Collective forest management has been introduced in Ethiopia as an alternative to the failed state-based forest management approach. However, collective forest management faces several challenges in achieving sustainable management. The document reviews the role of collective action for forest management in Ethiopia, highlighting challenges and failures. It discusses how state forest management failed due to lack of local participation and access to remote areas. Collective forest management has been implemented through participatory forest management programs but also faces issues achieving success. The review aims to assess contributions, challenges, and lessons from collective forest management in Ethiopia.
Role of primary forests for climate change mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
Primary forests store significantly more carbon than logged or degraded forests. They continue to sequester carbon and are therefore carbon positive, not carbon neutral. Primary forests help mitigate climate change by maintaining large carbon stocks and absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, they are vulnerable to climate events like drought and fragmentation effects that can reduce their carbon uptake. Maintaining primary forest area and integrity is important for climate change mitigation efforts due to their high carbon storage and sink capabilities.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental governance including definitions of governance, good governance, global governance, and environmental governance. It contrasts the realist and liberalist perspectives on these topics. Some key issues of environmental governance are identified such as soil degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, water issues, and ozone depletion. The roles of various environmental actors like international institutions, states, businesses, and NGOs are outlined. International environmental politics and the global environmental movement are also briefly described.
The National Conservation Strategy outlines 14 core program areas and over 68 specific programs to invest Rs. 150.7 billion over 10 years in Pakistan's natural resources and environment, with the objectives of conserving resources, enabling sustainable development, and improving resource management efficiency through programs in areas like agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, pollution control, and cultural heritage preservation. The strategy emphasizes improving resource management through community participation and developing institutions to better manage common resources.
This document describes split plot designs for agricultural experiments. Split plot designs are used when factors require different sized plots. Larger plots are used for factors that need more space, and these plots are divided into smaller subplots to accommodate factors with smaller space needs. The document provides an example of a split plot design layout and discusses how to analyze the data using ANOVA, accounting for the different error terms between main plots and subplots. Main advantages are increased precision and saving experimental resources, while disadvantages include less precision for estimates of main plot treatments and complex analysis with missing data.
ITC Ltd. has pioneered agroforestry practices in India through large-scale commercial plantations that integrate trees and agricultural crops. Their model plants eucalyptus trees in paired rows at high densities of 2000 trees/ha while still allocating 75% of land for crops. This doubles farmers' incomes compared to conventional block planting. Through 158,000 ha of social forestry since 1992, ITC meets its wood needs sustainably while creating rural employment and offsetting carbon emissions. Scaling this agroforestry model across India's 75M ha of rain-fed land could meet pulpwood demand and improve livelihoods through enhanced and stabilized production.
The document defines key forestry terms and outlines the objectives of silviculture and Indian forest policies from 1894 to 1988. It discusses classification of forests based on canopy density and species. The objectives of silviculture include higher production, superior quality timber, and shortening rotations. National forest policies evolved from focusing on commercial forestry and agriculture to emphasizing conservation, environmental stability, and meeting local community needs through afforestation and social forestry programs.
Climate change strategies and policies in ethiopia zewdeazewde alemayehu
1) Ethiopia has developed various policies and strategies to address climate change, beginning with provisions in its constitution guaranteeing environmental rights and sustainable development.
2) Key policies and strategies include the National Adaptation Program of Action, Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy, and serving as a leader in international climate negotiations.
3) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is responsible for coordinating climate change efforts and ensuring the realization of environmental rights defined in the constitution.
Role of primary forests for climate change mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
Primary forests store significantly more carbon than logged or degraded forests. They continue to sequester carbon and are therefore carbon positive, not carbon neutral. Primary forests help mitigate climate change by maintaining large carbon stocks and absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, they are vulnerable to climate events like drought and fragmentation effects that can reduce their carbon uptake. Maintaining primary forest area and integrity is important for climate change mitigation efforts due to their high carbon storage and sink capabilities.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental governance including definitions of governance, good governance, global governance, and environmental governance. It contrasts the realist and liberalist perspectives on these topics. Some key issues of environmental governance are identified such as soil degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, water issues, and ozone depletion. The roles of various environmental actors like international institutions, states, businesses, and NGOs are outlined. International environmental politics and the global environmental movement are also briefly described.
The National Conservation Strategy outlines 14 core program areas and over 68 specific programs to invest Rs. 150.7 billion over 10 years in Pakistan's natural resources and environment, with the objectives of conserving resources, enabling sustainable development, and improving resource management efficiency through programs in areas like agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, pollution control, and cultural heritage preservation. The strategy emphasizes improving resource management through community participation and developing institutions to better manage common resources.
This document describes split plot designs for agricultural experiments. Split plot designs are used when factors require different sized plots. Larger plots are used for factors that need more space, and these plots are divided into smaller subplots to accommodate factors with smaller space needs. The document provides an example of a split plot design layout and discusses how to analyze the data using ANOVA, accounting for the different error terms between main plots and subplots. Main advantages are increased precision and saving experimental resources, while disadvantages include less precision for estimates of main plot treatments and complex analysis with missing data.
ITC Ltd. has pioneered agroforestry practices in India through large-scale commercial plantations that integrate trees and agricultural crops. Their model plants eucalyptus trees in paired rows at high densities of 2000 trees/ha while still allocating 75% of land for crops. This doubles farmers' incomes compared to conventional block planting. Through 158,000 ha of social forestry since 1992, ITC meets its wood needs sustainably while creating rural employment and offsetting carbon emissions. Scaling this agroforestry model across India's 75M ha of rain-fed land could meet pulpwood demand and improve livelihoods through enhanced and stabilized production.
The document defines key forestry terms and outlines the objectives of silviculture and Indian forest policies from 1894 to 1988. It discusses classification of forests based on canopy density and species. The objectives of silviculture include higher production, superior quality timber, and shortening rotations. National forest policies evolved from focusing on commercial forestry and agriculture to emphasizing conservation, environmental stability, and meeting local community needs through afforestation and social forestry programs.
Climate change strategies and policies in ethiopia zewdeazewde alemayehu
1) Ethiopia has developed various policies and strategies to address climate change, beginning with provisions in its constitution guaranteeing environmental rights and sustainable development.
2) Key policies and strategies include the National Adaptation Program of Action, Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy, and serving as a leader in international climate negotiations.
3) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is responsible for coordinating climate change efforts and ensuring the realization of environmental rights defined in the constitution.
1) Crown classification is used to classify trees based on their crown development and position in the forest canopy. There are 5 categories: dominant, codominant, dominated, suppressed, and dead/diseased trees.
