Climate change is having significant impacts in Nepal. Temperatures have risen by 0.06°C from 1977-2000, with greater increases at higher altitudes and in winter. Projections estimate rises of 1.4°C by 2030, 2.8°C by 2060, and 4.7°C by 2090. Precipitation trends are less certain but include more intense rainfall and variable river flows. Glaciers are retreating rapidly, increasing glacial lake outburst flood risks. Agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity, livestock, and health are all being affected. Nepal has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action and Local Adaptation Plans of Action framework to help communities assess vulnerabilities

1. Climate Change in Nepal:
Impacts and Adaptation through
LAPA
By
Pradeep Baral

2. Context
 Weather: It describes the state of the air at a particular place and time-whether it is warm or cold,
wet or dry, and how cloudy or windy it is. In other words, weather is what conditions of the atmosphere
are over a short period of time.
 Climate: The average and statistics of variations of weather in a geographical region. The averaging
period is typically several decades.
 Climate Change:
The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as: “a change in the
state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or
the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.
Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persistent
anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use”.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate change as “a
change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition
of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over
comparable time periods”.
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3.  Global average surface air temperature has increased, especially since about 1950.
 The average temperature of the world has increased by 0.74 degree Celsius over the last 100 years
(1906-2005).
 2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface air temperature record
since 1850. Eleven of the last 12 years (1995 to 2006)-1996 exception-rank among the 12 warmest years
on record since 1850.
 Climate models calculate that the global mean surface temperature could rise by about 1 to 4.5
centigrade by 2100.
 Average global precipitation has also increased by 0.5-1% annually. It is decreasing in equatorial region
and increasing in higher latitude. Precipitation has increased over land at high latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere, especially during the cold season. Decrease in precipitation occurred in steps after the
1960s over the subtropics and the tropics from Africa to Indonesia.
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Contd….

4. Trends in Global Average Surface Temperature
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5. Projected Changes in Global Temperature
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6. Precipitation Changes
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7. Nepal Context
 Nepal is the fourth most vulnerable country in terms of climate risks and 30th in
terms of water-induced disaster. Climate change is posing additional threat to Nepal.
 Nepal's average annual mean temperature has increased by 0.060C between 1977
and 2000 and these increases are more pronounced at higher altitudes and in winter.
 There is a general increase in temperature extremes with warmer days and nights
becoming more frequent and cooler days and nights less frequent.
A study conducted by Nepal Country Vulnerability Study Team in 2009 has projected
that Nepal’s mean annual temperature may rise by 1.4 degree Celsius by 2030, 2.8
degree Celsius by 2060 and by 4.7 degree Celsius by 2090.
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8. All Nepal Temperature Trend
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9. Cont…
 For precipitation, the trends are less certain but there is evidence of increasing
occurrence of intense rainfall events, and an increase in flood days and generally
more variable river flows.
 An OECD study (2003) reveals that there will be no change in precipitation in
western Nepal and up to 5-10 % increase in precipitation in eastern Nepal. During the
summer months, its projection depict that an increase in precipitation for the whole
country in the range of 15-20%.
 In terms of spatial distribution, the study findings project an increase in monsoon
rainfall in eastern and central Nepal as compared to western Nepal.
It also projects an increase in monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall, an increase in the
intensity of rainfall, and a decrease in winter precipitation.
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11. 
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12. Impacts of Climate Change
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13. Impacts on Water Resources
 Water is the most impacted sector by climate change. Water impacts are key for
all sectors.
 IPCC predicts that by 2050, freshwater availability in central, south, east and
south east Asia, particularly in large river basins, is projected to decrease.
 Effects of climate change on water resources could yield manifold implications
either due to too much and/or too little water (NAPA 2010).
 Due to rise in temperature, Himalayan region is noticeably impacted by climate
change. The reported impact is rapid reduction in glaciers.
 Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of water induced
disasters.
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14. Cont…
 Nepal’s high altitude glaciers are thinning (30 cm-1 m) and retreating at an
alarming rate (10-20m annually), faster than the world average, resulting in an
increase in the number and size of glacial lakes and the threat of catastrophic
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). Lake Imja Tsho is an example of a glacier
lake which was non-existent in 1960 and now covers nearly one square kilometre.
The Imja glacier that feeds the lake has retreated 75 m between 2001 and 2006.
 The new inventory identified 3,808 glaciers with a total area of 4212 sq.km and
1,466 glacial lakes in Nepal (ICIMOD 2011). The rapid reduction in glaciers has
profound future implication for downstream water resources.
 There are about 21 potentially dangerous glacial lakes identified by ICIMOD,
among which 6 are most critical
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15. Glacier Melting
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16. Imja Glacial Lake
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17. Impacts on Agriculture
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 Nepal’s agriculture is facing risks due to
changes in the reliability of stream flow, a
more intense and potentially erratic monsoon
rainfall and flooding. About 64% of cultivated
areas are fully dependent on monsoon rainfall.
 Decline in rainfall from November to April
adversely affects the winter and spring crops.
 Rice yields are sensitive to climatic conditions
and may fall in western region and it may
threaten overall food security. A study carried
out by B.R.Regmi and A. Adhikary in 2007
reveals that climate change is posing threat to
food security due to loss of some local land
races and crops.

