This document summarizes a study on forest entitlement and benefit sharing in community forests in Nepal. It explores how forest benefits are distributed among community members. The study examines two community forests and finds that over 17 years, timber distribution has remained similar among rich, middle-wealth, and poor households. Poor and minority users have not benefited as much and forest resources have not improved their livelihoods. The challenge is how to equitably share benefits among users in a sustainable way. New distribution mechanisms and access for all users need to be developed to address inequities.
This document discusses various silvicultural systems and their characteristics. It begins with an introduction to silviculture and silvics, and defines silvicultural systems as methods for harvesting, regenerating, and tending forest crops.
The document then classifies silvicultural systems into two main types: high forest systems and coppice systems. High forest systems involve seedling regeneration through natural or artificial means, with long rotations. These are further divided into clear felling, shelterwood, and accessory systems.
Clear felling systems are described in detail, including variations in removal of the mature crop. Regeneration can be achieved naturally from seed stored on-site, seed brought from outside, or advanced growth retained on
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in NepalDiveshShrestha1
- Private forests in Nepal can be categorized as registered, unregistered but with land ownership, and de facto ownership without formal rights. Only a small percentage are officially registered.
- Private forests make significant contributions to timber supply and the national economy, though farmers face constraints such as complex permitting processes and restrictions on harvesting and transporting high-value species.
- Recommendations include making regulations more flexible, providing financial incentives to private forest owners, and enhancing support services to increase commercialization opportunities.
Fire as a management tools in protected area of nepalgagan sharma
This document summarizes a presentation on the use of fire as a management tool in protected areas of Nepal. It discusses how fire is a natural disturbance that can both improve ecosystems and pose threats. While wildfires often cause environmental degradation, prescribed fire under controlled conditions can be used strategically for purposes like hazardous fuel reduction, plant community restoration, improving wildlife habitat and access, controlling insects and disease, and managing competing vegetation. The document reviews these various uses of prescribed fire and provides examples from protected areas in Nepal. It concludes that policies focused solely on fire suppression must consider how fire also plays an important ecological role, and that fire management training could help reduce wildfire risks while enhancing protected area management.
Silviculture is the art and science of cultivating forest crops. It includes both the theoretical study of silvics (the life histories of forest trees) and the practical application of silvicultural techniques. The objectives of silviculture are to produce more useful and valuable forests in a shorter time through techniques like producing high-value tree species, increasing volume per unit area, reducing rotation periods, introducing exotic species, and providing environmental benefits. Silviculture is related to other forestry disciplines - it applies knowledge from silvics, measures and manages forest stands with mensuration and management, protects forests, utilizes harvested crops, and is guided by economic principles.
This document provides an overview of forest management concepts and principles. It covers topics such as forest management objectives, alternatives and decision making, sustainable forest management criteria and certification, forest valuation methods, rotation concepts and determination methods, forest regulation approaches, forest policy formulation, and forest resource management planning. The document is divided into multiple units that each address key aspects of forest management through definitions, concepts, and approaches. It is intended to help students in their BSc studies on the subject of forest management.
This document presents an outline for a term paper on shelterwood systems. It begins with an introduction defining shelterwood systems as removing an old stand in a series of cuttings to establish a new even-aged stand under shelter. It then discusses the global context and evolution of shelterwood. The main body explains the typical pattern of four cuts: preparatory, seed, removal, and discusses uniform, strip, group, one-cut, and irregular shelterwood systems. It concludes the shelterwood system protects developing regeneration and retains trees to shelter seedlings and provide growth. It recommends shelterwood requires long-term vision and research potential in Nepal.
Different management approaches to protected areas of nepalAnandJha108
The document discusses different management approaches used for protected areas in Nepal. It outlines 6 categories of protected areas defined by IUCN and describes the distinguishing features of categories II, IV, and VI, which are applied in Nepal. Some key management practices discussed include preparation and implementation of species conservation plans, population monitoring, translocation of wildlife, community involvement through buffer zones, and addressing challenges like human-wildlife conflict. The conclusion states that management has shifted from species to landscape conservation with community involvement.
Silviculture involves manipulating forest composition and structure to meet management objectives such as wood production. It includes techniques like clearcutting, shelterwood systems, selection cuts, and planting. Silvicultural systems are designed based on whether stands are managed as even-aged or uneven-aged, and regeneration strategies. Effective silviculture requires understanding stand ecology and having sufficient inventory data and operational resources to implement treatments that will regenerate desirable tree species.
This document discusses various silvicultural systems and their characteristics. It begins with an introduction to silviculture and silvics, and defines silvicultural systems as methods for harvesting, regenerating, and tending forest crops.
The document then classifies silvicultural systems into two main types: high forest systems and coppice systems. High forest systems involve seedling regeneration through natural or artificial means, with long rotations. These are further divided into clear felling, shelterwood, and accessory systems.
Clear felling systems are described in detail, including variations in removal of the mature crop. Regeneration can be achieved naturally from seed stored on-site, seed brought from outside, or advanced growth retained on
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in NepalDiveshShrestha1
- Private forests in Nepal can be categorized as registered, unregistered but with land ownership, and de facto ownership without formal rights. Only a small percentage are officially registered.
- Private forests make significant contributions to timber supply and the national economy, though farmers face constraints such as complex permitting processes and restrictions on harvesting and transporting high-value species.
- Recommendations include making regulations more flexible, providing financial incentives to private forest owners, and enhancing support services to increase commercialization opportunities.
Fire as a management tools in protected area of nepalgagan sharma
This document summarizes a presentation on the use of fire as a management tool in protected areas of Nepal. It discusses how fire is a natural disturbance that can both improve ecosystems and pose threats. While wildfires often cause environmental degradation, prescribed fire under controlled conditions can be used strategically for purposes like hazardous fuel reduction, plant community restoration, improving wildlife habitat and access, controlling insects and disease, and managing competing vegetation. The document reviews these various uses of prescribed fire and provides examples from protected areas in Nepal. It concludes that policies focused solely on fire suppression must consider how fire also plays an important ecological role, and that fire management training could help reduce wildfire risks while enhancing protected area management.
Silviculture is the art and science of cultivating forest crops. It includes both the theoretical study of silvics (the life histories of forest trees) and the practical application of silvicultural techniques. The objectives of silviculture are to produce more useful and valuable forests in a shorter time through techniques like producing high-value tree species, increasing volume per unit area, reducing rotation periods, introducing exotic species, and providing environmental benefits. Silviculture is related to other forestry disciplines - it applies knowledge from silvics, measures and manages forest stands with mensuration and management, protects forests, utilizes harvested crops, and is guided by economic principles.
This document provides an overview of forest management concepts and principles. It covers topics such as forest management objectives, alternatives and decision making, sustainable forest management criteria and certification, forest valuation methods, rotation concepts and determination methods, forest regulation approaches, forest policy formulation, and forest resource management planning. The document is divided into multiple units that each address key aspects of forest management through definitions, concepts, and approaches. It is intended to help students in their BSc studies on the subject of forest management.
This document presents an outline for a term paper on shelterwood systems. It begins with an introduction defining shelterwood systems as removing an old stand in a series of cuttings to establish a new even-aged stand under shelter. It then discusses the global context and evolution of shelterwood. The main body explains the typical pattern of four cuts: preparatory, seed, removal, and discusses uniform, strip, group, one-cut, and irregular shelterwood systems. It concludes the shelterwood system protects developing regeneration and retains trees to shelter seedlings and provide growth. It recommends shelterwood requires long-term vision and research potential in Nepal.
Different management approaches to protected areas of nepalAnandJha108
The document discusses different management approaches used for protected areas in Nepal. It outlines 6 categories of protected areas defined by IUCN and describes the distinguishing features of categories II, IV, and VI, which are applied in Nepal. Some key management practices discussed include preparation and implementation of species conservation plans, population monitoring, translocation of wildlife, community involvement through buffer zones, and addressing challenges like human-wildlife conflict. The conclusion states that management has shifted from species to landscape conservation with community involvement.