2) Tending operations are carried out to benefit crop growth and include weeding, cleaning, thinning, pruning and climber cutting. The major tending operations are weeding (10%), cleaning (20%), and thinning (60%).
3) Thinning is done in immature stands to improve growth, form and yield. It increases net timber yield and growth efficiency through methods like crown thinning, low thinning and selection thinning.
Forestry extension A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director Genera...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Forestry extension A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
This document discusses agroforestry as a tool for watershed management. It begins by defining agroforestry systems and their objectives in increasing biomass production, soil conservation, and soil improvement. It then discusses the objectives of watershed management in utilizing land based on capability, protecting resources, and improving socioeconomic conditions. Agroforestry is presented as an effective tool for watershed management, providing suitable systems like agri-silviculture, silvi-pastoral, and agri-silvi-pastoral approaches. These systems help achieve the goals of watershed management by improving vegetation cover, soil fertility, and the livelihoods of local communities.
Role of information technology on environment and human healthRoger Gomes
A presentation done as a part of the course Semester 5 course Environmental Studies during my Under-Graduate course in Engineering.
The presentation describes the impact of Information Technology on Environment and Human Health systematically laying emphasis particularly on the environmental aspects
Natural resources & peacebuilding cambodia - Blake D. RatnerWorldFish
1) Twenty years ago, the UN made a large investment in peacekeeping and democratic governance in Cambodia to coincide with its shift to a market economy. Contemporary conflicts now focus significantly on land and natural resource control.
2) Natural resources have long been a source of conflict in Cambodia by financing civil wars and taking new forms in the post-war context. Resource governance remains central to preventing future conflicts.
3) Community forestry and fishery examples in Oddar Meanchey and Kompong Thom provinces show how resource rights are still compromised and at risk of social conflicts, despite some policy reforms.
Climate change is having significant impacts in Nepal. Temperatures have risen by 0.06°C from 1977-2000, with greater increases at higher altitudes and in winter. Projections estimate rises of 1.4°C by 2030, 2.8°C by 2060, and 4.7°C by 2090. Precipitation trends are less certain but include more intense rainfall and variable river flows. Glaciers are retreating rapidly, increasing glacial lake outburst flood risks. Agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity, livestock, and health are all being affected. Nepal has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action and Local Adaptation Plans of Action framework to help communities assess vulnerabilities
The document discusses land degradation and strategies to combat it. It addresses major issues related to land degradation like the extent and severity, key drivers, and economic and environmental costs. It discusses sustainable development goals and their targets to ensure sustainable food production and achieve land degradation neutrality. It also discusses the relevance of land degradation to climate change agreements and estimates the costs of land degradation by region. The document provides an overview of issues related to land degradation and priorities for future research.
Urban forests provide important environmental and economic benefits such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and reducing energy costs. They are managed through urban forestry programs to maximize these benefits. However, urban foresters face challenges from issues like climate change and pollution. Despite these challenges, urban forestry continues to improve because of the wide-ranging benefits that urban forests provide to both the environment and economy.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice where agricultural crops are grown between rows of woody plants. Annual crops provide income while long-term crops like walnuts mature. This combines annual and perennial crops to make more effective use of land, time, and resources. Alley cropping can also be used for short-rotation woody crops combined with forage or row crops to produce fuel wood and fodder. Benefits include diversified income, improved soil health through erosion reduction and nutrient addition, and improved crop health through protection from wind and temperature extremes.
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
This document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as the prior assessment of the future environmental impacts of development proposals. The key points made are:
- EIA identifies, predicts, evaluates, and mitigates biophysical and social effects of projects before major commitments are made.
- Common EIA methods include checklists, matrices, networks, and overlays. Checklists list environmental factors and scale potential impacts.
- The first EIA law was passed in the US in 1969, requiring assessments for major projects.
- A full EIA report is called an Environmental Impact Statement.
Presentation by Mei Xie, Ph.D working for the World Bank - Climate Change Group. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
Agroforestry for climate change mitigation and adaptation MirFaizan
This document discusses how agroforestry can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. It provides background on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and outlines how agroforestry practices like alley cropping, homegardens, and silvopasture can sequester carbon in vegetation and soil. Studies from various countries are cited that measure carbon storage in different agroforestry systems. The document also discusses how agroforestry reduces non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions like N2O and CH4 by improving nutrient cycling and efficiency. Finally, it describes how agroforestry helps farmers adapt to climate change through increased soil resilience, more efficient land use, and improved crop yields during drought years.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
NEPAD and CCAFS have joined forces, and with support from GIZ they held a training workshop on 10 –12 April 2018 in Nairobi for participants from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. The participants came from Ministries of agriculture, environment, finance, and planning. The overall aim of the training course was to enhance capacities amongst staff and personnel of the various ministries for successful implementation of the agricultural components of the NDCs.The focus of the training was to create a broader understanding of NDCs with the aim that participants have a better understanding of (a) What has to be done? (b) How it can be done? (c) Where can they find further support? and (d) What are existing tools that can be used?
The training consisted of eight modules delivered over three days. The modules included a presentation, question and answer session, and group activity/discussion. The modules delivered were:
Module 1: Intro to UNFCCC initiatives relevant to agriculture
Module 2: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Module 3: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) for transformative change
Module 4: Analysis and tools for priority setting in agriculture
Module 5: Climate finance, parts 1 and 2
Module 6: Role of the private sector in NDC development and implementation
Module 7: Monitoring NDC implementation, parts 1 and 2
Module 8: Managing the complexities of multiple planning processes for inclusive national planning
Agroforestry is a land management system where trees or shrubs are grown around or among agricultural crops or pastureland. The objectives of agroforestry include managing land efficiently to increase productivity, using resources efficiently and economically, generating rural employment, and providing materials for cottage industries. Agroforestry aims to meet rural needs for small timber and firewood while reducing pressure on forests. It also aims to increase food production to meet growing population demands through crops, vegetables, pulses, milk, and meat.
Intercropping Principles and Production PracticesElisaMendelsohn
Intercropping offers farmers the opportunity to engage nature's principle of diversity on their farms. The document discusses intercropping principles and concepts, including pursuing diversity through practices like enterprise diversification, crop rotation, and farmscaping. It also covers intercrop productivity and management considerations like spatial arrangements, planting rates, and maturity dates. Examples of different intercrop systems are provided, along with discussions of escalating diversity and stability as well as disease control benefits of intercropping.
