This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the contributions of forest reserves in Osun State, Nigeria to watershed management. The study examined the relationship between declines in forest area and water supply, assessed the perceived value of forest watershed services using contingent valuation methods, and estimated a total economic value of watershed services provided by forests. Key findings were that there was a strong relationship between forest area and water supply, the mean willingness to pay for watershed services was estimated to be ₦3,623.29 per person, and the total estimated value of forest watershed services in Osun State was ₦12.40 billion. The research concluded that accounting for the value of watershed services can enhance sustainability decisions
Co managing ecosystem services of forest reserves in ghana-the case of the bo...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses co-managing the ecosystem services of the Bobiri Forest Reserve (BFR) in Ghana through stakeholder collaboration.
2. The forest communities have traditional rights to collect some non-timber forest products for personal use, but need permits for commercial use. However, overexploitation has led to declines in ecosystem services.
3. Effective co-management requires stakeholders to negotiate management responsibilities to sustainably manage forest resources and ensure long-term provision of ecosystem services through knowledge sharing and coordination between fragmented stakeholders.
Ensuring effective forest services to mankind implications for environmental ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
Forest and tree ecosystem services for adaptation: six storiesCIFOR-ICRAF
Ecosystems such as forests produce services that could have a significant role in reducing human vulnerability to climate variability and change. Using case studies from around the world, this presentation explores six different ways that forests and trees serve in helping humans to adapt.
This presentation was given on 7 September 2012 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Jeju, South Korea, during a session titled 'Building resilience to climate change through ecosystem-based adaptation'. It was also presented on 15 June 2012 at ‘Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation: from concept to action’, an event held during Rio+20.
Ecosystem Services for Biodiversity Conservation: Study of Corbett India Water Portal
Traditionally, the only market economic values Protected Areas recognised are tourism revenues and income from extractive activities.The difficulty in quantifying many of the economic, social, environmental and cultural values of protected areas lead to their undervaluation in land and resource use decisions
It is often perceived to be more profitable to convert a natural ecosystem than to leave it intact. A study of Corbett National Park shows indirect benefits like carbon storage and direct benefits like tourism.
1) Approximately 51% of households in Cusuco National Park in Honduras are multidimensionally poor, deprived in nearly 45% of basic indicators like electricity, safe water, and assets. Poverty in the park is comparable to rural Honduras.
2) Perceptions of ecosystem services differ between communities in the park, likely due to differences in enforcement of rules and activities. Water provision and climate regulation are highly valued. Agriculture is also important for livelihoods.
3) Community-based management could help address poverty by targeting deprivations, linking conservation to development goals, and providing alternatives to unsustainable land uses and resources like firewood. However, restrictions may reinforce poverty if sustainable alternatives are not
This presentation summarizes tools for sustainable forest management that serve both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction objectives. It discusses practices like timber harvesting, agroforestry, non-timber forest products, protected areas, and roles for local communities. The presentation is part of a guide on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods published by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The document discusses ecosystem services and their importance in river basin management. It defines ecosystem services as the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food and freshwater, regulating services like climate regulation and flood regulation, and cultural services like aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational benefits. The document advocates for mainstreaming ecosystem services, which means integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into various production sectors. This requires understanding how a healthy environment supports economic sectors and implementing coordination mechanisms. The ecosystem approach aims to balance conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing, according to principles like decentralized management and long-term planning. Tools are presented for assessing drivers of biodiversity loss and recording the status of ecosystem services.
Co managing ecosystem services of forest reserves in ghana-the case of the bo...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses co-managing the ecosystem services of the Bobiri Forest Reserve (BFR) in Ghana through stakeholder collaboration.
2. The forest communities have traditional rights to collect some non-timber forest products for personal use, but need permits for commercial use. However, overexploitation has led to declines in ecosystem services.
3. Effective co-management requires stakeholders to negotiate management responsibilities to sustainably manage forest resources and ensure long-term provision of ecosystem services through knowledge sharing and coordination between fragmented stakeholders.
Ensuring effective forest services to mankind implications for environmental ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
Forest and tree ecosystem services for adaptation: six storiesCIFOR-ICRAF
Ecosystems such as forests produce services that could have a significant role in reducing human vulnerability to climate variability and change. Using case studies from around the world, this presentation explores six different ways that forests and trees serve in helping humans to adapt.
This presentation was given on 7 September 2012 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Jeju, South Korea, during a session titled 'Building resilience to climate change through ecosystem-based adaptation'. It was also presented on 15 June 2012 at ‘Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation: from concept to action’, an event held during Rio+20.
Ecosystem Services for Biodiversity Conservation: Study of Corbett India Water Portal
Traditionally, the only market economic values Protected Areas recognised are tourism revenues and income from extractive activities.The difficulty in quantifying many of the economic, social, environmental and cultural values of protected areas lead to their undervaluation in land and resource use decisions
It is often perceived to be more profitable to convert a natural ecosystem than to leave it intact. A study of Corbett National Park shows indirect benefits like carbon storage and direct benefits like tourism.
1) Approximately 51% of households in Cusuco National Park in Honduras are multidimensionally poor, deprived in nearly 45% of basic indicators like electricity, safe water, and assets. Poverty in the park is comparable to rural Honduras.
2) Perceptions of ecosystem services differ between communities in the park, likely due to differences in enforcement of rules and activities. Water provision and climate regulation are highly valued. Agriculture is also important for livelihoods.
3) Community-based management could help address poverty by targeting deprivations, linking conservation to development goals, and providing alternatives to unsustainable land uses and resources like firewood. However, restrictions may reinforce poverty if sustainable alternatives are not
This presentation summarizes tools for sustainable forest management that serve both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction objectives. It discusses practices like timber harvesting, agroforestry, non-timber forest products, protected areas, and roles for local communities. The presentation is part of a guide on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods published by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The document discusses ecosystem services and their importance in river basin management. It defines ecosystem services as the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food and freshwater, regulating services like climate regulation and flood regulation, and cultural services like aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational benefits. The document advocates for mainstreaming ecosystem services, which means integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into various production sectors. This requires understanding how a healthy environment supports economic sectors and implementing coordination mechanisms. The ecosystem approach aims to balance conservation, sustainable use, and equitable benefit-sharing, according to principles like decentralized management and long-term planning. Tools are presented for assessing drivers of biodiversity loss and recording the status of ecosystem services.