Silviculture involves manipulating forest composition and structure to meet management objectives such as wood production. It includes techniques like clearcutting, shelterwood systems, selection cuts, and planting. Silvicultural systems are designed based on whether stands are managed as even-aged or uneven-aged, and regeneration strategies. Effective silviculture requires understanding stand ecology and having sufficient inventory data and operational resources to implement treatments that will regenerate desirable tree species.
This document outlines Javed Iqbal's proposed revisions to the format of forest management plans (working plans) in Pakistan. It discusses the shortcomings of the traditional two-part format, which lacks justification for objectives and alternatives. The proposed new format has three parts: Part I describes the forest area and existing conditions. Part II evaluates alternative objectives, species, silvicultural systems, and other choices. Part III prescribes the management plan, including working circles, programs, protection, utilization, infrastructure, administration, records, and finances.
The document discusses the prospects of forest management in Nepal. It notes that forests cover 40.36% of Nepal's land area but production is only 18.5 million cubic feet per year, well below potential. Scientific forest management techniques including shelterwood and selection cutting have been applied in community and national forests in recent decades. Proper scientific forest management could sustainably increase annual production to 13 crore cubic feet, generating more revenue and jobs while improving forest health. However, challenges remain around stakeholder understanding, regulations, and ensuring benefits are shared. Overall, strengthening scientific management across Nepal could boost economic growth while sustainably managing forest resources.
This document provides information on plantation forestry globally and in Nepal. Key points include:
- Plantation forestry has expanded globally over the past century and a half, with new plantations established at a rate of 4.5 million hectares per year.
- Asia accounts for over 60% of the world's planted forests, with plantations concentrated in countries like China, India, and Malaysia.
- Plantation forestry in Nepal began in the 1950s and has increased forest cover in the country by 14% between 1937-1947.
- Challenges to expanding natural forests like degradation and lack of regeneration have driven the growth of plantation forestry worldwide.
1. The document discusses silviculture and tree improvement. Silviculture deals with establishing, developing, and reproducing forests, while considering environmental factors and the objectives of forest owners. Tree improvement aims to genetically enhance trees through selection, breeding, and testing.
2. Key objectives of silviculture include producing economically valuable species, high volumes per unit area, high quality timber, reduced rotation periods, raising forests in new areas, creating plantations, and introducing exotic species. Silvics is the study of forest tree life histories and how environmental factors influence growth.
3. Tree improvement involves selecting superior trees from natural stands or plantations. Techniques include provenance testing of seed sources, identifying sources of genetic
Participatory Forest Management (PFM) is a strategy for sustainable forest management that encourages local communities living near forests to manage or co-manage forest resources. PFM aims to involve local stakeholders in decision making for forest management. In the 1980s, governments began decentralizing natural resource management to local institutions to reduce costs, more effectively protect resources and local livelihoods, and increase local responsiveness and efficiency through community participation and skills. PFM strategies include Community Based Forest Management, where villagers fully own and manage village lands, and Joint Forest Management, where government and communities collaboratively manage government forest reserves.
Community-based forest management (CFM) involves inclusive participation of local communities in the sustainable management of forests. CFM is more informal and autonomous than joint forest management, with private ownership rather than state ownership. CFM aims to develop poor forest communities through generating income, employment, and sustainable management. It enhances the capacity of non-timber forest product stakeholders. CFM is community-driven, with communities making decisions and the state monitoring and providing guidance. CFM has been practiced in many villages across India, involving over 12,000-15,000 villages in northeast India and protecting 1-2 million hectares of forest land.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Problem and prospects on collaborative forest management in nepalMohangajurel2
Collaborative forest management (CoFM) is a partnership approach to managing forests between local communities, local governments, and the central government forestry department. CoFM aims to sustainably manage forests to benefit the local and national economy through community involvement in conservation and utilization of forest resources. However, implementing CoFM over large areas with many stakeholders faces challenges, such as the time-consuming process for approval of operational plans and unequal benefit sharing. While CoFM has potential advantages if properly implemented, there is concern that it concentrates too much power with the government compared to community forestry.
This document discusses different silvicultural systems used in forest management. It defines a silvicultural system as a set of operations used to tend, harvest, and regenerate a forest crop. Several specific systems are described in detail, including the selection system, clearcutting system, shelterwood system, and periodic block system. For each system, the document outlines the procedure, results or effects on forest structure, applicability to different forest types, as well as benefits and disadvantages.
This document discusses growth and yield of forest stands. It defines tree growth and describes the phases of stand development: stand initiation, stem exclusion, understory reinitiation, and old growth. It also discusses crown classification, yield tables, and stand tables. Yield tables contain data on stand volume, basal area, and other metrics over time. Stand tables show the distribution of trees by diameter class and are used for forest management.
This document discusses plantation forests, specifically teak plantations. It provides background on silviculture and plantation forestry. Plantation forests are important for supplementing natural resources, replacing natural regeneration, and reforesting degraded lands. The history of plantations is discussed, including early examples in various countries in Asia and Africa. Major plantation programs in Nepal are also outlined. The document gives statistics on the extent of plantation forests established in various tropical countries up through 2000.
Community forests in Nepal cover 25% of the country's forest land and are managed by over 14,000 local community forest user groups (CFUGs) representing 35% of Nepal's population. Under the 1993 Forest Act, national forests are handed over to CFUGs for protection, management, and sustainable use. Since 1978, community forestry has led to increased forest cover, social mobilization, income generation, and institutional development at the local level. However, challenges remain in ensuring disadvantaged groups' access, improving technical forest management, focusing on local needs, and supporting women and the poor through CFUG decision making. Overall, community forestry shows promise for sustainable forest management if democratic processes and people's participation are strengthened
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits. It then discusses the direct and indirect benefits provided by forests, as well as tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces various methods used to value forests economically, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. It provides examples of valuation studies conducted in India that estimate the total economic value of various forests. The document emphasizes the importance of valuation in determining the full value of forest benefits and for policymaking.
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
This document discusses tree crop interactions in agroforestry systems. It defines agroforestry as the deliberate combination of woody perennials and agricultural crops on the same land. Positive interactions include microclimate amelioration and soil improvement, while negative interactions are mainly competition for light, water and nutrients. The balance between positive and negative interactions determines the overall effect. Management techniques to reduce negative interactions and maximize yields include pruning trees, adjusting densities, mulching, and selecting complementary species mixtures.
This document presents an overview of the shelterwood silvicultural system. It describes the shelterwood process which involves three cuts over 5-20 years: a preparatory cut, seed cut, and removal cut. Variations create more diverse forest structures, such as uniform, strip, group, and irregular shelterwood. Benefits include regeneration protection, soil protection, and aesthetic and economic advantages over clearcutting. Implementation challenges include damage during cuts and complex planning and growth prediction for irregular structures. The recommendation is for Nepal to establish scientific forest management policies and practices guided by practitioners and researchers.
This document provides a brief history of forest management in Nepal categorized into 6 phases from before 1926 AD to the present. It discusses the transition from exploitation and state control in early phases to more participatory and conservation-focused approaches today. Key events include nationalizing forests in 1957, establishing the community forestry program in 1978, and developing the Forest Policy 2000 and Scientific Forest Management Guideline 2014 to promote community-based and sustainable practices. The history shows evolving strategies to balance forest resource use and protection through policies and local involvement.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
This document provides lecture notes on tree improvement and silviculture. It begins with definitions of key terms used in tree improvement like additive genes, allele, backward selection, breeding orchard, breeding population, and breeding value. It then discusses the objectives and importance of tree improvement, noting that it aims to increase tree value through selection, breeding, and testing of desirable trees over multiple generations. The document emphasizes that tree improvement relies on understanding and utilizing natural genetic variation in tree populations.
The document discusses the history and impacts of the Green Revolution. It began in the 1940s-1970s with Norman Borlaug's development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice that responded well to fertilizers and irrigation. This dramatically increased food production worldwide. The impacts included increased farming outputs, changes to farming practices, socioeconomic changes, and criticisms around overpopulation, lack of benefits in Africa, and environmental issues from fertilizers. The document outlines the technologies and methods used in the Green Revolution like irrigation, mechanization, and seeds with superior genetics.