This comprehensive presentation is a broad unit on soil, soil formation and soil layers. The unit gives performance expectations, key vocabulary, types of weathering, soil components and types, soil composition, formation, horizons, hazards, properties, characteristics. Finally the unit covers soil nutrients and forest systems.
Can best be used at High and Junior high schools, by hobby gardeners, farmers and as a college introductory presentation or as a basic refresher. Also elementary teachers can use this to "get up to speed" on the fascinating topic of soil!
Soil Lab v4 is the final version for 2015.
11.the socio economic effects of community forest management]Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic effects of community forest management in Dendi District, Ethiopia. The study found that participatory forest management enhanced livelihoods, conservation efforts, and social assets of local communities. Households participating in forest management had higher incomes and expenditures than non-participating households. Participating households also had more diverse livelihood strategies relying on natural resources like forests, compared to non-participating households who engaged more in wage labor and small businesses. The management approach helped increase forest cover while supporting local livelihoods, indicating it can achieve sustainable forest use.
forest resource management and development strategyzebrhe gebrehiwet
This document reviews forest resource conservation and development strategies in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia's forest coverage has rapidly declined from 40% in 1900 to less than 3% currently due to deforestation, degradation, and lack of effective protection policies. While some literature suggests coverage increased to 9% by 2000, this claim is unverified. The document calls for more action and implementation of conservation strategies, rather than just discussing challenges in documents. It emphasizes the need for clear definitions, cross-sector collaboration, community participation, and long-term commitment to successfully protect and restore Ethiopia's remaining forests.
1) Crown classification is used to classify trees based on their crown development and position in the forest canopy. There are 5 categories: dominant, codominant, dominated, suppressed, and dead/diseased trees.
2) Tending operations are carried out to benefit crop growth and include weeding, cleaning, thinning, pruning and climber cutting. The major tending operations are weeding (10%), cleaning (20%), and thinning (60%).
3) Thinning is done in immature stands to improve growth, form and yield. It increases net timber yield and growth efficiency through methods like crown thinning, low thinning and selection thinning.
Forestry extension A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director Genera...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Forestry extension A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
This document discusses agroforestry as a tool for watershed management. It begins by defining agroforestry systems and their objectives in increasing biomass production, soil conservation, and soil improvement. It then discusses the objectives of watershed management in utilizing land based on capability, protecting resources, and improving socioeconomic conditions. Agroforestry is presented as an effective tool for watershed management, providing suitable systems like agri-silviculture, silvi-pastoral, and agri-silvi-pastoral approaches. These systems help achieve the goals of watershed management by improving vegetation cover, soil fertility, and the livelihoods of local communities.
Role of information technology on environment and human healthRoger Gomes
A presentation done as a part of the course Semester 5 course Environmental Studies during my Under-Graduate course in Engineering.
The presentation describes the impact of Information Technology on Environment and Human Health systematically laying emphasis particularly on the environmental aspects
Natural resources & peacebuilding cambodia - Blake D. RatnerWorldFish
1) Twenty years ago, the UN made a large investment in peacekeeping and democratic governance in Cambodia to coincide with its shift to a market economy. Contemporary conflicts now focus significantly on land and natural resource control.
2) Natural resources have long been a source of conflict in Cambodia by financing civil wars and taking new forms in the post-war context. Resource governance remains central to preventing future conflicts.
3) Community forestry and fishery examples in Oddar Meanchey and Kompong Thom provinces show how resource rights are still compromised and at risk of social conflicts, despite some policy reforms.
Climate change is having significant impacts in Nepal. Temperatures have risen by 0.06°C from 1977-2000, with greater increases at higher altitudes and in winter. Projections estimate rises of 1.4°C by 2030, 2.8°C by 2060, and 4.7°C by 2090. Precipitation trends are less certain but include more intense rainfall and variable river flows. Glaciers are retreating rapidly, increasing glacial lake outburst flood risks. Agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity, livestock, and health are all being affected. Nepal has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action and Local Adaptation Plans of Action framework to help communities assess vulnerabilities
The document discusses land degradation and strategies to combat it. It addresses major issues related to land degradation like the extent and severity, key drivers, and economic and environmental costs. It discusses sustainable development goals and their targets to ensure sustainable food production and achieve land degradation neutrality. It also discusses the relevance of land degradation to climate change agreements and estimates the costs of land degradation by region. The document provides an overview of issues related to land degradation and priorities for future research.
Urban forests provide important environmental and economic benefits such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and reducing energy costs. They are managed through urban forestry programs to maximize these benefits. However, urban foresters face challenges from issues like climate change and pollution. Despite these challenges, urban forestry continues to improve because of the wide-ranging benefits that urban forests provide to both the environment and economy.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice where agricultural crops are grown between rows of woody plants. Annual crops provide income while long-term crops like walnuts mature. This combines annual and perennial crops to make more effective use of land, time, and resources. Alley cropping can also be used for short-rotation woody crops combined with forage or row crops to produce fuel wood and fodder. Benefits include diversified income, improved soil health through erosion reduction and nutrient addition, and improved crop health through protection from wind and temperature extremes.
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
This document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as the prior assessment of the future environmental impacts of development proposals. The key points made are:
- EIA identifies, predicts, evaluates, and mitigates biophysical and social effects of projects before major commitments are made.
- Common EIA methods include checklists, matrices, networks, and overlays. Checklists list environmental factors and scale potential impacts.
- The first EIA law was passed in the US in 1969, requiring assessments for major projects.
- A full EIA report is called an Environmental Impact Statement.
Presentation by Mei Xie, Ph.D working for the World Bank - Climate Change Group. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
Agroforestry for climate change mitigation and adaptation MirFaizan
This document discusses how agroforestry can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. It provides background on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and outlines how agroforestry practices like alley cropping, homegardens, and silvopasture can sequester carbon in vegetation and soil. Studies from various countries are cited that measure carbon storage in different agroforestry systems. The document also discusses how agroforestry reduces non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions like N2O and CH4 by improving nutrient cycling and efficiency. Finally, it describes how agroforestry helps farmers adapt to climate change through increased soil resilience, more efficient land use, and improved crop yields during drought years.
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
NEPAD and CCAFS have joined forces, and with support from GIZ they held a training workshop on 10 –12 April 2018 in Nairobi for participants from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. The participants came from Ministries of agriculture, environment, finance, and planning. The overall aim of the training course was to enhance capacities amongst staff and personnel of the various ministries for successful implementation of the agricultural components of the NDCs.The focus of the training was to create a broader understanding of NDCs with the aim that participants have a better understanding of (a) What has to be done? (b) How it can be done? (c) Where can they find further support? and (d) What are existing tools that can be used?