Conceptualising Framework for Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites (LBHS): A Bio...Vishwas Chavan
This document proposes a conceptual framework for establishing Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites (LBHS) in Maharashtra, India based on a social-ecological model. It discusses how the Biological Diversity Act of 2002 allows local communities to designate biodiversity-rich areas as heritage sites. The framework identifies potential LBHS in two habitats: sacred groves, which are forest patches traditionally protected for their cultural and ecological values; and rocky plateaus, which support unique biodiversity through indigenous management practices. The document argues LBHS can preserve genetic resources, species, ecosystems, knowledge, culture and traditions as a legacy for future generations.
Ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
The presentation by Dr. Abigael Otinga (University of Eldoret) outlines the concept of “ecosystem services” and particularly their relevance not only for biodiversity conservation but also for ensuring sustainable production of healthy and abundant crops. The presentation was given at a national training workshops for stakeholders involved in the revision of the Kenya NBSAP that was held at ICRAF in Nairobi, 25-26 May 2016. More information on the event are available at: www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/417489/ .
Socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs for multifunctional landscapes: ri...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Rice-fish farming provides socioeconomic and environmental benefits in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. It increases food security and livelihoods through higher fish yields and income. Rice-fish also improves soil fertility and provides pest control with less need for fertilizers and pesticides. However, there are some risks from extreme weather and potential over-fertilization. Households practicing rice-fish tend to be more food self-sufficient despite smaller land areas. However, national policies promoting hybrid rice and food security could reduce rice-fish. The system would benefit from further research on adaptation and environmental impacts for payments for ecosystem services.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This document analyzes governance in the sustainable management of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It finds that the majority of respondents living near the park are youths under 61 years old and have no collaboration with park management. Most respondents also do not participate in park management. The presence of park governance is highly contested by local communities and needs to be revised to better incorporate local population concerns to improve relationships and trust between locals and park management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
forest resource management and development strategyzebrhe gebrehiwet
This document reviews forest resource conservation and development strategies in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia's forest coverage has rapidly declined from 40% in 1900 to less than 3% currently due to deforestation, degradation, and lack of effective protection policies. While some literature suggests coverage increased to 9% by 2000, this claim is unverified. The document calls for more action and implementation of conservation strategies, rather than just discussing challenges in documents. It emphasizes the need for clear definitions, cross-sector collaboration, community participation, and long-term commitment to successfully protect and restore Ethiopia's remaining forests.
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
This document summarizes a presentation on wetlands and their ecosystem services. It discusses how wetlands provide important services like water regulation, purification, and storage. It provides examples of how assessing the economic value of these services, such as avoided water treatment costs and flood prevention savings, has supported decisions to conserve and restore wetlands. The presentation emphasizes that recognizing both qualitative and quantitative benefits, in addition to economic values, is important for decision-making. It concludes by noting that tools like natural capital accounting and payments for ecosystem services can help integrate wetland values into broader systems.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
Social changes in coastal community affected by the conversion of environment...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on social changes in a coastal community affected by the conversion of environmental resources from mangrove forests to aquaculture. The study used qualitative methods to examine how development led to changes in work patterns and social relationships. Key findings included:
1) Development led to changing work patterns from fishing and woodcutting to jobs in aquaculture.
2) Social differentiation and commercialization of the economy weakened ties between community members.
3) Relationships became based more on personal interests than the local community.
4) Belief in supernatural aspects declined as rationality increased in ways of thinking.
The document discusses ecosystem services and provides several examples. It defines ecosystem services as benefits that people derive from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified four categories of services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Examples of services from various ecosystems are given, including forests, wetlands, rivers, reservoirs, and marine systems. The document emphasizes that many ecosystem services are often undervalued in decision making despite their importance to human well-being.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
This document discusses the sustainable and unsustainable use of biological resources. It defines biological resources and explains that sustainable use involves developing policies and plans to conserve biodiversity while allowing for well-being. Unsustainable use is when consumption exceeds natural regeneration, as is currently happening worldwide. The document then provides strategies for sustainably managing different types of biological resources, including agricultural areas, aquatic areas, forests, and genetic resources.
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
1) A study by Uttarakhand's Forest Department estimated the annual economic value of ecosystem services provided by Uttarakhand forests to be 104 billion rupees.
2) A study by the Centre for Ecological Services Management estimated that India's tiger reserves provide ecosystem services worth over 80 billion rupees annually, with Corbett Tiger Reserve alone providing 14.7 billion rupees annually.
3) Properly accounting for the economic value of ecosystem services through metrics like Gross Environment Product is important for more accurate cost-benefit analyses of development projects and policy decisions.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
African history and the transformation of modern societyAlexander Decker
This document provides a summary of the stages of African history and how it transformed modern society in 3 sentences or less:
The document outlines the major stages of African history from the Stone Age to the Iron Age, including the development of tools and technologies like fire, and the emergence of settled communities and civilizations. It discusses how early humans in Africa progressed from hunter-gatherers to developing agriculture and more advanced tools. The transformation of science and technology in African history, like advances in stoneworking, ironworking, boat building, and weaving, contributed to changes in how humans lived and the development of modern society globally.
Exxon Mobil Corporation at Barclays Capital 2009 CEO Energy Conferenceinvestorrelation
This document provides an overview of ExxonMobil's business model and strategy for delivering value through economic cycles. It discusses ExxonMobil's focus on risk management, financial strength, asset quality and diversity, and disciplined operations. Charts show ExxonMobil's consistent reserves replacement, lower cost reserves additions, project execution excellence, and industry-leading upstream volumes, earnings, and returns. The document outlines ExxonMobil's significant global project portfolio and future capacity growth.
Conceptualising Framework for Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites (LBHS): A Bio...Vishwas Chavan
This document proposes a conceptual framework for establishing Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites (LBHS) in Maharashtra, India based on a social-ecological model. It discusses how the Biological Diversity Act of 2002 allows local communities to designate biodiversity-rich areas as heritage sites. The framework identifies potential LBHS in two habitats: sacred groves, which are forest patches traditionally protected for their cultural and ecological values; and rocky plateaus, which support unique biodiversity through indigenous management practices. The document argues LBHS can preserve genetic resources, species, ecosystems, knowledge, culture and traditions as a legacy for future generations.
Ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
The presentation by Dr. Abigael Otinga (University of Eldoret) outlines the concept of “ecosystem services” and particularly their relevance not only for biodiversity conservation but also for ensuring sustainable production of healthy and abundant crops. The presentation was given at a national training workshops for stakeholders involved in the revision of the Kenya NBSAP that was held at ICRAF in Nairobi, 25-26 May 2016. More information on the event are available at: www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/417489/ .
Socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs for multifunctional landscapes: ri...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Rice-fish farming provides socioeconomic and environmental benefits in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. It increases food security and livelihoods through higher fish yields and income. Rice-fish also improves soil fertility and provides pest control with less need for fertilizers and pesticides. However, there are some risks from extreme weather and potential over-fertilization. Households practicing rice-fish tend to be more food self-sufficient despite smaller land areas. However, national policies promoting hybrid rice and food security could reduce rice-fish. The system would benefit from further research on adaptation and environmental impacts for payments for ecosystem services.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This document analyzes governance in the sustainable management of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It finds that the majority of respondents living near the park are youths under 61 years old and have no collaboration with park management. Most respondents also do not participate in park management. The presence of park governance is highly contested by local communities and needs to be revised to better incorporate local population concerns to improve relationships and trust between locals and park management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
forest resource management and development strategyzebrhe gebrehiwet
This document reviews forest resource conservation and development strategies in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia's forest coverage has rapidly declined from 40% in 1900 to less than 3% currently due to deforestation, degradation, and lack of effective protection policies. While some literature suggests coverage increased to 9% by 2000, this claim is unverified. The document calls for more action and implementation of conservation strategies, rather than just discussing challenges in documents. It emphasizes the need for clear definitions, cross-sector collaboration, community participation, and long-term commitment to successfully protect and restore Ethiopia's remaining forests.
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
This document summarizes a presentation on wetlands and their ecosystem services. It discusses how wetlands provide important services like water regulation, purification, and storage. It provides examples of how assessing the economic value of these services, such as avoided water treatment costs and flood prevention savings, has supported decisions to conserve and restore wetlands. The presentation emphasizes that recognizing both qualitative and quantitative benefits, in addition to economic values, is important for decision-making. It concludes by noting that tools like natural capital accounting and payments for ecosystem services can help integrate wetland values into broader systems.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
Social changes in coastal community affected by the conversion of environment...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on social changes in a coastal community affected by the conversion of environmental resources from mangrove forests to aquaculture. The study used qualitative methods to examine how development led to changes in work patterns and social relationships. Key findings included:
1) Development led to changing work patterns from fishing and woodcutting to jobs in aquaculture.
2) Social differentiation and commercialization of the economy weakened ties between community members.
3) Relationships became based more on personal interests than the local community.
4) Belief in supernatural aspects declined as rationality increased in ways of thinking.
The document discusses ecosystem services and provides several examples. It defines ecosystem services as benefits that people derive from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified four categories of services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Examples of services from various ecosystems are given, including forests, wetlands, rivers, reservoirs, and marine systems. The document emphasizes that many ecosystem services are often undervalued in decision making despite their importance to human well-being.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
This document discusses the sustainable and unsustainable use of biological resources. It defines biological resources and explains that sustainable use involves developing policies and plans to conserve biodiversity while allowing for well-being. Unsustainable use is when consumption exceeds natural regeneration, as is currently happening worldwide. The document then provides strategies for sustainably managing different types of biological resources, including agricultural areas, aquatic areas, forests, and genetic resources.
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
1) A study by Uttarakhand's Forest Department estimated the annual economic value of ecosystem services provided by Uttarakhand forests to be 104 billion rupees.
2) A study by the Centre for Ecological Services Management estimated that India's tiger reserves provide ecosystem services worth over 80 billion rupees annually, with Corbett Tiger Reserve alone providing 14.7 billion rupees annually.
3) Properly accounting for the economic value of ecosystem services through metrics like Gross Environment Product is important for more accurate cost-benefit analyses of development projects and policy decisions.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
African history and the transformation of modern societyAlexander Decker
This document provides a summary of the stages of African history and how it transformed modern society in 3 sentences or less:
The document outlines the major stages of African history from the Stone Age to the Iron Age, including the development of tools and technologies like fire, and the emergence of settled communities and civilizations. It discusses how early humans in Africa progressed from hunter-gatherers to developing agriculture and more advanced tools. The transformation of science and technology in African history, like advances in stoneworking, ironworking, boat building, and weaving, contributed to changes in how humans lived and the development of modern society globally.
Exxon Mobil Corporation at Barclays Capital 2009 CEO Energy Conferenceinvestorrelation
This document provides an overview of ExxonMobil's business model and strategy for delivering value through economic cycles. It discusses ExxonMobil's focus on risk management, financial strength, asset quality and diversity, and disciplined operations. Charts show ExxonMobil's consistent reserves replacement, lower cost reserves additions, project execution excellence, and industry-leading upstream volumes, earnings, and returns. The document outlines ExxonMobil's significant global project portfolio and future capacity growth.
Adverse drug reactions among critically ill patients at cairoAlexander Decker
The study aimed to assess the frequency and outcomes of adverse drug reactions among critically ill patients at Cairo University Hospital. The study found that 21% of the 150 critically ill patients studied experienced adverse drug reactions, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. Over half of the reactions were life-threatening. Due to the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in critically ill patients and their potential severity, the study recommends hospitals establish policies for managing adverse drug reactions and for healthcare providers to closely monitor patients and potential drug interactions when initiating new medications.
El documento describe tres importantes sitios arqueológicos: el Templo Kukulcán en Chichen Itzá, México, que fue el centro político y religioso de la civilización maya; la Gran Muralla China, construida para proteger China de invasiones; y la ciudad de piedra de Petra en Jordania, fundada por los edomitas y con impresionantes edificios como El Tesoro y El Monasterio.
A study on (below the line) promotion strategies of telecom industry in weste...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on promotion strategies used by Reliance Communications, a major telecom company in India. The study examines various below-the-line promotion tools used by Reliance, including customer schemes, road shows, event sponsoring, distributor/retailer schemes, attractive margins, associations with other brands, group schemes, and discount offers. Statistical analysis via chi-square tests and ANOVA found that most promotion tools had a significant positive impact on boosting sales, though associations with other brands and group schemes were less effective. The document provides context on the growth of the Indian telecom industry and liberalization of the economy before analyzing Reliance Communication's specific promotion strategies in depth.
El documento discute el movimiento como un cambio de posición en el espacio y el tiempo. También describe las transformaciones de Galileo que dejan invariantes las ecuaciones de Newton al cambiar entre sistemas de referencia inerciales, y las ecuaciones de transformación de coordenadas propuestas por Galileo para sistemas en reposo y movimiento. Finalmente, distingue entre magnitudes escalares que se definen por un número y magnitudes vectoriales que requieren elementos vectoriales como punto de aplicación, dirección y sentido.