Community forestry and forest stewardshipCIFOR-ICRAF
Dede Rohadi at the Journalist Workshop "Reporting on Forest and Environment in Asia Pacific Rainforest Summit 2016”. Presented at the Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit http://www.cifor.org/asia-pacific-rainforest-summit/
This document outlines Javed Iqbal's proposed revisions to the format of forest management plans (working plans) in Pakistan. It discusses the shortcomings of the traditional two-part format, which lacks justification for objectives and alternatives. The proposed new format has three parts: Part I describes the forest area and existing conditions. Part II evaluates alternative objectives, species, silvicultural systems, and other choices. Part III prescribes the management plan, including working circles, programs, protection, utilization, infrastructure, administration, records, and finances.
The document discusses the prospects of forest management in Nepal. It notes that forests cover 40.36% of Nepal's land area but production is only 18.5 million cubic feet per year, well below potential. Scientific forest management techniques including shelterwood and selection cutting have been applied in community and national forests in recent decades. Proper scientific forest management could sustainably increase annual production to 13 crore cubic feet, generating more revenue and jobs while improving forest health. However, challenges remain around stakeholder understanding, regulations, and ensuring benefits are shared. Overall, strengthening scientific management across Nepal could boost economic growth while sustainably managing forest resources.
This document provides information on plantation forestry globally and in Nepal. Key points include:
- Plantation forestry has expanded globally over the past century and a half, with new plantations established at a rate of 4.5 million hectares per year.
- Asia accounts for over 60% of the world's planted forests, with plantations concentrated in countries like China, India, and Malaysia.
- Plantation forestry in Nepal began in the 1950s and has increased forest cover in the country by 14% between 1937-1947.
- Challenges to expanding natural forests like degradation and lack of regeneration have driven the growth of plantation forestry worldwide.
1. The document discusses silviculture and tree improvement. Silviculture deals with establishing, developing, and reproducing forests, while considering environmental factors and the objectives of forest owners. Tree improvement aims to genetically enhance trees through selection, breeding, and testing.
2. Key objectives of silviculture include producing economically valuable species, high volumes per unit area, high quality timber, reduced rotation periods, raising forests in new areas, creating plantations, and introducing exotic species. Silvics is the study of forest tree life histories and how environmental factors influence growth.
3. Tree improvement involves selecting superior trees from natural stands or plantations. Techniques include provenance testing of seed sources, identifying sources of genetic
Participatory Forest Management (PFM) is a strategy for sustainable forest management that encourages local communities living near forests to manage or co-manage forest resources. PFM aims to involve local stakeholders in decision making for forest management. In the 1980s, governments began decentralizing natural resource management to local institutions to reduce costs, more effectively protect resources and local livelihoods, and increase local responsiveness and efficiency through community participation and skills. PFM strategies include Community Based Forest Management, where villagers fully own and manage village lands, and Joint Forest Management, where government and communities collaboratively manage government forest reserves.
Community-based forest management (CFM) involves inclusive participation of local communities in the sustainable management of forests. CFM is more informal and autonomous than joint forest management, with private ownership rather than state ownership. CFM aims to develop poor forest communities through generating income, employment, and sustainable management. It enhances the capacity of non-timber forest product stakeholders. CFM is community-driven, with communities making decisions and the state monitoring and providing guidance. CFM has been practiced in many villages across India, involving over 12,000-15,000 villages in northeast India and protecting 1-2 million hectares of forest land.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Problem and prospects on collaborative forest management in nepalMohangajurel2
Collaborative forest management (CoFM) is a partnership approach to managing forests between local communities, local governments, and the central government forestry department. CoFM aims to sustainably manage forests to benefit the local and national economy through community involvement in conservation and utilization of forest resources. However, implementing CoFM over large areas with many stakeholders faces challenges, such as the time-consuming process for approval of operational plans and unequal benefit sharing. While CoFM has potential advantages if properly implemented, there is concern that it concentrates too much power with the government compared to community forestry.
This document discusses different silvicultural systems used in forest management. It defines a silvicultural system as a set of operations used to tend, harvest, and regenerate a forest crop. Several specific systems are described in detail, including the selection system, clearcutting system, shelterwood system, and periodic block system. For each system, the document outlines the procedure, results or effects on forest structure, applicability to different forest types, as well as benefits and disadvantages.
This document discusses growth and yield of forest stands. It defines tree growth and describes the phases of stand development: stand initiation, stem exclusion, understory reinitiation, and old growth. It also discusses crown classification, yield tables, and stand tables. Yield tables contain data on stand volume, basal area, and other metrics over time. Stand tables show the distribution of trees by diameter class and are used for forest management.
This document discusses plantation forests, specifically teak plantations. It provides background on silviculture and plantation forestry. Plantation forests are important for supplementing natural resources, replacing natural regeneration, and reforesting degraded lands. The history of plantations is discussed, including early examples in various countries in Asia and Africa. Major plantation programs in Nepal are also outlined. The document gives statistics on the extent of plantation forests established in various tropical countries up through 2000.
Community forests in Nepal cover 25% of the country's forest land and are managed by over 14,000 local community forest user groups (CFUGs) representing 35% of Nepal's population. Under the 1993 Forest Act, national forests are handed over to CFUGs for protection, management, and sustainable use. Since 1978, community forestry has led to increased forest cover, social mobilization, income generation, and institutional development at the local level. However, challenges remain in ensuring disadvantaged groups' access, improving technical forest management, focusing on local needs, and supporting women and the poor through CFUG decision making. Overall, community forestry shows promise for sustainable forest management if democratic processes and people's participation are strengthened
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits. It then discusses the direct and indirect benefits provided by forests, as well as tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces various methods used to value forests economically, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. It provides examples of valuation studies conducted in India that estimate the total economic value of various forests. The document emphasizes the importance of valuation in determining the full value of forest benefits and for policymaking.
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
This document discusses tree crop interactions in agroforestry systems. It defines agroforestry as the deliberate combination of woody perennials and agricultural crops on the same land. Positive interactions include microclimate amelioration and soil improvement, while negative interactions are mainly competition for light, water and nutrients. The balance between positive and negative interactions determines the overall effect. Management techniques to reduce negative interactions and maximize yields include pruning trees, adjusting densities, mulching, and selecting complementary species mixtures.
This document presents an overview of the shelterwood silvicultural system. It describes the shelterwood process which involves three cuts over 5-20 years: a preparatory cut, seed cut, and removal cut. Variations create more diverse forest structures, such as uniform, strip, group, and irregular shelterwood. Benefits include regeneration protection, soil protection, and aesthetic and economic advantages over clearcutting. Implementation challenges include damage during cuts and complex planning and growth prediction for irregular structures. The recommendation is for Nepal to establish scientific forest management policies and practices guided by practitioners and researchers.
This document provides a brief history of forest management in Nepal categorized into 6 phases from before 1926 AD to the present. It discusses the transition from exploitation and state control in early phases to more participatory and conservation-focused approaches today. Key events include nationalizing forests in 1957, establishing the community forestry program in 1978, and developing the Forest Policy 2000 and Scientific Forest Management Guideline 2014 to promote community-based and sustainable practices. The history shows evolving strategies to balance forest resource use and protection through policies and local involvement.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
This document provides lecture notes on tree improvement and silviculture. It begins with definitions of key terms used in tree improvement like additive genes, allele, backward selection, breeding orchard, breeding population, and breeding value. It then discusses the objectives and importance of tree improvement, noting that it aims to increase tree value through selection, breeding, and testing of desirable trees over multiple generations. The document emphasizes that tree improvement relies on understanding and utilizing natural genetic variation in tree populations.
The document discusses the history and impacts of the Green Revolution. It began in the 1940s-1970s with Norman Borlaug's development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice that responded well to fertilizers and irrigation. This dramatically increased food production worldwide. The impacts included increased farming outputs, changes to farming practices, socioeconomic changes, and criticisms around overpopulation, lack of benefits in Africa, and environmental issues from fertilizers. The document outlines the technologies and methods used in the Green Revolution like irrigation, mechanization, and seeds with superior genetics.