The training consisted of eight modules delivered over three days. The modules included a presentation, question and answer session, and group activity/discussion. The modules delivered were:
Module 1: Intro to UNFCCC initiatives relevant to agriculture
Module 2: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Module 3: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) for transformative change
Module 4: Analysis and tools for priority setting in agriculture
Module 5: Climate finance, parts 1 and 2
Module 6: Role of the private sector in NDC development and implementation
Module 7: Monitoring NDC implementation, parts 1 and 2
Module 8: Managing the complexities of multiple planning processes for inclusive national planning
Agroforestry is a land management system where trees or shrubs are grown around or among agricultural crops or pastureland. The objectives of agroforestry include managing land efficiently to increase productivity, using resources efficiently and economically, generating rural employment, and providing materials for cottage industries. Agroforestry aims to meet rural needs for small timber and firewood while reducing pressure on forests. It also aims to increase food production to meet growing population demands through crops, vegetables, pulses, milk, and meat.
Intercropping Principles and Production PracticesElisaMendelsohn
Intercropping offers farmers the opportunity to engage nature's principle of diversity on their farms. The document discusses intercropping principles and concepts, including pursuing diversity through practices like enterprise diversification, crop rotation, and farmscaping. It also covers intercrop productivity and management considerations like spatial arrangements, planting rates, and maturity dates. Examples of different intercrop systems are provided, along with discussions of escalating diversity and stability as well as disease control benefits of intercropping.
This comprehensive presentation is a broad unit on soil, soil formation and soil layers. The unit gives performance expectations, key vocabulary, types of weathering, soil components and types, soil composition, formation, horizons, hazards, properties, characteristics. Finally the unit covers soil nutrients and forest systems.
Can best be used at High and Junior high schools, by hobby gardeners, farmers and as a college introductory presentation or as a basic refresher. Also elementary teachers can use this to "get up to speed" on the fascinating topic of soil!
Soil Lab v4 is the final version for 2015.
11.the socio economic effects of community forest management]Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic effects of community forest management in Dendi District, Ethiopia. The study found that participatory forest management enhanced livelihoods, conservation efforts, and social assets of local communities. Households participating in forest management had higher incomes and expenditures than non-participating households. Participating households also had more diverse livelihood strategies relying on natural resources like forests, compared to non-participating households who engaged more in wage labor and small businesses. The management approach helped increase forest cover while supporting local livelihoods, indicating it can achieve sustainable forest use.
forest resource management and development strategyzebrhe gebrehiwet
This document reviews forest resource conservation and development strategies in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia's forest coverage has rapidly declined from 40% in 1900 to less than 3% currently due to deforestation, degradation, and lack of effective protection policies. While some literature suggests coverage increased to 9% by 2000, this claim is unverified. The document calls for more action and implementation of conservation strategies, rather than just discussing challenges in documents. It emphasizes the need for clear definitions, cross-sector collaboration, community participation, and long-term commitment to successfully protect and restore Ethiopia's remaining forests.
This document summarizes a study on forest entitlement and benefit sharing in community forests in Nepal. It explores how forest benefits are distributed among community members. The study examines two community forests and finds that over 17 years, timber distribution has remained similar among rich, middle-wealth, and poor households. Poor and minority users have not benefited as much and forest resources have not improved their livelihoods. The challenge is how to equitably share benefits among users in a sustainable way. New distribution mechanisms and access for all users need to be developed to address inequities.
Analysis of extension services in forest conservation in ogun state, nigeria.Alexander Decker
This document analyzes extension services for forest conservation in Ogun State, Nigeria. It finds that most forest officers are between 31-45 years old and have high literacy. Common extension services identified include education programs and publications to raise awareness. Forest officers generally found the extension services to be effective, but identified constraints like lack of funding and materials. The study concludes that effective extension is important for forest conservation, and addressing challenges can improve services.
Forests are an important natural resource in Ethiopia, providing materials, ecosystem services, and supporting the livelihoods of many. However, Ethiopia's forest cover has declined significantly over time due to population growth and unsustainable use. Forest policy and legislation aim to manage this valuable resource sustainably by outlining principles and plans for forest conservation, protection, management, and utilization, as well as related industries, in order to maximize benefits for society while preserving forests for future generations. An effective forest policy provides guidance for government agencies and helps coordinate decision-making across sectors to balance forest conservation with community development needs.
Ensuring effective forest services to mankind implications for environmental ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
Assessing the sustainability of forest plantations in Mezam Division of the N...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The study examined the sustainability of plantation forestry in Mezam Division of the North West Region. Methodology and results: Respondents drawn from a cross-section of plantation owners in five (5) sub-divisions (i.e. Tubah, Bali, Bafut, Santa and Bemenda central) of Mezam Division. Fifty- (50) plantation owners selected through a system of random sampling. Data collected through the administered questionnaires were on social, economic, ecological, profitability, management strategies and constraints to plantation forestry in the study area. Structure questionnaires were instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistic including tables, means, and percentages to describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents, while chi-square and Benefit Cost Ratio models were used to determined profitability and opinion of plantation owners respectively. The results reveal that majority of plantation owners were men 84.5% and widows make up 15.5% of the respondents. They all owned families. Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated was 0.7 (B/C . 1) this results implies that plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they was a marginal profit of eight thousand five hundred francs 8500f ($ 17 USD) for the sale of one acre of plantation. Chi-square test of equal probability showed that they were no significant difference at 0.05% probability level for private plantation owners. The main constraints confronting plantation forestry business in the study area are access to finance, followed by wildfires, unfavorable government policies and finally bad road networks leading to their plantation. The Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated (B/C . 1) mean plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they were marginal benefits. The study therefore recommend that private plantation be encourage to ensure less dependence on natural forest and to also mitigation climate change and through this jobs created and livelihood improved to the rural communities
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
Ethio the institutional sphere of coffee forest management - koma in bonga ...TASFAA
The document summarizes research on the institutional arrangements governing coffee forest management in Ethiopia's Kaffa Zone. It finds that historically, local peasants individually held use rights to plots of forest land. However, Ethiopia's 1975 nationalization of land shifted responsibility for forest governance to new centralized state entities that lacked experience and resources. As a result, state control did not effectively reach the forests, leaving management defined by traditional use rights. The research aims to provide an understanding of the informal use rights systems and how institutional changes have impacted forest depletion in the area.