1. Normas apa (asociación americana de psicología) [autoguardado]ingmsm34
Este documento presenta un resumen de las normas de la Asociación Americana de Psicología (APA) para la forma y contenido de documentos. Cubre aspectos como el formato, márgenes, espaciado y tipo de letra del texto. También describe la jerarquía y formato de los títulos, la portada, el uso de números, citas, tablas, figuras y abreviaturas. Finalmente, presenta diferentes tipos de estructuras para documentos.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
Fighting through community participation based on vegetative conservation app...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on reducing sedimentation in Wonogiri Reservoir in Indonesia through community participation and vegetative conservation approaches. The study focuses on how five types of capital (social, human, financial, natural, vegetative) and government incentives affect local farmers' conservation decisions. It finds that the five capitals and government incentives significantly influence farmers to participate in watershed conservation activities to prevent sedimentation, especially establishing grass vegetation which also provides economic benefits. The Keduang Sub-Watershed contributes greatly to sediment deposition in the reservoir due to environmental damage from unsustainable agricultural practices.
The document discusses how land use changes can affect turbidity levels in receiving waters. Agricultural activities like crop production and cattle operations can increase nonpoint pollution and contaminate nearby water through surface runoff and erosion. Areas with annual crops and minimal vegetation cover, such as recently tilled fields in spring, tend to have higher turbidity due to increased runoff and erosion. Wetlands, while effective at removing bacteria, can also increase turbidity by acting as biofilters. Turbidity levels are negatively correlated with forested areas but positively correlated with annual crop coverage and urban land use.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
An Ecological, Socio-Economic and Silvicultural Assessment of the Sustainabi...Sryahwa Publications
This document provides an assessment of Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) from ecological, silvicultural, and socio-economic perspectives. It finds that RIL offers benefits over conventional logging for biodiversity at species and population levels by causing less damage to residual trees and soils. However, RIL may still cause species shifts in tropical forests by most affecting marginal or specialized habitats and species. It also discusses that RIL risks over-harvesting valuable trees and sustainable yields may only be possible with additional silvicultural treatments. Finally, it considers that RIL costs can be high and may not be compatible with retaining intact forest at the landscape scale or for many community forests.
Isaiah Ochieng Abillah
Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Murang‟a University of
Technology, Kenya
Abstract: Wetlands, all over the world, offer many livelihood support services to riparian communities and beyond
but are currently severely threatened with decimation. In Murang’a County, Kenya, wetlands are a key life
support system for many communities but their survival is currently uncertain due to extensive encroachment,
filling up, pollution and weak legislation. Our study aimed at investigating the impact of riparian community’s
livelihood strategies on wetlands conservation and restoration in Murang’a County, Kenya. Data was collected in
4-sub counties of the County using household’s survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group
discussion. A randomly selected sample of 404 respondents were recruited for the study. Data was analyzed using
SPSS software version 26.0. Results showed an encroachment rate into the wetlands by the riparian communities
of 60.4%. A highly significant and positive correlation was obtained between livelihood strategies and impacts on
wetlands ((r=0.184, p value =0.001). Members of the riparian communities were poorly informed about the roles of
wetlands, with 70% unaware of any wetland’s conservation efforts. A whopping 73.7% had not participated in any
wetland conservation effort. Hence, there is need for community sensitization and empowerment on wetlands wise
use as well as sustainable wetland utilization, conservation and management.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Globally, wetlands cover about 6% of the 5.7 million km2 of the Earth‟s surface and they support millions of livelihoods
as they act as „‟water banks‟‟ where water may be drawn and ground water replenished (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, 2005). Wetlands are as old as the Earth itself. By 20th century, the increased use of wetlands attracted the
attention of the world and a global meeting was held in Iran on 2nd February, 1971 to discuss wise use and conservation
of lands that were wet (wetlands), the meeting was named the Ramsar Convention and it has been the foundation of
wetlands conservation (Ramsar, 2017).
Wetlands have been places of interest since civilization as many towns and cities are built along the blue economy. They
have also served as transport corridors, source of wildlife, fish and seeds (Fisher, K. and Morling, P.). However, due to
population pressure, wetlands have been encroached into and converted to different agricultural land use and degraded
Davidson, C. (2014), observes that 87% of the world‟s wetlands have been lost since 1700 AD as a result of human
activities.
In the Kenyan economy, Lakes such as Lake Naivasha contributes 5.3 billion and over 30,000 people draw their
livelihoods from wetlands ecosystem but due to climate change, these lakes are contemporarily facing rising water levels
which in turn affects ...
Analysis of Ecosystem Services in the Oaxacan Mixtec Region, (Tiltepec WatershedAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present work analyzes the sources of supply and regulation of ecosystem services (ES) in the Tiltepec watershed, Oaxaca, Mexico, specifically the production of fuelwood, water for human consumption, forage for domestic livestock, as well as regulation for runoff and sediments estimated with the MUSLE model (Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation), Random sampling points were defined according to the soil used and coverage, to determine production of fuelwood and forage. Firewood was evaluated in quadrants of 10 x 10 m for tree strata and 5 x 5 m for shrub strata. Forage production was determined with lines of 20 m and quadrants of 0.25 x 0.25 m to determine biomass and vegetation cover. Water supply was estimated with inflows from springs and the storage capacity of infrastructure works and water demand estimated with the current population and the maximum daily and hourly consumption. The estimated average fuelwood consumption was 1.4 kg person-1 day-1 for a total volume of 3,189.5 m 3. The estimated average forage yield was 856.6 kg ha-1 and a grazing coefficient of 13.9 ha animal unit (AU-1) , with a census of 171.7 AU. The springs produce a daily volume of 150.4 m 3 and the storage water capacity is 184.7 m 3 for human consumption and 718.5 m 3 for irrigation and recreational uses. With the MUSLE model, a reduction in runoff of 33.93% and 62.93% in specific degradation was estimated comparing the current scenario with that of 1984. The presence of ES in the Tiltepec watershed is essential to provide well-being to local people and regulation of erosion process through works, soil and water conservation practices. These will enable better provision of goods and services.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation projects and sustainable development in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve region. It notes that while Ecuador promotes conservation through protected areas, extractive industries like oil development have led to rapid land use changes impacting local communities and ecosystems. The research aims to analyze land cover dynamics, community participation in planning, and potential environmental conflicts through a case study in the Yasuní Reserve. It utilizes field data collection, interviews, and GIS analysis to understand relationships between human activities, ecosystems, and protected areas in the region.
Cbd good-practice-guide-forestry-powerpoint-enDebbie-Ann Hall
This presentation was prepared as part of a publication on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods. It provides an overview of the relationship between forestry, biodiversity, and poverty reduction. It also discusses ecosystem services provided by forests, environmental impacts of forestry, and current trends related to sustainable use and consumption of forests. The presentation then outlines various good practices for balancing forest management and biodiversity conservation.
This presentation was prepared as part of a publication on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods. It provides an overview on the relationship between forestry, biodiversity, and poverty reduction. It also discusses ecosystem services provided by forests, environmental impacts of forestry, and current trends. The presentation then outlines various good practices for balancing forest management and biodiversity conservation.