Community forestry and forest stewardshipCIFOR-ICRAF
Dede Rohadi at the Journalist Workshop "Reporting on Forest and Environment in Asia Pacific Rainforest Summit 2016”. Presented at the Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit http://www.cifor.org/asia-pacific-rainforest-summit/
This document discusses community forestry in Mexico. It provides context on Mexican forests, noting that 12 million people live in forested areas, half of whom are indigenous and living in poverty. Community forestry grants land rights and management to local communities. It has economic benefits, providing jobs and income, though also faces threats from globalization, climate change, drug cartels, and lack of support. Lessons highlight the need for government support while also building local capacity and alliances to strengthen community forestry.
4D Paper - Realidade Aumentada | IT People Innovation Luis Bravo Martins
Aumente o seu catálogo! Vizualize todos os seus produtos em Tamanho Real - basta instalar a app 4D Paper no seu Smartphone ou Tablet.
Já imaginou como um produto pode ficar bem naquele espaço, mas não tem a certeza? Agora não precisa de imaginar, o 4D Paper garante que todos possam ver os seus produtos em qualquer espaço, com a ajuda de um telemóvel ou tablet.
"The Conservation Commons: Lessons and Analyses Adapted from other Sectors an...Tom Moritz
This document summarizes key lessons from other sectors that may be relevant to knowledge sharing in conservation. It discusses how knowledge is considered a public good or commodity. It also examines factors influencing individual, professional, and organizational willingness to share knowledge, such as incentives, cultural norms, and business models. Overall, the document explores how to promote open access and exchange of conservation information across disciplines and communities of practice.
Issues In Natural Resource Trade PresentationMwenya Mundende
The document is a presentation on issues in natural resource trade. It defines key terms like certification and fair trade. It then summarizes a research paper that studied whether certification schemes like organic and fair trade benefit coffee producers in Central America. The study found that certification alone does not guarantee higher prices and that quality is the most important factor in pricing. While certification provides some benefits, it does not fully address problems in the coffee sector like overproduction and low productivity. The presentation concludes by recommending that producers improve quality and that producing countries should determine natural resource prices.
2Gender and Wildlife and Biodiversity ProjectsNancy Drost
This document provides guidance on mainstreaming gender equality in conservation projects related to wildlife and biodiversity. It discusses integrating gender analysis into each stage of the project cycle, including problem identification, project design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Specifically, it outlines key gender issues related to wildlife and biodiversity conservation in Ghana, such as women's lack of land ownership and access. It also provides examples of how to design project activities and intended outcomes using a logic model framework to promote gender equality and women's empowerment.
Overview and Sponsorship Proposal of the Hands on the Future National TVET Conference & Kenya Skills Show 2016, scheduled for 15-17 September 2016 at KICC in Nairobi, Kenya. Hands on the Future is presented by the Permanent Working Group on TVET in Kenya.
For more information, visit www.handsonthefuture.org
Administrative and financial management of a political partyIAGorgph
Presented by Cristita Marie Giangan at the Trainers' Training for the Development of Bangsamoro Political Party | Best Western Hotel La Corona, Ermita Manila | March 26-31, 2014
What is sustainable agriculture ppt By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as the successful management of resources to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving natural resources.
2. It provides goals for sustainable agriculture systems, including providing profitable farm incomes while promoting environmental stewardship, stable farm families/communities, and reducing inputs.
3. The document outlines several practices for sustainable agriculture, such as using cover crops, crop rotation, and integrated pest management, to improve soils and reduce pollution.
The document discusses biodiversity and its conservation in Ethiopia. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It notes that while over 2 million species have been documented, total species numbers are estimated at 11 million. The document emphasizes that biodiversity underpins ecosystem services critical for human well-being and outlines Ethiopia's legal obligations and the Ethiopian Institute of Biodiversity's role in conservation, sustainable use of resources, and benefit sharing.
Problems and new trends of land ownership and tenure ( ppt for cau 11 j une 2...Change Workshop
The document discusses several issues related to land ownership and tenure across the world from a multidisciplinary perspective. It touches on topics such as private property rights, social history and the rise of cities, land tenure systems, identifying constraints and proposed solutions from those affected, the purpose of creating land rights, and balancing security of tenure with allowing for new land uses and investment.
1) A study examined the impact of different property rights regimes on forest access, condition, and economic outcomes in Haryana, India.
2) It found that forests under community forestry programs and communal tenure saw improved conditions compared to open access regimes.
3) A benefit-cost analysis of management scenarios found that regimes promoting community access to some resources and responsibility for conservation were most economically viable.
Gender consideration in environmental concerns and plansanupriya banerjee
This document discusses gender considerations in environmental concerns and plans, with a special focus on the role of women. It defines key terms like environment, gender, and environmental concerns. It explains how gender relations determine access to resources and power over the environment. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and pollution due to their roles. The impacts of issues like climate change on women are outlined, as are critical areas of concern and responses through programs and policies. Case studies and ways to involve women in environmental efforts are presented before concluding that women can be the best protectors of nature due to their direct connections and ability to pass on knowledge.
The document discusses gender issues related to sustainable development. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender awareness and sensitivity. It notes that while women make up half the world's population, they earn only 10% of income and own less than 1% of property, and highlights gender gaps in areas like education, employment and political participation. The document also examines how environmental problems disproportionately impact women and outlines various global initiatives and good practices to promote sustainable gender development and address gender concerns.
This document discusses India's rich aquatic biodiversity, including over 2,300 fish species. It notes threats such as invasive species, pollution, and overexploitation. Conservation efforts include protected areas, genetic studies, and captive breeding. International conventions like CITES regulate trade in endangered species. The document emphasizes increasing population is degrading habitats and biodiversity, so recognition of problems and cooperative efforts are needed to conserve India's aquatic ecosystems.
LAND LAW 1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 1 2014xareejx
This document discusses the extent of ownership and enjoyment of land, specifically regarding rights to the airspace above land. It begins by explaining that under common law and the National Land Code, a landowner has exclusive rights to the column of airspace above their land. However, these rights are not absolute - they are balanced against restrictions in other laws and the reasonable enjoyment of neighboring lands. The document analyzes several court cases that help define the limits of airspace rights, and how they can be enforced through trespass claims. It concludes by noting exceptions for public use of airspace at reasonable heights based on aviation laws.
Laura Karanja presented on the international regulatory framework for genetic resources and intellectual property protections relevant to KALRO. The presentation covered:
1) An overview of the international agreements governing access to genetic resources and benefit sharing, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, and intellectual property rules.
2) Case studies illustrating issues that can arise regarding ownership and use of genetic materials and associated intellectual property.
3) Options for intellectual property protection and management practices KALRO could adopt, such as developing an institutional intellectual property policy and database, and providing intellectual property training. The goal is to help KALRO recognize and protect the value of innovations arising from their
11.the socio economic effects of community forest management]Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic effects of community forest management in Dendi District, Ethiopia. The study found that participatory forest management enhanced livelihoods, conservation efforts, and social assets of local communities. Households participating in forest management had higher incomes and expenditures than non-participating households. Participating households also had more diverse livelihood strategies relying on natural resources like forests, compared to non-participating households who engaged more in wage labor and small businesses. The management approach helped increase forest cover while supporting local livelihoods, indicating it can achieve sustainable forest use.
The document summarizes the development of community forestry in Nepal and its achievements in promoting sustainable development. It discusses how community forestry has evolved over time through various policies and workshops. Key achievements highlighted include improved forest governance through community management, sustainable forest management practices, and enhanced local livelihoods and sustainability through community enterprises and income generation activities.
Institutionalizing interaction between local people and protection forest a m...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses a study evaluating a forest stewardship program in Mount Arjuna, Indonesia that aims to change local communities' threatening attitudes toward the protected forest.
2. The study finds that local communities engage in illegal wood removal, land use change, charcoal making, and forest fires in the protected area due to seeing it as an open access area with no enforcement of rules.