18. Cont…
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 Initial National Communication,2004 states that with the increase of temperature beyond 4
degree Celsius, the yield of Terai rice is projected to decrease. The effect of temperature on rice
crops in the hills is little more severe than in the Terai. But in mountain region it is better, but rice
is grown negligibly there.
 The yield of wheat is projected to fall down with the rise in temperature in Terai. The effect of
temperature on wheat yield in the hills is less than in Terai. There is insignificant decline of wheat
yield in mountain environment with rise in temperature.
 The rise in temperature will affect yield of maize crops in Terai more than wheat and rice crops.
It affects less in the hills than in Terai but increases production of maize in mountain areas.

19. Impact on Livestock
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Livestock production is highly sensitive to climate change.
Rising temperature increases lignifications of plant tissues
and reduces the digestibility (Minson, 1990), reducing meat
and milk production in range-based livestock production
system.
Increased heat stress is another pathway affecting the
livestock production. The increased heat alters heat exchange
between animal and environment affecting the feed intake and
metabolism (SCA, 1990; Mader and Davis, 2004). Such
stresses will affect growth and productivity of the animals. But,
effects vary from species to species.
Water buffaloes need frequent bath for heat exchange.
Drying of ponds due to drought can deprive the buffaloes for
taking baths affecting adversely the productivity of the
buffaloes.
Similarly, the increased energy deficits may decrease cow
fertility, fitness, and longevity (King et al., 2006). Increased
temperature and humidity will increase the risks of mortality
and morbidity among the livestock and poultry.

20. Impacts on Forests and Biodiversity
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 IPCC predicts that approximately 20 to 30% of plant and
animal species assessed so far are likely to be at
increased risk of extinction if increases in global average
temperature exceed 1.5 to 2.5 degree Celsius.
 Increased temperature and rainfall variability have
resulted into shifts in agro-ecological zones, prolonged
dry spells, and higher incidences of pests and diseases.
 New alien and invasive species are emerging and their
habitat is spreading at a fast rate.
 Migration of the forest towards the higher altitude,
change in their composition, and extinction of species.
 Extreme climatic conditions have led to increased
incidence of fire in recent years affecting more than
50,000 people and loss of large areas of productive
forest land. These changes lead to species and habitat
loss.

21. Cont…
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22. Cont…
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23. Impact on Health
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 Climate change has both direct and indirect impact on health.
 Drought, heat waves, and flash floods have direct impacts on health.
 Climate-induced economic dislocation, conflict, crop failure, and associated malnutrition and
hunger, and the spread and aggravated intensity of infectious diseases due to changing
environmental conditions have indirect impacts on health.
 The infectious diseases include the vector-borne diseases such as malaria, kala-azar, dengue,
Japanese enchepalities and water related diseases such as diarrhea.
 IPCC IV Assessment Report, 2007 reveals that endemic morbidity and mortality due to
diarrheal disease associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise in East, South and
South East Asia due to projected changes in the hydrological cycle.

24. Adaptation Initiatives
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 The government of Nepal prepared the NAPA in 2010 to address its urgent and immediate adaptation
needs through a consultative and country-driven process.
 NAPA is a strategic tool to access climatic vulnerability, and symmetrically respond to climate change
adaptation issues by developing appropriate adaptation measures.
 Out of about 250 adaptation options proposed by the Thematic Working Groups (TWG), nine
integrated projects have been identified as the urgent and immediate national adaptation priority.
 The government of Nepal has approved the National Framework on Local Adaptation Plans for Action
(LAPA Framework) in 2011 that helps to integrate climate adaptation and resilience aspects in local and
national plans.

25. Cont…
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 The government of Nepal has approved the National Framework on Local Adaptation Plans for
Action (LAPA Framework) in 2011 that helps to integrate climate adaptation and resilience aspects in
local and national plans.
 Agriculture, forestry, health, water and sanitation, watersheds and micro-finance have been
identified as the main entry points. But it states that education, local infrastructure, disasters and other
environment-related areas may also be taken as entry points.
 Since 2013, the government is implementing 70 Local Adaptation Plan for Actions in 69 village
development committees and one municipality of 14 districts in the Mid and Far Western regions of
Nepal with support from Nepal Climate Support Programme: Building Climate Resilience in Nepal
Project funded by UNDP/DFID/EU

26. LAPA Process
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The LAPA Framework consists of the following 7 steps for formulation and
implementation. They are:
 Climate change sensitization
 Climate vulnerability and adaptation assessment
 Prioritization of adaptation options
 LAPA formulation
 LAPA integration in planning process
 LAPA implementation
 LAPA progress assessment
STEP 2:
VULNERABILITY
& ADAPTATION
ASSESSMENT
STEP 3:
PRIORITISATION
OF ADAPTATION
OPTIONS
STEP 4:
ADAPTATION PLAN
DEVELOPMENT
STEP 5:
INTEGRATING THE
ADAPTATION
PLAN
STEP 6:
IMPLEMENTING
ADAPTATION
PLAN
STEP 7:
ASSESSING
PROGRESS
{Carried out in
all steps}
LAPA Steps
STEP 1:
SENSITISATION
{Carried out in
all steps}

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Thank You
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