This presentation summarizes tools for sustainable forest management that serve both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction objectives. It discusses practices like timber harvesting, agroforestry, non-timber forest products, protected areas, and roles for local communities. The presentation was prepared as part of a publication on sustainable forest management, biodiversity, and livelihoods by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Resilience of riparian populations of the Agoua and Toui-Kilibo classified fo...AI Publications
This research aims to strengthen the resilience of populations living along the Agoua and Toui-Kilibo protected forests. Its main aim is to analyze the adaptation measures used by the riparian populations and propose actions to strengthen their resilience. Data were collected from semi-structured individual interviews with each head of household or his/her sponsor in his/her household or field or plantation within and/or around the CF. Focus group interviews with key informants (between 05 and 13 participants representing the diversity of socio-professional or socio-cultural groups and gender-sensitive) were also conducted in riparian communities and within the CF. This data was collected through the QField application. The resulting database was transferred to the Excel spreadsheet for clearing and processing. For the processing of these data several parameters were calculated, in particular the importance value (IV), the response rate at the level of each respondent. In addition, the resilience of populations was assessed. To this end, the proposal for options to improve the resilience of communities bordering the Agoua and TK forests is based on the Multidimensional Resilience Index (MRI). For the calculation of resilience the basic variables are grouped into a set of actions which are themselves grouped into a set of seven (7) options. The various shares have been converted into indices called “core indices” and are calculated and obtained at the level of each option. Option-level indices are also calculated taking into account the indices previously calculated at the equity level. Finally, the Multidimensional Resilience Index is obtained by calculating the weighted arithmetic average of the indices calculated at the option level. The options that have attracted community attention are sustainable land management (4.1), and capacity building (3.89). These two options scored substantially 4, which shows that the communities are resilient. Improved social and cultural living conditions (3.33) can also strengthen the resilience of communities. Environmental protection, organizational level, institutional support and the creation of economic activities have a score ranging from 2 to 2.83. Actions to implement the priority options for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change will reduce the vulnerability of the populations living near Agoua and Toui-Kilibo protected forests.
Social changes in coastal community affected by the conversion of environment...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses social changes in coastal communities affected by the conversion of environmental resources from mangrove forests to aquaculture.
2) It finds that development led to changes in work patterns and weakened social ties as specialization and commercialization increased social differentiation.
3) The consequences were loosened relationships with the local community based more on personal interests, increased social differentiation due to open markets, declined belief in supernatural aspects, and mutual aid only for particular purposes among relatives.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition: FTA for better food sys...CIFOR-ICRAF
Forests play a crucial role in food security and nutrition in three key ways:
1) Forests directly provide food and generate income that supports food access for over 1 billion people worldwide. Forest foods contribute significantly to dietary diversity and quality.
2) Forests sustain agriculture through ecosystem services like water regulation, soil health, and pollination that support food production.
3) Maintaining forest and landscape diversity increases the resilience of food systems and dependent communities to climate change and other shocks by acting as a safety net during crises.
Nature-based solutions for agricultural water management and food security (W...FAO
This document discusses nature-based solutions (NBS) for agricultural water management and food security. It provides an overview of a webinar series on scaling up adaptation in the agricultural sectors that included a webinar on NBS for agricultural water management. The webinar agenda covered an FAO discussion paper on the topic, presentations on NBS in the UN World Water Development Report and guidance from the Convention on Biological Diversity, and a case study on wasabi cultivation in Japan. The document discusses definitions of NBS, different types of NBS interventions, and concludes that while NBS are not a panacea, they can make an important contribution to addressing upcoming water challenges if certain requirements for success are met, such
The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol12, Jun.2011 .docxoreo10
The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011 Review Paper
140
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WETLAND CONSERVATION IN NEPAL
Utsala Shrestha MSc (Ag)1
ABSTRACT
Community participation plays vital role in the development of capacity for the
management and utilization of their resources in sustainable way. There are ample success
stories for proper management of common property resources through community
management. Wetland resources are widely used by the local communities for their
sustenance and economic well-being. In such case, local participation is effective tool for
establishing an ecologically balanced use of available land and water resources. The
participation of the wetland users is crucial for extenuating the problems related to
wetland. This paper includes some ideas about community participation and role of local
people in wetland conservation and management, reason for conservation of wetland
sites, wetland policy based on local participation, and approaches for ensuring
participation in wetland conservation programs.
Key words: Community participation, wetland conservation, and wetland policy
INTRODUCTION
Wetlands of Nepal have economic, ecological, aesthetic, socio-cultural and religious values.
They provide habitats for several species of wildlife and lie within various ecosystems of
high-mountains and lowland plains. These wetlands are important ecosystems and utilized
for the benefits of humankind. Rice cultivation, fishing and collection of wetland products
are basic activities performed by local people. Likewise rendering ferry service, cattail
technology, craft manufacturing and weaving are other such income generating activities of
wetland dependent people. However, adverse effects remark in many cases: many rural
communities have poor knowledge on sustainable utilization and more often conflicts arise
for the use of wetland resources.
Wetlands are crucial for their rich biodiversity (32 species of mammals, 461 species of
birds, 9 species of turtle, 20 species of snake and 28 species of fish- in Terai) and also for
maintaining various sources of underground water, preventing lands slides and controlling
the loss of nutrients. Religiously, lakes and rivers are important for many festivals such as
the Chhat festival in the eastern and central Terai. Furthermore, people living near Koshi
river system (Barahachetra), Narayani river system (Devghat) and Karnali River consider the
Gangetic Dolphin as a deity and as reincarnation of god (IUCN, 2004). Since the sustainable
utilization and the conservation of wetland resources depend on the degree of involvement
of local communities, it is important to prioritize programs of bringing user groups together
for conservation. Most of the wetlands of Nepal are under threatened conditions, as they
have been exploiting the resources indiscriminately without considering its impact.
The possible way of uti ...
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
This document proposes a paper on the relationships between ecosystem services, water security, and integrated water resources management (IWRM). It notes that over 2 billion people currently live in areas with absolute water scarcity, and this is projected to rise to 4.6 billion by 2080. The paper will address the state of ecosystem services and their importance for human well-being and development. It will also discuss the degradation of ecosystem services from climate change and human activities, and how this impacts water security. Finally, it will explore the nexus between ecosystem services, water security, and IWRM, and the challenges and opportunities around management.