3. The forest stewardship program involves reforestation and appointing local stewards to care for planted areas in exchange for livestock. However, the integrated economic programs proposed have failed due to incompatibility with local practices or being too complex.
Analysis of elements of forest governance in joint forest management system: ...Innspub Net
This document analyzes elements of forest governance in joint forest management systems in Pakistan. It compares the actual forest governance to an ideal model. Key findings include:
- Participation and effectiveness had the largest gaps between actual and ideal governance, while equity had the smallest gap.
- A survey of forest officials, owners, and users found no significant differences in their perceptions of the current governance system.
- A spider diagram visually shows equity is closest to the ideal, while participation is farthest from the ideal.
- Statistical tests found all elements of actual governance to be significantly different from the ideal according to a t-test, rejecting the null hypothesis.
Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Pape...Premier Publishers
Collective forest management has been introduced in Ethiopia as an alternative to the failed state-based forest management approach. However, collective forest management faces several challenges in achieving sustainable management. The document reviews the role of collective action for forest management in Ethiopia, highlighting challenges and failures. It discusses how state forest management failed due to lack of local participation and access to remote areas. Collective forest management has been implemented through participatory forest management programs but also faces issues achieving success. The review aims to assess contributions, challenges, and lessons from collective forest management in Ethiopia.
Forests are an important natural resource in Ethiopia, providing materials, ecosystem services, and supporting the livelihoods of many. However, Ethiopia's forest cover has declined significantly over time due to population growth and unsustainable use. Forest policy and legislation aim to manage this valuable resource sustainably by outlining principles and plans for forest conservation, protection, management, and utilization, as well as related industries, in order to maximize benefits for society while preserving forests for future generations. An effective forest policy provides guidance for government agencies and helps coordinate decision-making across sectors to balance forest conservation with community development needs.
Community forest management involves devolving control over forests from the state to local communities so they can manage forests and receive direct benefits. It has grown significantly as a forest management approach, with over 1.2 billion people relying on communally managed forests for their livelihoods. While community forestry has potential benefits, challenges remain around power dynamics, conflict resolution, and building local capacity. Collaborative forest governance that incorporates public participation, especially of forest-dependent communities, can help address the complex issues around multiple forest uses.
2 ijfaf jan-2018-2-participatory mapping as a toolAI Publications
This study was carried out with the aim to contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources through the production of participative maps within forest communities in the Nguti subdivision. Specifically this was to illustrate the existing occupation and traditional tenure of forest lands and identify where conflicts of use or rights already exist or could arise both for national government planning and private investors. Data was collected through focus group discussions, household interview and field data collection with the local population through the use of GPS tablets. Results show that 90.7% of the population have no idea on this participative mapping process; however, 35.19% of the population are very interested in this mapping process as it could serve as a tool to enhance land security while 28% of respondents think it could serve as a tool for boundary clarification. Also 18% consider participative mapping an interesting tool to get good knowledge of an area and plan land use. However, forest is principally used here for farming, hunting and gathering with an average household farm size of 0.35ha per year with just 30% of the non-Timber forest products in this area being exploited. The study also revealed that, conflicts of use and right exist due to government affectations, unclear boundaries and the creation of chiefdoms. Participative mapping has proven to be the better tool for decision making as other tools such as satellite images have caused overlaps in state affectations.
Ethio the institutional sphere of coffee forest management - koma in bonga ...TASFAA
The document summarizes research on the institutional arrangements governing coffee forest management in Ethiopia's Kaffa Zone. It finds that historically, local peasants individually held use rights to plots of forest land. However, Ethiopia's 1975 nationalization of land shifted responsibility for forest governance to new centralized state entities that lacked experience and resources. As a result, state control did not effectively reach the forests, leaving management defined by traditional use rights. The research aims to provide an understanding of the informal use rights systems and how institutional changes have impacted forest depletion in the area.
Commercialization in nepal's cf reechaReechaBasnet
Three sentences:
Community forestry policies in Nepal aim to commercialize forest products to improve rural livelihoods. Commercialization has provided both positive impacts like employment and income for community forest groups, but also risks of elite capture and environmental destruction if not properly managed. While issues remain, three decades of community forestry demonstrate success in enhancing forest conditions and livelihood opportunities through commercialization when inclusive policies are in place.
Non timber forest products a viable option.pdfAkrator1
This study documents wild edible plants in central Himalaya that have potential for enhancing livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Several wild fruits were selected and their distribution, phenology, traditional uses, and economic potential were analyzed. Value-added products like juice, squash, jam were prepared from the fruits and cost-benefit analyses revealed they provided high monetary returns. The study provides a framework for participatory conservation of wild edibles through involving local communities, and suggests these resources could link livelihoods with conservation if sustainably utilized.
This document summarizes a case study on the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (GLPF) in Indonesian Borneo. The study examined the socioeconomic conditions and natural resource use of communities near the GLPF. It found that the communities rely heavily on forest resources for their livelihoods through activities like farming, hunting, fishing, and collecting forest products. The communities' local knowledge about the landscape and important species can help inform effective management of the protection forest if local stakeholders are actively engaged. The study concludes that involving local institutions and knowledge can help managers address issues like forest encroachment while also meeting community needs.
A brief overview of forest tenure reform in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered at the Inception Workshop in Jakarta, describes the state of forest tenure reform in Indonesia. Topics include forest tenure categorization, the gender dimension, and the various legal structures that forest tenure can take in Indonesia.
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.Amit Chaudhary
Changing Discourses in Forest Policy Arena and Current Status is a term paper presentation on forest policy, laws, and international conventions in Nepal. It discusses the historical shifts in Nepal's forest policy discourse from 1950 to present day across four periods: strict protection (1950-1975), resource creation for crisis management (1975-1986), participatory forestry (1986-2008), and broad-based global normative discourse (2008-onwards). The current status synthesizes these historical shifts and frames Nepal's forest policy with a focus on sustainable and participatory resource use, prosperity, and maintaining forest cover through cooperation across stakeholders.
India, beyond the glittering economy: By Shreekanth Guptabmbks321
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between poverty, the environment, and natural resource use in Jhabua, India. The study finds that poorer households depend on common pool natural resources for a greater percentage of their income than wealthier households. It also finds no consistent relationship between household income level and absolute levels of natural resource use. The study aims to quantify how use of and dependence on natural resources varies with household income and to estimate the impact of natural resource availability on household incomes. It collected data from 535 households in 60 villages over one year to analyze relationships between natural resource stocks, dependence, and household incomes.
Assessing the sustainability of forest plantations in Mezam Division of the N...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The study examined the sustainability of plantation forestry in Mezam Division of the North West Region. Methodology and results: Respondents drawn from a cross-section of plantation owners in five (5) sub-divisions (i.e. Tubah, Bali, Bafut, Santa and Bemenda central) of Mezam Division. Fifty- (50) plantation owners selected through a system of random sampling. Data collected through the administered questionnaires were on social, economic, ecological, profitability, management strategies and constraints to plantation forestry in the study area. Structure questionnaires were instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistic including tables, means, and percentages to describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents, while chi-square and Benefit Cost Ratio models were used to determined profitability and opinion of plantation owners respectively. The results reveal that majority of plantation owners were men 84.5% and widows make up 15.5% of the respondents. They all owned families. Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated was 0.7 (B/C . 1) this results implies that plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they was a marginal profit of eight thousand five hundred francs 8500f ($ 17 USD) for the sale of one acre of plantation. Chi-square test of equal probability showed that they were no significant difference at 0.05% probability level for private plantation owners. The main constraints confronting plantation forestry business in the study area are access to finance, followed by wildfires, unfavorable government policies and finally bad road networks leading to their plantation. The Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated (B/C . 1) mean plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they were marginal benefits. The study therefore recommend that private plantation be encourage to ensure less dependence on natural forest and to also mitigation climate change and through this jobs created and livelihood improved to the rural communities
Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest manage...CIFOR-ICRAF
The document summarizes research on the evolution of community forestry and decentralization of forest management in Babati District, Tanzania. It finds that over time, different forest management regimes have emerged in the area due to a combination of bureaucratic and socially embedded drivers of change. Centralization, deconcentration, devolution, and privatization processes have led to the development of state forest management, joint forest management, community-based forest management, and traditional forest management in the same area. However, traditional forest management regimes are gradually declining in importance.