Ethiopian rangeland condition, management and improvement technique1.pdfYusufAhmed96
The document reviews Ethiopian rangeland conditions, management, and improvement techniques. It discusses that rangelands cover 62% of Ethiopia's land and support over 12 million pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. Rangeland condition refers to its ecological status, resistance to erosion, and forage production capacity. Major causes of degradation include overgrazing, sedentarization, encroachment of agriculture, and frequent drought. Management is usually limited to grazing, burning, and woody species control.
The document discusses how land use changes can affect turbidity levels in receiving waters. Agricultural activities like crop production and cattle operations can increase nonpoint pollution and contaminate nearby water through surface runoff and erosion. Areas with annual crops and minimal vegetation cover, such as recently tilled fields in spring, tend to have higher turbidity due to increased runoff and erosion. Wetlands, while effective at removing bacteria, can also increase turbidity by acting as biofilters. Turbidity levels are negatively correlated with forested areas but positively correlated with annual crop coverage and urban land use.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
Strategy to Increase Public Participation in Forest Management Based On Inter...inventionjournals
Baluran National Park as a conservation area has a wide variety of flora and fauna. But this time Baluran National Park to experience a variety of threats, interruptions and damage to ecosystems. Based on information from the Baluran office (2014) damage incurred includes: (i) Forest fires reached ± 946.75 ha, or about 4% of the total land area is due in large part caused by the irresponsible and not because of natural factors; (Ii) Activities ± 400 ha of land clearing for agriculture plants business; (Iii) timber theft, especially in resort Labuhan Peacock; (Iv) Pastoral wild is a problem that is quite prominent, especially in the area Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan with an area of 3,450 ha. Cattle grazing types, namely cows and goats with an average of 1,447 head of cattle per day; (Iv) Local Trasmigrasi Settlements (Translok) since 1976, covering an area of 57 ha in Pandean area, Wonorejo village; (V) illegal encroachment and the tilling of the soil; and (vi) hunting of wildlife by people with firearms, snares, poison and sap that often occur during the dry season. This study is a non-laboratory scale with the purpose of: (i) to analyze and explain the effect of each variable system of institutions, incentives, social capital ,, the socio-demographic, and social learning to the level of community participation; (Ii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the effect of variable incentives on the level of community participation; (Iii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the influence of social capital on the level of community participation. The study population includes: (i) the entire village communities buffer consisting of: public Randu Agung, Wonorejo, Bajulmati, Bimorejo, Kalianyar, Watu Kebo and Resources Waru; (Ii) the people occupying forest land TNB illegally consisting of: (a) SPTNW 1 Bekol include: block Balanan, Kakapa, Simacan and Mesigit, and (b) SPTNW II Karangtekok include: block Merak, Shell, Lempuyang, and Sirondo. By using cluster sampling based group / region relating to the location of the existing research in Baluran National Park 60 respondents. It is based on a number of variables used in this study were 6 to 39 indicator variables by using Equation Model Sructural analysis.
Towards sustainable coexistence: People and wild mammals in Baluran National ...UniversitasGadjahMada
The paper offers a critical discussion of resource use in a national park, Baluran, in Indonesia. In general, an increasing accept of the need for livelihood security, also for people living in or near natural conservation areas, are challenging traditional systems of national park governance. Finding ways to balance the needs of local populations against the necessity to secure biodiversity and environmental sustainability becomes important, and the main question in our research is how to accommodate an existing society in Baluran without a further negative impact on endangered mammals. Based on common pool resource management and co-management theories and thorough empirical investigations among the population living in Baluran, we conclude that alternative solutions exist for combining the interests of livelihood and conservation, but that resolute restrictions must be set by central government authorities, and that local institutions and livelihood practices must be developed based on experiences gained in the region through the last decades. Our findings may have relevance for solving similar problems of coexistence in other conservation areas
Accounting for watershed management services in the forest reserves of osun s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the contributions of forest reserves in Osun State, Nigeria to watershed management. The study examined the relationship between declines in forest area and water supply, assessed the perceived value of forest watershed services using contingent valuation methods, and estimated a total economic value of watershed services provided by forests. Key findings were that there was a strong relationship between forest area and water supply, the mean willingness to pay for watershed services was estimated to be ₦3,623.29 per person, and the total estimated value of forest watershed services in Osun State was ₦12.40 billion. The research concluded that accounting for the value of watershed services can enhance sustainability decisions
Contribution of the non timber forest products to the local communities in th...Alexander Decker
The document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their contribution to local communities in Dawro Zone, Ethiopia. It finds that 11 NTFPs are used for subsistence and income, including honey, spices, and forest coffee. Majority of respondents use NTFPs for both home consumption and commercial purposes. However, medicinal plants are seldom used. The study also finds that bamboo is underutilized despite its potential. It recommends efforts to plant utilized species on farms and increase bamboo products to enhance livelihoods.
Co managing ecosystem services of forest reserves in ghana-the case of the bo...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses co-managing the ecosystem services of the Bobiri Forest Reserve (BFR) in Ghana through stakeholder collaboration.
2. The forest communities have traditional rights to collect some non-timber forest products for personal use, but need permits for commercial use. However, overexploitation has led to declines in ecosystem services.
3. Effective co-management requires stakeholders to negotiate management responsibilities to sustainably manage forest resources and ensure long-term provision of ecosystem services through knowledge sharing and coordination between fragmented stakeholders.
Community perceived attitude on forest related environmental issues using mas...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community attitudes toward forestry-related environmental issues (FREI) in Osun State, Nigeria. The study aimed to assess these attitudes to strengthen the use of mass media in raising awareness. Data was collected through surveys in 3 local government areas. The results showed that 75% of respondents agreed it is important to consider FREI for environmental balance, while 60% saw FREI as a mere threat that cannot impact the environment. This suggests community awareness of forestry issues is low. The study concludes mass media could help disseminate environmental information but currently does little beyond incidental reporting. Improved coordination between media and government agencies is needed to support sustainable livelihoods through increased community
Poster presented at the African Landscapes Dialogue in Addis Ababa, March 6-9, 2017, by Sisay Nune Hailemariam, Teshome Soromessa, and Demel Teketay. #LandscapesDialogue
Similar to Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Paper from Ethiopia in Particular (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Paper from Ethiopia in Particular
Wegi and Eshetu 641
Like other countries, the forest resources in Ethiopia have
been continuously degraded over time (Tesfaye, 2011;
Tesfaye et al., 2012; Ameha et al., 2014; Solomon et al.,
2017). They pointed that this continuous and rapid
deterioration of the natural resource base has become a
serious threat to both ecosystem functions and economic
production in Ethiopia. Biophysical, environmental and
economic indicators provide strong evidence of a severe
deterioration in the state of natural resources in Ethiopia
(FAO, 1986; Hurni, 1988; Campbell, 1991; Sutcliffe, 1993;
Hoben, 1995; Bojo and Cassels, 1995; Nyssen et al.,
2004).
