After reading this ppt we knowing about column chromatography techniques. In this chromatography process, the molecule mixture is separated depending on its differentials partitioning between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett coined the term chromatography in 1906.
The first analytical use of chromatography was described by James and Martin in 1952, for the use of gas chromatography for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures.
A wide range of chromatographic procedures makes use of differences in size, binding affinities, charge, and other properties to separate materials.
It is a powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of science and is often the only means of separating components from complex mixtures.
hromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.
The factors effective on this separation process include molecular characteristics related to adsorption (liquid-solid), partition (liquid-solid), and affinity or differences among their molecular weights.
Because of these differences, some components of the mixture stay longer in the stationary phase, and they move slowly in the chromatography system, while others pass rapidly into the mobile phase, and leave the system faster.
Three components thus form the basis of the chromatography technique.
1. Stationary phase: This phase is always composed of a “solid” phase or “a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface solid support”.
2. Mobile phase: This phase is always composed of “liquid” or a “gaseous component.”
3. Separated molecules
Types of Chromatography
Substances can be separated on the basis of a variety of methods and the presence of characteristics such as size and shape, total charge, hydrophobic groups present on the surface, and binding capacity with the stationary phase.
This leads to different types of chromatography techniques, each with their own instrumentation and working principle.
For instance, four separation techniques based on molecular characteristics and interaction type use mechanisms of ion exchange, surface adsorption, partition, and size exclusion.
Other chromatography techniques are based on the stationary bed, including column, thin layer, and paper chromatography.
Applications of Chromatography
Pharmaceutical sector
To identify and analyze samples for the presence of trace elements or chemicals.
Separation of compounds based on their molecular weight and element composition.
Detects the unknown compounds and purity of mixture.
In drug development.
Chemical industry
In testing water samples and also checks air quality.
HPLC and GC are very much used for detecting various contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in pesticides and oils.
In various life sciences applications.
In forensic pathology and crime scene testing like analyzing blood and hair samples.
• Chromatography is a method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of these is called a stationary phase and the other is a mobile phase which moves on stationary phase in a definite direction
Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett coined the term chromatography in 1906.
The first analytical use of chromatography was described by James and Martin in 1952, for the use of gas chromatography for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures.
A wide range of chromatographic procedures makes use of differences in size, binding affinities, charge, and other properties to separate materials.
It is a powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of science and is often the only means of separating components from complex mixtures.
hromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.
The factors effective on this separation process include molecular characteristics related to adsorption (liquid-solid), partition (liquid-solid), and affinity or differences among their molecular weights.
Because of these differences, some components of the mixture stay longer in the stationary phase, and they move slowly in the chromatography system, while others pass rapidly into the mobile phase, and leave the system faster.
Three components thus form the basis of the chromatography technique.
1. Stationary phase: This phase is always composed of a “solid” phase or “a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface solid support”.
2. Mobile phase: This phase is always composed of “liquid” or a “gaseous component.”
3. Separated molecules
Types of Chromatography
Substances can be separated on the basis of a variety of methods and the presence of characteristics such as size and shape, total charge, hydrophobic groups present on the surface, and binding capacity with the stationary phase.
This leads to different types of chromatography techniques, each with their own instrumentation and working principle.
For instance, four separation techniques based on molecular characteristics and interaction type use mechanisms of ion exchange, surface adsorption, partition, and size exclusion.
Other chromatography techniques are based on the stationary bed, including column, thin layer, and paper chromatography.
Applications of Chromatography
Pharmaceutical sector
To identify and analyze samples for the presence of trace elements or chemicals.
Separation of compounds based on their molecular weight and element composition.
Detects the unknown compounds and purity of mixture.
In drug development.
Chemical industry
In testing water samples and also checks air quality.
HPLC and GC are very much used for detecting various contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in pesticides and oils.
In various life sciences applications.
In forensic pathology and crime scene testing like analyzing blood and hair samples.
• Chromatography is a method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of these is called a stationary phase and the other is a mobile phase which moves on stationary phase in a definite direction
Chromatography is a bioanalytical technique used for separation of analytes into pure components. Biomolecules such as amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates can be purified by different chromatographic methods.
Chromatography is the most widely accepted and important technique in the organic chemistry for the separation, purification, identification and characterization of components of a mixture.
Chromatography is a bioanalytical technique used for separation of analytes into pure components. Biomolecules such as amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates can be purified by different chromatographic methods.
Chromatography is the most widely accepted and important technique in the organic chemistry for the separation, purification, identification and characterization of components of a mixture.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. Introduction
• The word chromatography comes from Greek words “Chroma” means colour and
“graphein” means write.so chromatography means ‘to write with colour’.
• Chromatography is a physical method of separation of a mixture in which the
mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent called the mobile phase, which carries it
through a system called the stationary phase.
• There are a number of different kinds of chromatography, which differ in the
mobile and the stationary phase used.
4. Mobile phase
• Ideal properties:
It acts as a solvent
It acts as a developing agents
It acts as an eluting agents
Examples: Ethanol, Acetone, Water, Acetic acid, Pyridine, etc.