1) A study assessed the socio-economic contributions of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) used by communities in Muzarabani district, Zimbabwe. Eleven NTFPs were identified as being actively used, with three - Hyphaene coriaceae leaves, Ziziphus mauritiana fruit, and Adansonia digitata fruit - being commercially traded.
2) These three commercial NTFPs contributed 46% of total annual household income. Ziziphus mauritiana fruit provided the largest income contribution at 56%. Annual household income from selling NTFPs ranged from $4,120 to $10,750.
3) While most NTFPs were used subsistently
Community perceived attitude on forest related environmental issues using mas...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community attitudes toward forestry-related environmental issues (FREI) in Osun State, Nigeria. The study aimed to assess these attitudes to strengthen the use of mass media in raising awareness. Data was collected through surveys in 3 local government areas. The results showed that 75% of respondents agreed it is important to consider FREI for environmental balance, while 60% saw FREI as a mere threat that cannot impact the environment. This suggests community awareness of forestry issues is low. The study concludes mass media could help disseminate environmental information but currently does little beyond incidental reporting. Improved coordination between media and government agencies is needed to support sustainable livelihoods through increased community
This document summarizes a study on community forest management (CFM) in Vietnam and the pathways towards resilience. The main findings are:
1) Local participation in forest allocation and management is low, and local institutions are weak, limiting community resilience.
2) Government and non-government support for CFM is lacking, with unclear benefit sharing and low incentives for protection.
3) While some global initiatives like REDD+ aim to support CFM, implementation has been limited and national payment for ecosystem services programs have low participation and disbursement rates.
4) Overall, the lack of secure forest tenure, viable business opportunities, strong local institutions, and effective government programs undermine community resilience in forest
Similar to Forest entitlement and benefit sharing in community forests in nepal final.1 (20)
The Forest Act, 2019 outlines the main components of Nepal's forest policy, including definitions of different types of forests, ownership structures, management approaches, and potential outcomes. Key points covered include:
- Definitions for community forests, collaborative forests, forest conservation areas, religious forests, and leasehold forests.
- Different management structures for government managed forests, private forests, and community-based forest management systems.
- Potential impacts on national income, forest product supply, biodiversity conservation, environmental services, and watershed protection.
- Questions around whether the act establishes a federal or decentralized system, and tensions that may exist between the federal government, provinces, and local governments over control of forest lands and resources
This document provides a 3 year work plan for a community forest located in Ward No. [X] of [Y] Village Development Committee. The key activities outlined in the plan include:
1. Managing the forest across 5 sections, harvesting timber and non-timber forest products.
2. Selling forest products to community members and traders, with profits used for forest development, social programs, and administration.
3. Maintaining a fund with income from forest activities to support programs for the poor, infrastructure works, and natural resource management.
4. Holding monthly executive meetings and an annual general assembly to review progress and make decisions about forest governance and community development initiatives.
The document discusses the importance of measuring results. It states that without measuring results, you cannot determine success from failure or see and reward success. It also claims that without measuring results, you cannot recognize or correct failure, or win public support by demonstrating results. The document then provides an overview of components of a results framework, including inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. It also discusses characteristics of good indicators for measuring results, such as being clear, relevant, economic, adequate, and monitorable.
An outcome monitoring reports summary results in a brief presentation of Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Programme, Nepal funded and manged by Government of Nepal and International Fund for Agriculture Development IFAD, Rome.
Pashupati Koirala provides self-management and communication tips in 3 areas: learning about oneself, managing time effectively, and creating positive change. Some key points include focusing on strengths through positive self-talk, nurturing creativity, improving skills, and having the courage to make changes through action planning. Small changes can make a big difference if one works smarter, not harder.
More from Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (8)
Forest entitlement and benefit sharing in community forests in nepal final.1
1. Forest Entitlement and Benefit Sharing in Community Forests in Nepal
(Lessons from two cases of community forests of Nepal)
Pashupati Nath Koirala1
and K.F.Wiersum2
1. Department of Forests, Babarmahal, Kathmandu; E-mail: koiralapn@gmail.com
2. Wageningen University, The Netherlands; Freerk.Wiersum@wur.nl
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to gain insight and explore the relationship of forest benefits and their distribution
mechanism among users by evaluating existing institutional arrangements in the community forestry (CF). Although, the
community forestry in Nepal has been regarded as a Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) approach, it has been facing
many challenges in benefit sharing and resource allocation process among forest dependent users and stakeholders. The
forest entitlement approach has been used for in-depth understanding of the entitlement of users. An in-depth explorative
approach of case studies had been used as a research strategy. Two community forests were purposively selected in
Makawanpur District in the central Nepal. A trend over seventeen years' of timber distribution among users shows more or
less a similar trend among rich, mid-wealthier, and poor category users. In this case, the marginalisation of poor and
minorities users may not be benefited in forthcoming period too. Moreover, the livelihood resources from the forests have
not impacted on livelihood improvement of the poor and minorities. The challenge remains how to share the benefit on the
basis of equity among users without antagonising the community sections with sustainable forest management principles.
This research recommends studying gaps among different stakeholders in understanding of the differentiated role of forests
products in livelihood of poor and well being user and developing new distribution mechanism and access of all levels of
users in all created sub-entitlement.
Keywords: Benefit sharing, Community Forestry, Poverty, Entitlement
1. COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN NEPAL
The idea of community participation in forestry was initially to increase the direct benefit derived from forests. Furthermore,
Gilmour and Fisher (1991) pointed out after failure of industrial model of development, the concept of the community
forestry through people participation was conceptualized by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to utilize the forest
resources, to rehabilitate the degraded and denuded land. Meanwhile, the concept was legitimized by the adoption of
“Forestry for People”, keeping the theme for the Eighth World Forestry Congress in Jakarta in 1978, and further refined the
concept (Arnold, 2001; Gilmour and Fisher,1991; Wiersum, 2004) simultaneously and FAO initiated the community forestry
programme in 1978 in Nepal. It was focused on seedling production for tree plantation in denuded hilly landscape as a
common forestland management practice (Acharya, 2006). Accordingly, it elapsed various phases and now community users
(having traditional use rights) are involved directly with usufruct right after getting an entitlement from the government
(MFSC, 1989; DOF, 2006; Koirala, 2007; Hobley, 2009).
The real community forestry application started after enacting the Forest Act of 1993 and the Regulation of 1995. The act
been more successfully implemented on the community forestry sections than other sections. Further, the implementation
support is continuity through revised CF Guidelines in 2009 at the field level (Poffenberger, 2000, DoF, 2009). Broadly, the
community forestry is now the main thrust in Nepal's forestry sector policy, and it is aimed at providing environmental,
social, and economic benefits to the Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) (Joshi and Pokharel, 1998). Further, Kanel
and Kandel (2003) also write 'community forestry policy is recognized as one of the most progressive policies in the world'.
Hence, regarding to the policy framework, it has been evolved to a well-accepted strategy since 1970s (MFSC, 1989;
HMGN, 1993; MFSC, 2000, Acharya, 2007).
The key stakeholder in this programme is Forest User Group (FUG), which manages the both human and natural resources
being an independent and an authentic corporate institution (HMGN, 1993) for forest resource mobilization with usufruct
right (Karki and Tiwari, 1998). It is a model of common property management co-managed by government and local users
(Acharya, 2006; Wiersum, 2004). A total of 1.66 million hectares of national forest have been handed over in community
forests, and 2.2 million households (HH) (more than 40 percent of the total population) have been participated as
membership (DOF, 2012). The experiences have been much more challenging to benefit pro-poor and disadvantaged people
(Kumar, 2002; Kanel, 2004, Wiersum, 2009, Hobley, 2009, Kanel, 2009). The tasks can be specified into benefit sharing
arrangements among stakeholders, access of passive and disadvantaged users in decision making process, transparent and
equity in community fund allocation (Kanel and Kandel, 2003; Kanel, 2004; Chhetri and Nurse, 1992; Kumar, 2002;
Pokharel, 2006). The issue of direct benefit to local poor is a crucial discussion matter since the inception phase to till. The
distribution of benefits based on equity is not being addressed by the community forestry (Adhikari et al., 2004) also Graner
(1997) had argued not supported policies to the poor community.