Several previous empirical studies suggested different
alternative ways of managing common resources (for
example forests). These include state, collective and
private management to control or reduce resource
degradation. However, there is continuous debate on the
effectiveness and the success of the various methods in
improving use benefits as well as reducing degradation
(Wade, 1986; Pearce and Turner, 1990; McCarthy et al.,
2001).
The importance of collective (community) action3 has been
highly recognized as a viable and promising method of
managing natural resources (Gebremedhin et al., 2000;
McCarthy et al., 2001). They argue that for successful
community natural resource management, it is necessary
that management and use rights should be vested in the
community. On top of these, the community must establish
use regulations and enforce those regulations.
In Ethiopia, in the past, forests were managed by the
government without the participation of local communities
(Tesfaye, 2011; Tesfaye et al., 2012; Ameha et al., 2014;
Solomon et al., 2017). However, local communities are
often rich in indigenous knowledge and appreciation of
their natural and cultural heritages. To overcome the
prevailing and pressing problems or at least to minimize
the magnitude of the deriving factors, the development
actors, mainly, non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
have introduced the concept of participatory forest
management (PFM) in some parts of Ethiopia (Temesgen
et al., 2007).
It is believed that the sustainable management of natural
resources requires the participation of local communities
(Mekuria et al. 2015). Such participation harmonizes
livelihoods with management, enhances benefits, and
guarantees sustainable management interventions (Reed
and Massie, 2013).
In Ethiopia, there are wide studies conducted on forest
management in general and focused on community-based
forest resource management (collective action towards
forest management) in particular. Recent studies are also
3
Collective action can be defined as ‘a coordinated behavior of groups
toward a common interest or purpose’ (Vermillion, 1999: 184).
very much focused on the comparison of different
alternative forest managements to achieve sustainability
(Wondimagegnehu and Fekadu, 2012; Yami et al., 2013;
Siraj et al., 2015).
Although the findings of previous studies indicated
different alternatives being applied to forest management,
challenges facing each alternatives and comparison
between different alternatives of forest management, their
practical applicability at the national level is limited due to
heterogeneity of results. This calls for study that aggregate
the findings of different studies conducted in different parts
of the country. There is a scanty of attempts made on
reviewing the contribution of collective resource
management, challenges and failures at the country level.
However, availability of reviewed paper at the country level
is very important. It could be vital for government, other
stakeholders and NGOs aimed at sustainable forest
management to design and implement their policy or
interventions. Hence, the rationale behind this review is to
bridge the knowledge gap exist on this regards. Therefore,
this review is relevant, and will add summarized results to
the existing literature on collective natural resource
management in general and forest management in
particular.
Objectives of the Paper
The objective of this paper is to look at the contributions of
collective action in enhancing forest management,
challenges, failures and lessons from collective forest
management in Ethiopia.
More specifically:
1. To review the trends of natural resource degradation
and management in Ethiopia,
2. To review the role of collective forest management
towards achieving the sustainable forest management
and
3. To review the challenges impeding collective forest
management in Ethiopia.
Limitations of the Paper
This paper is prepared based on the findings of related
literature on the topic. It is limited to only secondary data
collected from different sources such as central statistics
agency of Ethiopia, published articles, and books. The
paper focused on the contributions of collective forest
management to control or reduce forest degradation,
challenges of collective forest management and, failures
of the state forest management in Ethiopia.
Organization of the Paper
The remainder of this paper is organized as follow: In
section two, materials and methods (how relevant
3. Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Paper from Ethiopia in Particular
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 642
literatures were searched) is presented. The main body of
this paper is presented in section three. It provides the
trends of natural resource degradation and management,
collective forest management as policy to replace
centralized forest management policy, challenges and
failures of collective forest management on the ground and
case studies conducted in Ethiopia as a complement to the
vast body of literature. The last section concludes the
paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To prepare this paper and achieve its objectives, empirical
evidences, reports of governments and NGOs on natural
resource management, collective forest management and
other important publications (articles) were searched
through keyword searches in relevant literature data banks
and downloaded. Literature were searched in the Google,
Google Scholar, Research gate, and Haramaya University
library search. Following these procedures, many articles
and documents written in English language were obtained.
Most of the publications are articles in academic journals.
Book chapters and grey literature such as conference
papers, working papers, and reports in institutional series
were also obtained. Articles published in academic
journals are usually believed to pass through a rigorous
peer-review process. Most papers presented at academic
conferences have also passed a peer-review process,
which is often less strict than that of good journals though.
Some of the other publications are peer reviewed, and few
are not. Some of the working papers and reports are
published by research institutes or government
organizations while others are NGO publications. In this
paper, the samples were not limited to peer reviewed
studies.
Finally, attempts were made to show the trends of natural
resource (forest) degradation in Ethiopia. How forest
resource had been managed and recent policy reforms to
minimize forest loss in Ethiopia are also explored. In
addition, how collective forest management had been
introduced as a policy option to conserve natural resource
degradation is highlighted. Furthermore, the challenges
collective forest management is being faced practically on
the ground in Ethiopia is presented. Lastly, attempts were
made to critically review and present two case studies
conducted in Ethiopia.
DISCUSSIONS AND INSIGHTS
Overview of Natural Resource Degradation and
Management in Ethiopia
Several studies argue that increasing deterioration of the
natural resource base has become a serious threat to both
ecosystem functions and economic production in Ethiopia
(FAO, 1986; Hurni, 1988; Campbell, 1991; Sutcliffe, 1993;
Hoben, 1995; Bojo and Cassels, 1995; Nyssen et al.,
2004). They added that biophysical, environmental and
economic indicators provide strong evidence of a severe
deterioration in the state of natural resources in Ethiopia.
Although availability of reliable information on the extent of
the past deforestation is limited, historical sources
indicated that about 42 million hectare or close to 35
percent of Ethiopia’s total land area was covered with
forests (Ensermu et al., 2000). They added that in the early
1950; about 19 million hectare or 15 percent of forest had
only remained and about 85 percent of forest had
degraded. Recently, of the total land area, only four
percent is covered with forests with an estimated
deforestation rate of 140,000 hectare per year (Million,
2011). He further pointed that such dramatic decline in
forest is mainly associated with human influences. He
highlighted that forest cover change have been induced by
factors such as traditional agricultural production system,
improper grazing system, illegal logging and wild fire,
among other factors.