Similar to Accounting for watershed management services in the forest reserves of osun state, nigeria (20)
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This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
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A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
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This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
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This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
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This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
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Accounting for watershed management services in the forest reserves of osun state, nigeria
1. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
Accounting for Watershed Management Services in the Forest
Reserves of Osun State, Nigeria
1,2
Toyin E Olatunji1* Abd-Rahman A. Onaolapo2
Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences,
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso-Nigeria
P.M.B. 4000 Ogbomoso-Nigeria
E-mail of Corresponding author: olatunjitoyin@gmail.com
Abstract
The role of forests in watershed productivity has been a subject of serious concern at various forums. The
significance of forests in watersheds is evidenced by the prevention of siltation of water bodies as well as
maintenance of water quality. In Osun state-Nigeria, the main services carried out by the watershed is domestic,
industrial and community water supply, not much of navigation is possible. Thus, it was aimed to evaluate the
contributions of forest reserves of Osun state-Nigeria to watershed management. Primary and secondary data
were adopted in the study. The relationship between decline in forest holdings and water supply was examined;
the contingent valuation of forest contributions to watershed was undertaken; and the mean WTP was
extrapolated over the population to arrive at the total value of watershed service of forests as a guide to
determining the accounting value to take for depreciation or accretion. Results showed that there was a strong
relationship between both variables. Furthermore, the mean value of WTP is ₦3,623.29 and the total value is
₦12.40 billion. This value provides a basis for accounting for annual costing of services consumed. It was
concluded that deforestation has adverse effect on watershed services and its value will enhance accountability
and well informed decisions towards sustainability.
Keywords: Accounting, Watershed, Forests, Contingent Valuation.
I.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
Tropical forests have been described as significant in the world’s ecosystem, not only because of its
capacity to regulate carbon equilibrium, but also biophysical roles in water supply and efficacy. Zingari and
Achouri(2007), observe that the recurrence of extreme weather events, climate change and the need for
adaptation strategies have attracted both national and international attention to consider water, water-related
ecosystems and watersheds. Associated with these considerations are the problems of water security,
environmental degradation, food insecurity and poor livelihood conditions and human health.
It has thus become inevitable to study the interrelationship between forests and water. There is growing
awareness of the many services forests provide such as watershed protection, biodiversity conservation and
carbon storage. There is also growing awareness of the cost to society when these services are degraded or lost.
The hydrological services of forests included the regulation of water quality and flow (Maranem, Friedman and
Milder, 2011; NIVA5373,2007). It would seem that the value of these hydrological services will grow over time
as water become more scarce in the near-future (Johnson, White and Perrot-Maitre, 2001).
Watershed has been described by Gunawardena (2011) as an area which drains into a common
drainage outlet whose boundary is easily defined and the area demarcated. All living beings within this
watershed, and sometime outside of it (e.g. transboundary water transfers) use these resources to transport and
provide goods and services. Sustainable watershed management is assured as long as these goods and services
can be produced continuously over a period of time without degrading resources, especially the natural resources
within the watershed.
Five key services emanate from watershed management, namely erosion control, enhanced soil quality,
increased total water yield, stabilization of stream flow distribution and control of sediment in streams
(Pattanayak,2004; Hamilton and Kong,1983; Pereira,1989; Bruijnzeel, 1990;Bonnel and Balak,1993).
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Watershed management is brought to the top of an agenda because these watershed resources continue
to degrade over time and this is a cause for concern in terms of sustainability. Reid (2001) estimates that the
majority of the world’s population live downstream of forested watersheds and therefore are susceptible to the
costs of watershed degradation. Further, about 13 percent of the world’s land area is needed to protect water
supplies for the global population — an area that will grow with the population( Johnson, et al., 2001). This is a
much broader issue in relation to the survival of future generations (Gunawardena, 2011).
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Pattanayak (2004), explains that unreliable information regarding the value of services from tropical
forests can partly cause rapid disappearance of the world’s natural forest cover. This, in turn endangers the
environmental services provided by the forests. Watershed services, such as mitigation of floods, droughts and
soil erosion by protected forests are examples of unpriced, undervalued life support services that can serve as
beneficial to economic livelihoods in the tropics (Dasgupta, 2001). One of the key problems to accounting for
the contributions/value of forest watershed management services lies in obtaining reliable and adequate data for
that activity. This problem is not limited to the statistics alone (although this is a significant challenge in
Nigeria’s context), but also choice of methodology for assigning values for the observations. A few questions are
raised, as follows:
i.
To what extent do watershed management services depend on continued sustenance of forests?
ii.
What is the perceived contribution of the forest reserves to watershed services in Osun State, Nigeria?
iii.
What is the estimated accounting value of watershed services in forest reserves of Osun state, Nigeria?
This paper attempts to unravel watershed management by (a) reviewing the ecological and economic literature
on watershed services, (b) describing a framework for estimating watershed service benefits, (c) presenting a
case study that applies the proposed method to a specific watershed service, and (d) evaluating the forest
watershed services for accounting purposes.
1.3
Research Objectives
The general objective of this research is to evaluate the contributions of forest reserves of Osun state to
watershed management. The specifics are to
i.
examine the relationship between changes in forest reserves and water supply in Osun
state,
Nigeria;
ii.
evaluate watershed management services of the forest reserves of Osun state.
1.4
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were proposed for this study. They are all stated in null form.
Hypothesis I:
There is no significant relationship between sustainable forest management and water supply
in Osun State.
.
Hypothesis II: There is no significant difference in the perceptions of stakeholders on the
value of forest
watershed management services.
2
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Accounting for the value of watershed management services of forests is rooted in the theory of natural
resource management, as exemplified by Hendriksen (1972), it is all about “capital- maintenance.” This is a
derivation of the Hicksian argument, which describes income as what may be consumed during a period while
still remaining as well-off as at the beginning of that period (Hicks,1946; Glautier and Underdown, 1982). There
is strong intertwining between economic theories and concepts and accounting principles.
The theory of externality is of relevance in considering non-timber forest products like its
environmental services as biodiversity preserver, wildlife conserver/habitat, tourist attraction, the watershed
protection, etc. Forests may have been kept for timber but it also provides “unintended” services, such as the
watershed management. This is a form of positive externality in that the “unintended” service results to the
benefit of people living within the watershed (www.bized.co.uk). Steinacker (2006), explained that externality
problem can be conceived in two ways: if an action creates one type of externality, failing to act creates the
opposite type. Thus, the concern of a timber contractor for sustainability of the forest resource could give rise to
tree planting while the outcome of that sustained resource include watershed protection that benefits the local
community.