To summarise, although there are many constructive implications of the community forestry, with having about 1.66 million
ha forest land (DoF, 2012). The past decades of implementation has not been addressing on effective poverty alleviation and
equity in benefit sharing and decision making. The major issues are exclusion of poor, minority and disadvantaged users
from decision making process. Several reports indicate that the past three decades have also not been able to tackle and to
address the equity issues of benefit sharing mechanism effectively.
2. 2. RESEARCH METHODS AND RESPONDENT SELECTION
A case study approach was adopted to acquire information and analysis (Yin, 1984). The research units of this research were
two community forestry organizations and individual members. Both CFs were selected purposively in Makawanpur
District in the central Nepal. The Rani has not been selling the products outside their user boundary and other one is selling
outside for commercial use. An area of 151.87 and 358.4 ha forest land of Rani and Simpani have been an endowment for
entitlement to the group from the government. Natural hardwood forest type is common characteristic of both community
forests. Shorea robusta is commonly found and 90 per cent terrains are of hilly nature. A stratified random sampling was
carried out for respondents' perception among rich, mid-wealthier and poor household strata (more than 102 respondents)
and management suggestions including observation and informal discussions.
3. FOREST ENTITLEMENT AND ITS BENEFIT FLOW SYSTEM
The land of CF with a registered certificate from the District Forest Officer has been an endowment. A plan is developed for
the management of the forest resources and land. Similarly, a constitution also is responsible for the institutional
arrangements. According to the entitlement theory, CFUG institutionalizes access to decision making process and forest
products. The interests and social composition in the community has been creating a sort of congruence in the demand and
supply position of forest products (Leach et al., 1999). The stakeholders for the entitlements are individual users and various
groups at local level. Both stakeholders obtain household and community level benefits. The forest products for household
purposes such as timber, poles, firewood, grasses, medicinal plants, fruits contribute livelihood. The timber products to
outside selling including other sources create a community fund for the social development and the income generation.
Household economy and subsistence lifestyle depends on the supply of these needs. In brief, the heterogeneity of rural
communities needs different kind of products for their various requirements. This study has focused household benefits that
were closely related with users' involvement in the community forestry. Therefore, further discussions on the following
sections may explore an insight and realities of the situation.
4. BENEFIT SHARING IN COMMUNITY FORESTRY
The rural people subsist for their daily life on forest products fuel wood, timber for house construction, fodder and grass for
livestock and medicinal plants for traditional treatment. Although greenery has been improved, the livelihoods of the forest
dependent communities, particularly the poor and disadvantaged, have not improved as expected (Pokharel, 2006; Brown et
al., 2002; Ostrom, 1999, Agrawal and Gibson, 1999). It seems increasingly likely that the majority of FUGs are not utilizing
the forest to their 'full potential in terms of income generation' (Kanel and Kandel, 2003). The elite members of FUG
typically capture leadership positions on major decision level positions (Iversen et al., 2006). Similarly the first phase of the
community forestry had also loose aspects in access to the resources by poor people (Mahanty, et al., 2006; Allison, et al.,
2004). Also, in the second phase after protection, there are less addressed aspects of access to the benefits distribution for
poor people (Pokharel, 2006). Further, Chhetri (2006) also see difficulties on distribution of benefits among users. How the
mechanism processes benefit sharing in the operation, and what the users perceive the benefit distribution of forest services
and products? These two questions are the major thematic analytical core parts of this study.
4.1. Community benefits
Community forestry is contributing to users through mobilizing a big amount of community fund collected themselves. It is
also reflected in the operational plan and the constitution. Furthermore, social development or community development is a
prominent priority activities and projects in the community forests. The forest regulation also encourages the community
development for users' welfare by using the balance fund after investing the forest management. For the community
development, CFs have generated fund through various sources. Among them major sources were timber and fuel wood
selling to own users and timber merchants outside the CF boundary. More explanation is described to explore the results of
the investments of the collected fund. Perceived benefits by users to various executed developments are taken a study part.
In addition, twelve years record of Rani and eleven years record of Simpani have provided a scenario of allocation of
community fund, which is discussed in the following sections. Therefore, this chapter discusses on the community benefits
by both ways qualitative and quantitative interpretation. The following subheadings are presented into sources of fund and
their allocation. The perception of key informants and respondents is also included in the section.
Community fund and its mobilization is a key part of the community forestry. User group has operated an accounting system
and a certain regulation to mobilize the fund. As prescription in the operational plan and the constitution, they obtain an
approval of yearly plan of budget and programme in advance by an assembly meeting. Both CFs have committed in their
operational plan to invest at least 25 percent of the collected fund into the forest management activities. In the same way,
FUG has been expending more money into social development from the balance fund. Meantime, the DFO has circulated a
letter of memorandum for the investment giving high priority in pro-poor activities and women development in second
priority after the forest management.
For this, the study focused to obtain the information in two methods: first through interview as well as informal discussion
with respondents and key informants, and second by collecting secondary sources of information such as account records of
past years. Interviews and informal discussions were held to get perception on allocation of the fund in various activities.
3. Now, the secondary data have been used to see a trend and custom of the fund mobilization. Therefore, this section is sub-
divided into the following sub headings to describe in more detail. A summary of categorized expenditures items can be
shown in Table 1.
Both CFs have allocated a very little amount in poverty related activities. Rani invested less than four percent and about four
percent in Simpani. Elder people felicitation, cash grant assistance were the main headings of the allocation. Therefore, the
allocation was not, in fact, for the poverty alleviation.
Table 1: Summary table of community fund allocation (17 years transaction record in NRs 1$=88 NRs)
Payment from community
fund
Rani CFUG Allocation
percentage (%)
Simpani CFUG Allocation percentage (%)
Amount NRs. Amount NRs.
Administrative costs 589626 13.39 1915880 28.84
Infrastructure and social
development
344404 7.82 1508044 22.70
Forest Development 3031981 68.88 2431988 36.60
Poverty and social security 165440 3.76 268611 4.04
Revenue deposit 0 0.00 317449 4.78
Others 270572 6.15 202127 3.04
Total 4402023 100.00 6644099 100.00
In conclusion, the summary table below also gives a comparative scenario between two community forests for the
community fund allocation. In one hand, Simpani the commercial motive CF has allocated and expended more fund in
infrastructural development than Rani, and in the other hand, it has expended less amount in the forest development than
Rani.
4.2 Household benefit
The tables below show that richer and mid-wealthier users have benefited from timber product. In Rani, most timbers have
been consumed by mid-wealthier users. In comparison, majority richer and mid-wealthier households have consumed the
timber product. In total, more beneficiaries in the percentages are in Rani than Simpani. Average quantity of timber ratio
difference is bigger in Simpani between richer and poor (5:1) while it is about 2.5:1 in Rani.
Table 2: Major household benefits in Rani CF
Major material benefits
Wealth Category of users Remarks
Rich Mid-wealthier Poor
Rani Simpani Rani Simpani Rani Simpani
Timber BHH
268(196%) 70
(39%)
799(207%) 38(23%) 152(84%) 8(18%) Percentage of total household
702 (137, 385 and 180 Rich,
Mid-wealthier and poor HH)
Average cubic feet/HH
30.01 26.87 31.12 14.19 12.96 5.34 Based on Total households
389 (180,165 and 44)
Fuel wood purchased BHH
41(30%) 13 146(38%) 5 72(40%) 0 During distribution time by
CF
Fuel wood /Fodder/Grass/
Leaf litter collection from
the forest area
Free Free Free Free Free Free Mostly by mid-wealthier and
poor users
BHH=Beneficiaries households, HH=Households.
Note: The figure in parentheses is the percentage of users to the total households in the CF. The data was from 1992/93 to 2009/10 of Rani
and from 2001/02 to 2005/06 of Simpani.