To reduce these problems, national level environmental
conservation and rehabilitation efforts were started in the
1970s, with particular focus on the fast deteriorating
highland areas (Bedru et al., 2010). They pointed that one
of the major conservation policy measures in the degraded
highland areas of Ethiopia was to close degraded
community woodlands from human and livestock
intervention to promote natural regeneration of forests.
Moreover, as the introduction of this measure limits local
harvesting of forest products, many local users view such
a land use change negatively. Such non-participatory
approaches failed to reduce tree felling and clearing,
especially in protected national forest priority areas due to
local community’s pressure on the forest (FARM Africa,
2000). On top of this, this problem was beyond the control
of the state, and initiated alternative forest resource
management. It has been argued that the solution for this
severe problem would be encouraging of local people to
manage and conserve their resources since they live with
forests, they are primary users of forest products and have
better knowledge about their surrounding than
governments structures or organs (FAO, 2018).
Collective Forest Management as a Policy Option
Past studies indicated that governing common pool
resources such as forests is difficult because such
resources combine the most problematic aspects of
resource governance, namely subtractability and
excludability (Andersson and Ostrom, 2008). They further
argued that these resources are used by multiple
individuals while generating finite quantities of resource
units, where one person’s use subtracts from the quantity
of resource units available to others. Moreover, most
common-pool resources are sufficiently large that multiple
actors can simultaneously use the resource system, and
excluding potential beneficiaries is very costly (Basurto
and Ostrom, 2009).
4. Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Paper from Ethiopia in Particular
Wegi and Eshetu 643
In Ethiopia, state efforts to exert ownership over forests,
coupled with the lack of capacity to enforce regulations, or
actually to control access to forests, produced institutional
uncertainty and led to general patterns of forest
degradation and deforestation (Mekonnen and Bluffstone,
2015). Over the last decades, Ethiopian governments
have attempted to offset this degradation trend with large-
scale reforestation and plantation policies but with limited
success (Hoben 1995).
Recent studies confirmed that Ethiopian natural resource
authorities, donors and NGOs have realized that
centralized expert-led forest management efforts had been
unsuccessful and local communities that held major stakes
in forest resources would be interested in investing in
sustainable forest management (Temesgen et al., 2007
cited by Ameha et al., 2014). Practically, on the ground,
government initiated program called Participatory Forest
Management (PFM)4 showed positive results on
restoration of forests (Siraj et al., 2015). An important
component of this program has been the recognition of
rights of local community groups to manage and protect
forest resources. Moreover, the collection of rights and
obligations devolved to these groups provided positive
incentives to collectively maintain and restore forest
resources they live in or around their farms. Other past
studies also argued that the basic premise of PFM is that
sustainable forest management is most likely to occur
when local communities manage local forests and when
they get access to direct benefits from participating in
forest management (Ostrom, 1990; Agrawal and Ostrom,
2001).
To this end, collective participation in managing
government owned forests has become a central concern
for policy makers, researchers and academicians to
enhance sustainable forest management in developing
countries (Chirenje et al., 2013). This has shifted the
emphasis from central decision-making (top-down
approach) to local decision-making (bottom-up approach),
in which local communities are expected to participate in
conserving and managing community forests (Islam et al.,
2015). This policy shift has been necessitated from the
recognition of the failure of top-down state forest policies
to ensure sustainable management and equitable access
to forest resources (Tesfaye et al., 2012).
Collective action has a long history in Ethiopia. Traditional
forms of collective action such as ekub, a traditional form
of rotating savings and credit association; work groups
such as wonfel, and debo, which help in mobilizing labor
resource; and idir, a traditional association which provides
insurance for members during death and other accidents
are only few that have been operating in Ethiopia (Degnet
and Mekbib, 2013). These informal associations are still
important in the country. However, it was in the 1950s that
4
In this paper, participatory forest management and collective forest
management are used interchangeably.
formal cooperatives were established (Couture et al.,
2002; Kodama, 2007).
Nevertheless, collective action primarily focused on
natural resource management in general and forest
resource management in particular have recently
introduced, and implemented in the form of participatory
forest management since 1990s (Ameha et al., 2014).
Since then, several studies confirmed that community
based management of natural resources (such as
fisheries, forests, rangelands, etc) have been increasingly
implemented and indicated positive results in Ethiopia
(Wondimagegnehu and Fekadu, 2012; Girma and Zegeye,
2017; Solomon et al., 2017). They witnessed that
collective forest management have increased the
livelihood, the natural resource base and the social assets
of the local communities. On top of these, collective forest
management strategy could attain the sustainability of the
forest and accelerate the standard of household’s
livelihood. As a result, this bottom-up approach has been
widely accepted by local communities living near or in the
forest. For example, a study conducted by Girma and
Zegeye (2017) reveals that majority of the farmers
included in their study were highly participated in forest
resource management. Nevertheless, their finding
indicates that the existence of heterogeneity among rural
community in forest management participation. They
argue that those farmers whose income is heavily
dependent on forest are more likely to participate in
collective forest management.
Challenges and Failures of Collective Forest
Management
Even though collective action is considered as a good
strategy for improving forest management and reduce
forest degradation by nearby local community, a number
of empirical evidences highlighted that many challenges
are being impeding collective action. Collective action
among farmers is difficult to organize, coordinate and
manage. Organizing farmers faces challenges such as
establishing rules to guide the operations of the groups,
securing commitments on the part of the group members
to abide by collectively agreed rules, benefit shares, and
monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules
(Johnson and Berdegue, 2004; Pingali et al., 2005; Hellin
et al., 2007).
Another study conducted by (Ortmann and King, 2007)
indicated that a number of important challenges impede
collective action, such as free riding, corruption, principal-
agent problems or different sorts of mismatches between
the individual and collective interests. Agrawal (2007) also
argued that the effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability
of forest management is determined by multiple and
complex factors. Due to these, collective action in natural
5. Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Paper from Ethiopia in Particular
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 644
resource such as forest management has not always been
successful.
Another important factor affects the success of collective
forest management is the nature of property rights. For
example, in common property regimes, clearly defined
property rights for group members could enhance
collective action among a group. Unlike common property
regime, government ownership of forest can erode local
management institutions (Wade, 1988; Meinzen -Dick et
al., 2004). A study conducted by Sanginga et al. (2004) in
southwestern Uganda reported that limited involvement of
local communities in natural resource management policy
development and the formulation of bylaws were major
factors responsible for the increasing degradation of
natural resources.
