
absorbed (gm)
Percentage
water
absorption
1 0 0 8382 8280 98 1.17%
2 5% 10% 8318 8398 80 0.962%
3 10% 10% 8255 8343 88 1.070%
4 5% 20% 8180 8281 101 1.235%
5 10% 20% 8080 8195 115 1.423%
6 5% 30% 8025 8080 55 0.685%
7 10% 30% 7995 8058 63 0.788%
Table 12 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass.
Waste glass
Content
Average dry
weight of cubes (g)
Dry density
(KN/m3
)
Percentage change in
weight with respect to
reference M25 cubes
0% 8382 24.83 0%
10% 8343 24.72 - 0.456%
20% 8235 24.40 - 1.753%
30% 8130 24.10 - 3.006%
40% 7952 23.56 - 5.130%
Table 13 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste paper sludge ash.
Paper Sludge Ash
%
Avg. Dry weight of
cube (gm)
Avg. dry density of
cube (KN/m3
)
Percentage change in
weight as compared to
reference (%)
0 8382 24.83 0%
5% 8352 24.75 - 0.358%
10% 8225 24.37 - 1.870%
15% 8115 24.04 - 3.185%
20% 7998 23.70 - 4.580%
Table 14 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass and waste
paper sludge ash in combination.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
Waste Glass
%
Avg. Dry
weight of cube
(gm)
Avg. dry
density of cube
(KN/m3
)
Percentage change in
weight as compared
to reference (%)
0 0 8382 24.83 0%
5% 10% 8318 24.65 - 0.763%
10% 10% 8255 24.46 - 1.515%
5% 20% 8180 24.24 - 2.490%
10% 20% 8080 23.94 - 3.600%
5% 30% 8025 23.78 - 4.260%
10% 30% 7995 23.69 - 4.610%
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Figure 1 Sieved waste glass powder ready for usage.
Figure 2 Sieved waste paper sludge ash dark grey.
Figure 3 Variation of slump with waste glass content.
12. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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Figure 4 Variation of slump with waste paper sludge ash content.
Figure 5 Variation of slump with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash content in
combination.
Figure 6 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
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Figure 7 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of
age.
Figure 8 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and 60
days of age.
Figure 9 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and
60 days of age.
14. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
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Figure 10 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
Figure 11 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of results obtained, following conclusions can be drawn:
1. 20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15% increase in
compressive strength at 7 days and 25% increase in compressive strength at 28 and
60 days.
2. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30% by weight showing 9.8%
increase in compressive strength at 28 and 60 days.
3. With increase in waste glass content, percentage water absorption decreases and
average weight decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% waste glass content thus
making waste glass concrete light weight.
4. Workability of concrete mix increases with increase in waste glass content. Splitting
tensile strength decreases with increase in waste glass content.
5. Cement in concrete can be replaced by waste paper sludge ash up to 5% by weight
showing 15% increase in compressive strength and 5% increase in splitting tensile
strength at 28 and 60 days.
6. With increase in waste paper sludge ash content, percentage water absorption
increases, workability decreases and average weight decreases by 4.58% for mixture
with 20% waste paper sludge ash content thus making waste paper sludge ash
concrete light weight.