Regarding the timber distribution, although it seems not discriminatory provision for equal access, in comparison to
households, lower caste and minorities have not been benefited from existing distribution pattern.
Non commercial CF (Rani) has been distributing the timber and fuel wood to own users. Therefore, it should have been
more numbers in beneficiaries, whereas it seems Simpani is paying more attention for commercial selling and pertaining
procedures. On the other hand, Rani has many members more than 700 with compare to the forest area. However, it has
distributed considerable quantity of timber and firewood to their users. Although it has fixed high price rate, consuming
trend has not been declining. Therefore, this result concerns the motivational factors are related to serve users' demand. It
can be concluded that the CF being commercial motive is not presenting their willingness to serve local demands of users.
This kind of issues should be discussed with CF authorities and facilitators such as the District Forest Office (DFO) staffs,
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and supportive organisations.
Similarly, the Figure 1 shows a trend of the timber distribution among rich, mid-wealthier and poor is stable over 18 years
period in Rani and the same result can be observed in Simpani too. Although it has been improved in latter phase in Rani to
4. the poorest users, it is not being a significant change. Almost two decades of the community forestry has not made a
favourable situation for the poorest farmers.
Figure 1: A trend of timber used by users over 18 years period in Rani CF
4.3 Comparison of benefits in two community forests
In both CFs, it was clearly observed that no clearly mentioned the provision of the forests products' distribution such as
fodder, fuel wood and animal bedding for poor and less wealthy users. Forest inventory plan was more focused in timber
harvesting and processing in both CFs. The provision clearly states that richer are being more benefited. A comparison of
benefits in both community forests was done as follows in Table 3.
Table 3: Comparison of the benefits and its arrangements between two community forests
S.N. Description Community forests
Rani Simpani
1 Institutional arrangement and household benefits (material)
a Timber distribution system to community users
General arrangements Equal, 30 to 50 cft/HH Equal/150 cft/HH
Rate of timber NRs. 220 to 220/cft NRs. 20 to 35/cft, for remote village NRs.
20/cft
b. Fire wood from the forests Free collection Free collection
c. Fodder, grass, litter, and leaf Free collection Free collection
d. Water (no provision in both CFs) Free (no provision prescribed ) Free/ Even neighbour users also use freely
e Commercial selling of timber and
fuel wood
No/ huge income from own users Yes/huge income source mostly from sale to
external people
2. Environmental benefits Awareness more -do-
3. Access to community benefits through decision process
a. Users‟ Involvement through
assembly
Attendee of assembly approve the plan -do-
b. Users‟ Involvement through
Executive Committee ( EC)
Usually EC members/occasionally sub-
groups invited
Often EC members/BDC invites other
members too in the annual plan preparation
4. Allocation of the fund
a. Income generating activities Goat farming/ budget allocation to women
sub-group
Not noticeable activities in community
b. Infrastructural development and
community development
Office building, school support, drinking
water (7.82% of the fund)
Office building, irrigation, road, school support
depositing money (22.87 % of the fund)
c. Forest development
Core forestry activities Nursery for Asparagus plant, Asparagus
plantation, and trainings (7%)
Asparagus plantation and trainings (8 %)
Bio-gas grant 78 users got NRs. 500 to 1000/ HH 54 users got NRs. 1000/HH
Timber harvesting and
transportation cost
25.79 % of total budget (73 % of forest
development)
26.84 % of total budget (73% of forest
development)
d. Scholarship to school students 54 students No
Although there are differences between two communities, the general trend regarding the distribution of benefits within a
village is relatively similar. Although the institutional arrangements do in principle enable equal participation and benefit
sharing among different wealth classes, in general the poor ranked users are getting less benefit compared to medium and
rich users. The timber distribution trend is stable throughout the last period. Similarly, very little community fund is
allocated to pro-poor activities. Most of the activities are supporting to increasing life quality of medium and richer users.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
A trend of timber quantity used by users over 18 years in Rani CF
Rich Mid-wealthier Poor
5. 4. 4 Perception of user toward fund allocation
A key question has been raised that how poor or passive users could be involved actively thoroughly in the community
forestry process. The interview with respondent and key informants also revealed that few users were only eager towards the
community forestry. Majority users were unaware about the fund management; moreover, not only by poor group user, but
richer and mid-wealthier were also not aware about the fund. Without access in information no one can make their comment
towards the community forestry activities. However, both CFs claimed more transparency system adapted and always open
for anyone to know about the fund. At the same time, users often do not visit the office, and ask for detail information. It
would seem an interface issue for further discussion between users and the EC on transparency and empowerment.
5. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
With regard to the fund expenditure, the trend of expenditure of community fund in the past years is more or less similar in
both CFs. Thus, it may be concluded that the support will not be easily diverted towards unprivileged groups. Accordingly,
the trend of timber distribution among rich, medium and poor in the past years shows nearly the same and stable in both CFs.
Since 20 years it has not been improved to serve the poorest users. Well being users have more access to their own land for
firewood, but poor almost depend on the forest sources. Similarly, Chepang community (primitive ethnic group forest
dependent people based on wild food from the forest land) in Simpani have not been receiving any support to improve the
production and conservation of wild food still used as livelihood resources during hardship period. Meantime, the most
important environmental benefit is water but has been either ignored or treated as natural gift in both CFs. If it is valued,
regular income source will be identified, and it impacts raising awareness to the environmental protection.
The present practice of the forest management seems to be a move from multipurpose forestry to timber management forests.
Major products such as timber and firewood have been focused on for detail arrangements in the operational plan. As a
result, the forest is changing from multipurpose forestry to a single product focus. However, it is said that a sustainable
management is being practised in Nepalese community forestry. Consequently, it has not met the demand to poor and
subsistence farmers who needs more multiple use forestry products such as fodder, grass, and firewood twigs.
In general, the specific product focused management regime of the community forests has not been supporting the poor and
disadvantaged groups in the community. At the same time, if the focus continuously remains on timber, then biodiversity
may decreases slowly and disadvantaged groups will get more marginalised. At the same time, very little fund has been
invested in the real forest management. This investment is moving to the advantage of wealthier users. As a result, on the
other hand, the users are experiencing scarcity of fuel wood twigs, grasses, and fodder in the forests. This is a great issue for
further phase in community forestry.
In conclusion, the rules and regulation have not discriminated the users regarding their access to the forest resources. In
decision process the minority and poor users have rarely been participated. Not only it is possible by FUG, but there should
also be support from the government through policy implications. To conclude, there are still some discrepancies among
users and interests. On this basis, some questions can be posed for future to address these issues: why are poor users not
participating in the mainstream of the community forestry and why are elites and higher wealthier users often capturing the
constitutional post in the community forests regularly? The major challenge is to make a balance in implementing and
executing pro-poor supportive reform in the community forestry without disintegrating societal cultural set up.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
From the results and above discussions, some recommendations can be made to further improve the effective mobilization of
derived resources and sustainable management of community forests. The Forest Department should mobilize their staffs
with input to convince CF institutions and present decision holding members to rethink the decision making process and
benefit distribution system. Users should be encouraged and motivated for their rights and access to all types of benefits. The
operational plan and the constitution revision should incorporate arrangements increasing the access and sharing benefit
equitably.
According to the trend of timber and firewood distribution among users, it is almost certain that the promising impacts may
not change in near future to support well being of poor and minority users. For this reason, a great devotion should be
commenced by policy level from present decision holding authority to distribute resources on equity basis. A very strict
mandatory guideline is to be imposed from the government. There should be a clear vision that whether the community
forestry is for poverty alleviation or only for mitigation. Diverse nature of community's demand could be fulfilled only by
multipurpose forestry system than timber oriented management. The DFO staff and the EC members should be educated on
the environmental services and benefits.
The forest management activities have not been a priority and poverty reduction programme is poorly been planned and
implemented. Therefore, fund allocation for forestry activities and poverty alleviation should be increased that may support
regular resource availability and achievement of entitlement. The elites should be defined with respect to the real situation.
Therefore, the gap should be identified by a suitable framework analysis.
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