In Ethiopia, collective action suffers from low managerial
capacity, difficulties in accessing working capital, free-
riding behavior by farmers and other major constraints that
hamper their performance (Ephrem and Dereje, 2015).
Similarly, study conducted in Wolaita zone of Ethiopia
indicated that collective forest management has been
challenged by lack of capital and low social capital, among
other factors (Girma and Zegeye, 2017). Another empirical
study conducted in the south western of Ethiopia reported
that lack of incentive to participate in collective forest
management at local level impeded the successfulness of
collective action to bring sustainable forest management
(Solomon et al., 2017). If better incentives are not provided
for people live in and around forest, to achieve sustainable
forest management, there would be little motivation for
people to participate in collective forest management
(Agrawal and Ostrom, 2001; Degeti, 2003; Adhikari et al.,
2014) .
Several studies have emphasized the importance of
farmers’ characteristics, socio-economic characteristics
and institutional factors in collective forest management in
Ethiopia (Solomon et al., 2017; Girma and Zegeye, 2017;
Kassahun and Omer, 2019). They reported that
educational status, gender, age, home-forest distance,
family sizes, income, land holding size and awareness,
distance from the nearest market and training were crucial
factors affect participation in collective forest
management, among others factors.
Case Studies on Collective Forest Management in
Ethiopia
In the previous sub-sections, the history and trends of
natural resource degradation and management, collective
forest management as policy strategy to achieve
sustainable forest management and challenges being
hindered the success of collective forest management are
reviewed and presented with special focus on Ethiopia. In
this sub-section, attempts were made to critically review
and present two case studies (articles) conducted on
collective forest management in Ethiopia.
The first study was conducted by Alemayehu et al. (2017)
entitled “Performance of participatory forest management
in Ethiopia: institutional arrangement versus local
practices”. Their primary attention was to look at how the
forest resource is being managed practically on the
ground. They acknowledged a growing attention given to
collective forest management and aimed to clarify the
distinction between collective forest management and
forest management by local people. They tried to
investigate the interaction between the PFM institutional
arrangement and local forest management on the other
hand. They also tried to answer how local people act and
react to collective forest management in Ethiopia.
Their findings show that despite the establishment of a
new institutional arrangement (collective forest
management), the local forest management practices
have hardly been shaped by the objectives and rules of
collective forest management approaches (initiatives).
Their finding reveals that a number of factors are limiting
the practical applicability of collective forest management
in Ethiopia. They argue that the establishment and
introduction of collective action was dependent on the
experience of other countries and little attention has been
given to the experiences of local community. In addition,
inability of local government officials to implement a new
cooperative rules in the community, local communities
action contrary to collective goal, the way initiatives
responds to challenges they confronted from local peoples
are among other major factors hindering practical
applicability of collective forest management.
Their generalization is that the implementation of the PFM
approach does not logically follow from the basic ideas as
expressed in policy discourses and institutional rules, but
largely depends on practical logics, which are strongly
rooted in local histories, cultures and settings. Due to this
fact, even if the PFM institutions are carefully crafted and
implemented, they are often unable to modify these
practical logics, situational events and political-historical
experiences of local actors that predominantly shape such
actors’ forest use and management practices.
The second case study considered was conducted by
Tsegaye (2017) entitled “Households’ dependence on
community forest and their contribution to participatory
forest management: evidence from rural Ethiopia”. He tried
to investigate how forest dependence for livelihood at
household level affects collective forest management. He
noted that such dependence on forest could have two
contradictory implication for collective management of
forest resource. On one hand, heavy dependence of the
local community on forest would results in the degradation
of forest. On the other hand, however, dependence on the
resource may induce people to attach more value to the
forest resource and contribute more to the management of
the community forest.
6. Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Paper from Ethiopia in Particular
Wegi and Eshetu 645
His findings indicate that local community derive income
from community forest in the form of firewood, inputs for
local drinks and handcrafts, harvesting of forest products
for own house and fence construction, farm implements,
forest related employment and the likes. Members of the
forest user groups have a responsibility to contribute labor
to protect frost from illegal act. However, his survey result
shows that only 50 percent of the minimum required
contributions to the collective forest management has
been achieved. He further noted that the number of hours
spent on patrolling the forest vary from household to
household. To identify factors behind the disparity among
forest user group, he had employed mixed effect linear
regression model. His model result confirms that
dependence on community forest as a source of
households’ livelihood had strong and positive impact on
cooperation in collective forest management. He indicated
that “Households with high dependence on forest products
from community forest contributed more labour for
patrolling through their community forest compared to
households that depended less on community forest for
their livelihood”.
Moreover, His study portrayed that different factors such
as household characteristics, farm characteristics, and
institutional characteristics determine the level of
participation in collective forest management.
CONCLUSIONS
In Ethiopia, natural resource degradation has been
increasingly affecting the livelihood of smallholder farmers
whose livelihood is heavily dependent on natural
resources such as forest and forest products. This has
been attracted government, different non-governmental
organizations and researchers to contribute their parts to
achieve sustainable forest management. Comparison
between state forest management and collective forest
management by local community towards achieving
sustainable forest management have been attracted the
attention of researchers and academicians.
State forest management have been policy option to
conserve forest for a long time in Ethiopia. However, state
based forest resource managements have not been
successful and most of the forest resource in Ethiopia have
been degraded. State effort to own forest resource, lack of
enforcing regulations, lack of forest user (local
communities) participation, rent seeking behavior of
government officials and corruption at different levels of
government organs contributed for the failure of top-down
approach (state) forest resource management in Ethiopia.
In Ethiopia, collective forest management have been
recently emerged as a policy option following the failure of
the state forest management. This bottom-up approach
(collective forest management) have showed positive
results towards achieving sustainable forest management
in Ethiopia. An important component of this bottom-up
policy approach includes the recognition of rights of local
community in managing natural resources. Moreover, the
collection of rights and obligations devolved to local
community provides positive incentives to collectively
maintain and restore forest resources and realize forest
conservation practices on the ground.
In general, collective forest management has increased
the livelihood, the natural resource base and the social
assets of the local communities. On top of these, collective
forest management strategy could attain the sustainability
of the forest and accelerate the standard of household’s
livelihood.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their
constructive comments which helped us a lot to improve
the quality of the manuscript to its current form.
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