This document discusses the history and processes of combustion in internal combustion engines (ICE), highlighting the differences between spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. It details the phases of combustion, the complexities involved in fuel-air mixture formation, and the impact of various factors on combustion efficiency and quality. Moreover, it addresses abnormal combustion phenomena, their causes, and methods to prevent them in both types of engines.

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NAVIGATION
Combustion in Internal Combustion (IC) Engines
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28 February,
2014
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Ganesh
Visavale
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Combustion marks its existence since Stone Age period in form of mere fire and since then this phenomenon has played a major role in evolution as well as
revolution of mankind. Right from its mediocre application of providing light and warmth to its sheer brilliant use for rocket propulsion for space expedition,
combustion has done it all. The major applications of combustion being its use in boilers, gas turbines, automotive, rockets etc, the focus of this blog is to give
an insight on combustion in internal combustion engines used for automobiles.
Internal combustion engine is a device which uses the chemical energy released by the fuel in the form of heat for producing mechanical work. The engines are
made to work for cycles which include intake, compression, expansion or power and exhaust cycles. Let us trace the history of internal combustion (IC) engines
first, turning the clocks in the 19th century i.e. in the year 1876 when a German engineer Nicolaus Otto was successful in developing the first spark ignition
engine. In 1892, the concept of compression ignition engine was brought into practice by another German engineer, Rudolph Diesel. A century and nearly two
decades later there has been immense progress in the field of IC engines, though many phenomenon taking place are still to be understood physically. This blog
aims at comprehension of some of the astonishing research that has been done in this field restricting our interest to combustion with some amusing facts.
Study of IC engines includes interesting combination of varied physical processes which includesThermodynamics
Combustion and fluid flow
Heat and mass transfer or transport phenomena
Chemical kinetics
The method of fuel air mixture formation is the governing parameter for the whole combustion process and the further processes related to it. The combustion in
SI and CI engine hence varies due to the method of air fuel mixture formation. Also due to this difference, the parameters governing the combustion will vary. The
first basic difference is the fact that in SI engine, spark initiates the combustion while in CI engine initiation of combustion is solely dependent on self ignition of
the fuel being used.
There is variation of pressure in every cycle of IC engine and it majorly depends upon the combustion process taking place. This combustion is governed by the
local composition of the fuel air mixture, the percentage of residual gas present and mixing between this residual gas and fresh charge in the vicinity of spark
plug. Hence the maximum heat release and the duration for which this heat release takes place also varies with each cycle. The pressure and hence the torque and
the brake power varies with every cycle.
A fuel, when combusts reacts with an oxidizer to produce energy and in this process, stable species is formed. For hydrocarbon fuels the products of combustion
are carbon dioxide and water. However the entire process does not take place in one reaction step. Many intermediate radicals are formed resulting from a series
of competition taking place between N number of reactions.
Interesting facts :
In any hydrocarbon oxidation process CO is the primary product.
The oxidation of CO to CO2 comes late in the reaction scheme.
The conversion to CO2 is retarded until all the original fuel and intermediate hydrocarbon fragments have been consumed.
The hydroxyl concentration (OH) rises to high levels and converts CO to CO2.
Internal combustion engine seen from inside (Source: National Geographic)
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2. Combustion in spark ignition engine
Unlike CI engines where the fuel in injected after air has been heated at the end of compression stroke, in SI engines air fuel mixture obtained in the carburettor
is supplied through intake manifold in the combustion chamber. At the end of compression stroke, the thoroughly mixed fuel is ignited with spark generated by a
spark plug. The flame that is created on ignition by spark plug is generally circular. After spark is discharged, there is a period during which energy release from
the flame being developed is too small for the pressure rise. On further propagation of flame, the pressure rises and reaches a maximum after top dead centre
and then decreases as during power stroke the cylinder volume increases. These processes vary cycle to cycle due to change in the pressure, volume fraction of
fuel ignited. The flame growth depends on the local air fuel mixture as well as its motion in the engine cylinder. The mixture composition in the vicinity of the spark
plug at the spark discharge governs the development of flame front in early stages.
The density of unburned mixture ahead of the flame front is as large as four times the density of burned gas which lies behind the flame. 25% of the mass still
remains unburnt even if the entire combustion chamber is enflamed. Hence combustion in SI engines can be divided in the following phasesSpark ignition
Early flame development
Flame propagation
Flame termination
A term called maximum brake torque (MBT) denotes the optimum time of spark which if obtained produces maximum expansion work. If the spark timing
advances or retards than that of MBT less torque is produced. The flame established by spark plug is essentially laminar of the thickness 0.1 mm. This flame
which appears like a thin reaction sheet is moderately wrinkled because of the local variation of air flow field. The flame becomes highly wrinkled as it progresses
further in the expansion stroke, reaching the far end of wall. This is the time when maximum pressure occurs. The turbulent flame is also called as “Brush” whose
thickness becomes of the order of 1 cm.
Flame propagation in a stoichiometric ethylene-air mixture, 6 ms after ignition (Source: Transient Plasma Systems)
Amazing facts about ignition:
During ignition the gas around the spark plug ionizes and becomes plasma, called as breakdown phase
The temperature at this point is around 60000 K which is accompanied by a pressure wave which causes heat transfer and reduces its temperature to 10000
K and all this takes place in 1 nano second
Following breakdown phase is arc phase with 6000 K temperature and duration having time scale in microseconds.