• Different mobile phases used:
Ex: In increasing order of polarity or elution strength.
Cyclohexane < carbon disulphide < ether < Benzene < toluene <ester < alcohol < chloroform <
acetone < water < pyridine <organic acids.
5. Stationary phase
• Ideal properties:
High mechanical stability and chemically inert.
Particle should have uniform shape and size(60-200 microns).
It should be colourless, inexpensive and readily available.
It Should allow free flow of mobile phase.
It should be suitable for the separation of mixtures of various compounds.
• Ex: In increasing order of adsorbing strength-
sucrose < starch < inulin < talc < calcium carbonate < calcium phosphate < magnesia <
silica gel < magnesium silicate < alumina < charcoal.
6. Principle
• When a mixture of components dissolved in the mobile phase is
introduced into the column, the individual components move with
different rates depending upon their relative affinities.
• Which components have lesser affinity towards stationary phase
moves faster and eluted out first.
• The component which have greater affinity towards stationary
phase moves slower down the column and eluted out latter.
• The adsorption of solute molecules to the column occurs in a
reversible manner. Fig: 1
Ref:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistr
y-genetics-and-molecular-biology/column-
chromatography [Accessed on: 31.01.2023;16:30]
7. The rate of movement of component (R) is given by,
R= Rate of movement of component
Rate of movement of mobile phase
When a liquid mobile phase is used, equation is written as
R= Am/Am+ αAs
Where α = Partition coefficient
Am = Average cross section of mobile phase
As = Average cross section of stationary phase
8. Classification
These classifications are based upon stationary phase:
Types of column
chromatography
Mobile phase Stationary phase Sample phase
Adsorption
Chromatography
Liquid Solid adsorbent Solution
Partition
Chromatography
Liquid Immiscible solvent on
solid matrix
Solution
Ion exchange
chromatography
Liquid Ion exchange resin Solution
Gel chromatography Liquid Solvent held in the
interstices of a
polymeric solvent
Solution
9. Classification
Its depending on how the solvent flows down the column:
• Gravity column chromatography:- If the solvent is allowed to flow down the
column by gravity.
• Flash chromatography:- If the solvent is forced down the column by positive air
pressure. Nitrogen and argon is used.
10. Packing techniques
• There are two types of preparing the column:
Dry packing:
Adsorbent is packed in the column in fine dry powder form.
Fill the solvent till equilibrium is reached.
After filling tapping can be done to remove void spaces.
Ref: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-
biological-sciences/column-chromatography
[Accessed on 29.01.23;22:50]
Wet packing:
The slurry of adsorbent with the mobile phase is prepared and is poured into the column.
Stationary phase settles uniformly and no crack and air bubbles present in the column of
adsorbent.
11. Factors Affecting column efficiency
Dimension of the column: column efficiency has been improved by increasing length/width ratio
of the column.
Particle size of column packing: separation to be improved by decreasing the particle size of the
adsorbent.
Temperature of the column: the speed of the elution increases at higher temperatures.
Quality of solvents: solvents having low viscosities is giving better results.
12. Advantages:
• Any type of mixture can be separated by column chromatography.
• Any quantity of mixture can also be.
• Wider choice of mobile phase.
Disadvantages:
• Time consuming method.
• More amount of solvent are required which are expensive.
• Drying and bubble presence are possible.
13. Applications
• Separation of mixture of compound or purify natural compound mixtures
like alkaloid, glycosides.
• Crude drug extraction.
• It is used for the separation of amino acid, proteins & carbohydrates.
• Isolation and purification of vitamins and hormones.
• Isolation of metabolites from biological fluids.
• It is used for the estimation of drugs in formulations.
• Examination of vegetable oil and pharmaceutical preparations.
14. Conclusions
We conclude that column chromatography is an effective way of
determining the components present in a compound such as a mixture
of pigments as well as in identifying the type of amino acid present.
15. References
• Yu Liu, Alec S. Lininger, Lauren N. McCaskey, Rachel M. Thomas. Separation of Fluorescent Protochlorophyllide from
Green Pumpkin Seed Using Column Chromatography. Journal of Chemical Education 2023, 100 (1) , 312-315.
• Knockaert, M. et al. Intracellular targets of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: identification by affinity chromatography
using immobilised inhibitors. Chem. Biol.2000, 7, 411–422.
• Takeshi Tanaka, Yasuko Urabe, Takuya Hirakawa, and Hiromichi Kataura . Simultaneous Chirality and Enantiomer
Separation of Metallic Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Gel Column Chromatography. Analytical
Chemistry 2015, 87 (18) , 9467-9472.
• Huaping Li, Lili Zhou, Tao Wu. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate for single-walled carbon nanotubes separation in gel
chromatography. Diamond and Related Materials 2018, 88 , 189-192.
• Davies, Don R.; Johnson, Todd M. J. Isolation of Three Components from Spearmint Oil: An Exercise in Column and Thin-
Layer Chromatography. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 318.
• Figure 1: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/column-
chromatography [Accessed on: 31.01.2023;16:30]
• Figure 2: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/column-
chromatography [Accessed on 29.01.2023;22:50]