The concept of sustainability is made clearer by the definition of the World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED, 1987). Here, sustainable development is defined as the development
that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Forests are one of the most important components of the terrestrial environmental system and a complete
resource base. They provide not only various goods but also maintain the ecological balance and life-support
systems essential for health and all round development of human kind (Verma,2003; Pattanayak, 2004). As
observed by Olatunji (2012), forests are natural resources, which have many inherent advantages when viewed
from environmental perspective they are renewable, recyclable, biodegradable and carbon neutral. They are truly
sustainable.
There are multiple uses of forests by various stakeholders. Forests enhance overall watershed by
mitigating the effects of natural and human disturbances. Johnson, et al. (2001), summarized the roles of forests
as including the prevention of runoff in a watershed; reduction of soil erosion and sedimentation of waterways;
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filtration of contaminants and influence of water chemistry; reduction in total annual water flow in a watershed;
increase or decrease(regulation) of groundwater recharge; forest loss shifts aquatic productivity; and, may
influence precipitation at a large regional scale but the effects of forest cover on rainfall in most areas is limited
(NIVA5373, 2007). Although Johnson, et al., worked on developing markets for forest ecosystem services of
watershed management, they raised a few questions which are relevant for our considerations, namely, what
water-related ecosystem services are provided? Can these services be measured and monitored? What is the
value of the ecosystem service? Are beneficiaries willing and able to pay for the ecosystem service?
The conservation of ecosystems is often seen as a cost rather than an investment society makes to
sustain nature and human livelihoods. Yet, they are the lifeline of many stakeholders. For example, the
hydrological services of forests, mainly water quality and water flow, are among the most valuable of the many
ecosystem services from forests. When these ecosystems become degraded, downstream users like farmers,
water supply companies and hydropower firms may suffer production losses and large investments in water
treatment plants, dams, and flood control structures may be needed to replace the lost ecosystem services. It is
only by understanding the financial values of these services and investing in their conservation that it may be
possible to save the money spent to replace lost services and to increase investments in sustainable forest
management (Verma,2003; FAO,2007).
Conceptually, this study is construed as progressing in stages, such as: establishing the links between
changes in watershed protection, e.g. what occurs when forest cover is removed; to determining the relative
change it triggers in watershed services provided; to evaluation of the economic impact of the change in
watershed services on production; and, finally placing a value on the lost services. This is depicted in fig.1,
Watershed Protection (∆Ti)
Stage 1
∆Watershed Services (∆Wi)
Stage 2
∆Economic Production (∆Ypi)
Stage 3
Money-metric of Utility(Vi =∆ei)
Fig 1 A Conceptual Framework for the Valuation of Watershed Services
Source: Pattayanak, 2004
3.
Valuation of Watershed Management Services of Forests
Verma(2003) used the Green Accounting approach to explain the valuation process by looking
at the value of direct consumptive benefits- i.e. the value of growing forest stock, value of salvage, value of
timber drawn by right holders, value of fuel wood requirement, etc.- the value of direct non-consumptive and
indirect benefits of forests. The value of direct non-consumptive and indirect benefits included values of
ecotourism and recreation benefits, watershed benefits, microclimatic factors, carbon sink, biodiversity and
employment generation. These were then used to compute the total economic value of the forests and its
contribution to State Gross Domestic Product.
Venkatachalam(1997), classified existing valuation methods into two, namely, revealed preference
methods and stated preference methods. The revealed preference method comprising the travel cost method, the
hedonic pricing, the production function and the defensive expenditure approaches were seen to be effective in
some respects but suffer from various drawbacks, especially with respect to non-use values. Here, the stated
preference methods come handy. The methods used here are contingent ranking and contingent valuation.
Although often bedevilled by the twin problems of validity and reliability, the contingent valuation method has
been widely used, even in developing countries. The problems of validity and reliability are surmountable with
design and administration of surveys.
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Venkatachalam(1997), suggested a marginal opportunity cost approach within an environmental
accounting framework, especially the natural resource accounting aspects
(Pattanayak, 2004). Here, two
approaches were identified, i.e. the physical accounting and the monetary approaches. Physical accounting for
watershed would involve determination of water balance- the additions and subtractions to the existing stock of
water at the river basin level.- as well as the quality information, such as pollution load from point and non-point
sources; while the monetary valuation depends on the basis of valuation.
Pattanayak(2004) hinted, among other things, that the contingent valuation involve the use of a
Willingness to pay (WTP) for watershed management services of forests. Here, the value of a watershed service
is the money equivalent of a change in utility or a WTP amount. In this survey the respondents could be
questioned as to their willingness to pay for watershed services and if ‘yes,’ the amount willing to pay.
4.0
Methodology
The study area is the forest reserves of Osun state. Located in the south-western Nigeria, Osun state lies
between 7 degree and 8 degree 30minutes North (70 - 80 30’ N) and longitude 4 degrees and 50 degrees East (40 500 E) having a population of three million, four hundred and twenty-three thousand, five hundred and twentyfive people (3,423,525) (Alamu, 2008; Nigerian Population Commission, 2007). The state had eleven legacy
forest reserves which fell within her boundaries, after she was carved out of the then Oyo state. Only eight of
these reserves are still in existence.
The nature of watershed in Osun State precludes navigation, irrigation is currently not a significant
activity and fish/shrimps production are just beginning to gain prominence. Most of the use of water is for
human and animal consumption as well as domestic uses. The bulk of water supply in Osun State comes from
the state government water schemes at Ede Headworks and the Mini Water schemes spread across the state.
Thus, the most appropriate source of data for watershed services is government Water Corporation.
Five forest reserves were surveyed. The local population around the five forest reserves (5 kilometre
radius) is estimated at 300,000. The sampling procedure adopted is based on survey sample size formula is 390,
as follows:
n = [(Z2 *p*q) + ME2]
(ME2)
where,
n =
sample size
p =
level of precision anticipated in respect of the research problem.
Since there is no precedence, 50% is selected.
q =
1-p
ME=
Margin of Error that can be tolerated in this research is 5%.
Z =
the alpha value is determined by calculating 1-confidence level,
1- 0.95= 0.05 to estimate the critical value given as 1(alpha/2). i.e 0.975. The value is 1.96.
i.e.
n =
[(1.96)2*0.5*0.5 + (0.05)2] / (0.05)2
n =
0.9629/0.0025 = 385.16
The variables for this study were:
Objective (i)
Size and changes in forest reserves of Osun state (1992-2011)- independent;
Volume of Water produced and changes therein (1992-2011)- dependent.
(ii) socioeconomic characteristics of respondents- independent
Willingness to Pay for Watershed Services (dichotomous) dependent
Mean Amount of Willingness to Pay for watershed services- dependent.
Data analysis was done as follows:
Objective (i)
t-test was used to test the degree of association between the two variables;
(ii)
LOGIT regression model was adopted to determine WTP; and
(iii) an extrapolation of the mean WTP to determine accounting value to reflect in the books.