The last phase is the glow phase is the glow discharge phase having temperature 3000 K
Three different phases of combustion in a cylinder (1. Ignition and flame propagation in quiescent atmosphere, 2. Wrinkle formation due to subtle turbulence,
3. Large turbulence affecting the flame) (Source: http://www.cssci.org/ , Central States Section of The Combustion Institute)
Video-1:
The below video shows Schilieren photography of a square wall piston engine showing all the strokes i.e from intake, compression, combustion and power stroke
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3. and then exhaust stroke. The valve opening and closing can be clearly seen.
(Source: www.youtube.com)
Combustion in CI engineIn CI engine after induction of air into the combustion chamber, the compression stroke begins and then at the end of this stroke fuel is injected at very high
velocities in one or more jets. The fuel gets atomized due to high velocity injection and vaporises due to high temperature. The fuel reaches the self ignition
temperature and thus combustion begins. In CI engines the following combustion phases taking place in expansion stroke is divided in following phases:
Ignition delay - This is the period between fuel injection initiation and beginning of combustion
Premixed or rapid combustion phase - The fuel accumulated in the combustion chamber ignites as the fuel reaches its self ignition temperature. High heat
release rate is obtained during this phase.
Mixing controlled combustion phase - The burning rate in this phase is of controlled manner and the heat release decreases in this phase.
Late combustion phase - Heat release rate is lowest in this phase, as small amount of fuel is available for burning.
In CI engine the fuel when sprayed into the combustion chamber, the fuel droplets are larger than the diameter of nozzle at lower jet speed, called as Rayleigh
regime. The break up in this regime is due to unstable growth of surface waves caused by surface tension.
As the jet velocity increases, forces due to relative motion of jet and surrounding also increase which are higher than surface tension force and thus resulting in
breakup of fuel into drop size equal to jet diameter. This is called first wind induced break up regime. Further increase in jet velocity decreases the drop diameter
thus atomizing it.
Atomization process (Source: J. Warnatz, U. Mass, R. W Dibble, Combustion)
Atomized drops get evaporated when they come in contact with hot ambient air inside the combustion chamber. The rate of evaporation depends upon:
Heat transfer taking place from the surrounding to the drop
Drop deceleration due to drag
Mass transfer of the fuel that has been vaporized in the direction away from drop
Heat transfer coefficient between air and drop
Mass and temperature of the droplet
The evaporated fuel simultaneously mixes with air and auto ignites itself at the end of compression stroke thus producing power.
Few facts about injection :
The cylinder pressure at injection is 50 to 100 atm
Fuel injection pressure is in the range of 200 to 1700 atm
For multi cylinder engines producing 20 to 100 kW Brake power (BP) fuel injectors work at a pressure between 300 to 1200 atm
Video 2: The following video shows injection in a square piston engine with glass wall, which is being played in slow motion.
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4. (Source: www.youtube.com)
Video 3: The flame propagation can be clearly seen in the below video.
(Source: www.youtube.com)
Factors governing combustion in engines :
Mixing of fuel and air
Compression ratio
Spark timing (For SI)/ self ignition temperature (For CI)
Turbulent mixing
Load on engine
Engine speed
Fuel characteristic like octane number (For SI)/ cetane number (CI)
Dual fuel combustion of syngas with different amounts of injected diesel fuel (Source: Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Diesel Micro-Pilot
Ignited Dual-Fuel Engine, Ulugbek Azimov, Eiji Tomita and Nobuyuki Kawahara)
Abnormal combustion in SI and CI engines :
Abnormal combustion generally results in high pressure and temperature rise in combustion chamber which may result in severe engine damage. It even produces
noise which is undesirable. Knock is defined as spontaneous ignition of the fuel at the end part of the gas which is just ahead of flame propagating through
combustion chamber. Spark knock occurs when the end gas ahead of combustion flame front ignites and substantial pressure rise takes place due to instant heat
release. Another reason of abnormal combustion is surface ignition wherein pre ignition or post ignition of the charge prior to actual combustion due to hot
surfaces like spark plug tip or valves.
Methods to avoid abnormal combustion in SI engines :
Using fuel having high octane number
Retarding the MBT timing of spark
Reducing intake temperature and pressure
In CI engine, the knock occurs when fuel has high ignition delay and the fuel accumulates to a larger quantity such that a large amount of fuel ignites causing
abrupt increase in pressure and heat release. The factors that are responsible for spray formation and evaporation will also affect ignition delay and knock in CI
engine. Intake air pressure and temperature are major factors affecting knock.
Methods to avoid abnormal combustion in CI engine :
Using fuel having high cetane number
Reducing intake temperature and pressure
Coming up in next part :
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5. In this part, we saw major phenomenon taking place during combustion in IC Engines. In the next blog, we will see application of CFD in analysis of
combustion in IC engines, how it is done and what are the merits as well as limitations of CFD.
References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
John B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Tata McGraw-hill
Irvin Glassman, Richard A. Yetter, Combustion,
J. Warnatz, U. Mass, R. W Dibble, Combustion
Ulugbek Azimov, Eiji Tomita and Nobuyuki Kawahara, Combustion and exhaust emission characterstics of Diesel Micro-Pilot Ignited Dual-Fuel Engine,
http://www.cssci.org/ , Central state section, The combustion institute
www.nationalgeographic.com , Natinal geographic
www.transientplasmasystems.com, Transient plasma systems
www.youtube.com; http://www.youtube.com/user/kcedrone?feature=watch
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6. #1 Ganesh Visavale
2014-03-04 17:18
0
Quote
Hi All, this is the first blog in the series to follow on CFD study of Combustion. I would be glad to reply if you have any specific query on this article. Feel free
to contact at ganesh cctech.co.in
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