Model Specification:
i.
to test the effects of forest reserves sustainability on water supply within the state the difference
between the means of available forest reserves and the available water supply is compared using
the student-t statistic expressed as::
_ _
t= X1- X2
S x1-x2
………………………….i
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Where
t is the test statistic
_ _
X1 , X2 are the sample means of variable 1-tree felling and variable 2 tree planting
S x1-x2 Is the estimated standard error of the differences and it is given as
√S2 + S2
n1
n2
………………………………………..ii
where,
s =
…………………..iii
and
n1,n2 are sample sizes for variables 1 and 2 respectively
S12 and S22 are the variances for variables1 and 2 respectively
n1+ n2 -2 is the degree of freedom.
LOGIT regression model for the dichotomous choice of Willingness o Pay(WTP) for watershed
services is given as -
ii.
=
⋯
……..iv
Where
X1 = Gender of respondents
X2 = Marital Status of respondents
X3 = State of origin of respondents
X4 = Education of respondents
Xs = Size of farm of respondents
X6 = Annual Income of respondents
X7 = Age of respondents
X8 = Size of family of respondents
X9 = Distance from Forest Reserves; and,
WTS is Watershed Services.
iii.
To determine the appropriate value for forest watershed services in Osun State, Nigeria the amount
of WTP is regarded as per capita valuation of watershed services in the state and thus is
extrapolated over the entire population for full values to be obtained –
VWTS = X.(WTPWTS). POPosun …………………..v
VWTS refers to the value of watershed services
X.(WTPWTS) is the mean amount of Willingness to Pay for watershed services
POPosun is the population of Osun state by 2006 Census.
5.
i.
Findings and Discussions
Forest Reserves and Water Supply in Osun State, Nigeria.
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TABLE 1
A Comparative View of Forest Reserves of Osun State
(Ha) Size (Ha) 2011
DIFFERENCE
S/N
Name of Forest Size
Reserve
1991
1.
Ago- Owu
31,744
19,847
-11,897Ha
2
Ede
1,344
1,044
-300Ha
3
4
5
6
7
8
9.
10.
11.
Ejigbo
314
214
-100Ha
Ife F3
8,383
7,168
-1,215Ha
Olla
107
-107 Ha
Ikeji-Ipetu
4,349
2,849
-1,500Ha
Ila
256
230
-26Ha
Oba Hills
6,773
4,225
-2,548Ha
Oni
5,632
0
-5632Ha
Osogbo
594
0
-594Ha
Shasha
31,232
23,064
-8,168Ha
TOTAL
90,738
58,641
-32,097Ha
Source: Forest Management Department, Osun State Ministry of Environment, 2012
Table 1 shows the state of the forest reserves at two time periods, i.e. 1991 and 2010, and the changes therein. A
trend of the changes in forest land use can be described as:
∆ =
= 58,641 - 90,738
90,738
= - 0.3537 or -35.37%
Where,
∆x is the rate of change in forest holding within the reserves of Osun State, Nigeria;
X0 refers to the size of forest reserves at year 0 being 1991;
Xn refers to the size of the forest at year n, i.e. 2010.
Table II Water Production by Water Corporation of Osun State, Nigeria
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
74,818 47,354 66,792 57,252 50,771 52,576 75,880 75,880
9
71,294
10
56,295
11
50,295
Source: Osun State Water Corporation, 2013
80000
70000
Capacity cu.m/day
Obs
Cub.
mt/d
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Series1
Fig. 2 Statistical Data on Water Supplies in Osun State
The two variables, forest reserves and water supplies were subjected to the student-t tests and it showed t =
2.238; and at 5% level of significance produces a value of 0.047 which is significant implying that the null
hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is significant relationship between watershed services and sustainable forest
management.
Contingent Valuation using the LOGIT model for the dichotomous response is
=f (-3.55X1 +1.24X2 - 0.21X3 – 3.71X4 +0.61X5 +1.15X6 - 0.35X7 + 0.45X8 + 4.11X9 +3.01)
200
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The P values and odds ratio are:
variables
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
P values
0.000
0.215
0.833
0.000
0.539
0.248
0.728
0.650
0.000
Odds ratio
0.147
2.225
0.914
0.763
1.204
1.212
0.887
1.146
14.390
Research Survey, 2012.
The combined influence of the nine variables to determine the willingness to pay for watershed and
prevention of water pollutions was significant at P= 0.0000 which is less than 0.05 significance levels. Three
variables exerted significant influence in the respondents’ choice. These were X1, i,e. Gender; X4, Education; and,
X9, Distance from Forest Reserve (at 5% level of significance).
The mean values for the Willingness to Pay responses is given as:
Amount of
< ₦ 1,000
₦1,001₦10001Above
Total
Mean:
WTP
₦10000
₦20000
₦20000
∑Fx/∑f
frequency
135
62
11
11
219
-X
500
5,500
15,000
20,000
Fx
67,500
341,000
165,000
220,000
₦793,500
₦3,623.29
Source: Research Survey, 2012
The mean Willingness to Pay amount was ₦3,623.29. this value can be seen as the per capita value of the service
in the state. Thus, the gross value of watershed services in Osun state can be expressed as:
Gross Contingent Value = Mean WTP * Population Osun State
i.e. Gross CV
= ₦3,623.29 * 3,423,525 = ₦12,404,423,897.25
The value arrived is part of what could be capitalized for eventual determination of depreciation to accrue from
year to year.
6.0
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Forest environmental services are important consideration in determining the total economic value of the
resource. One of the most significant of these services is the watershed service because the entire ecosystem
depends on water and its functions. The ability to value the resource provides an impetus for the preservation of
forests. Furthermore, valuing the asset will promote accountability as well as remediation action where
necessary.
It was concluded that deforestation has adverse effect on watershed services among which is water
supply. It was also concluded that the value of the resource could be arrived at through a contingent valuation. It
was further concluded that the accounting functions is better served through such efforts and by extension it
facilitates effective and well informed decisions to be made towards sustainability.
It was recommended that there should be an inter-ministerial committee to determine the true added
costs of producing water in Osun State as a result of unbridled deforestation. It was also recommended that the
statistical units of the forestry department be overhauled to improve quality of information obtainable to aid the
evolution of suitable models as basis for standardization of accounting procedures and possibly standards of
practice. The outcomes of this study should encourage the regeneration of forests to solve the problems of
siltation of lakes and rivers. Training accounting personnel in the art environmental accounting will ease the
burden of measurements and accounting.
References
Alamu, L.O. (2008) “Evaluation of Log Conversion Efficiency of Band Saws in Osun State
Sawmills, in
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