A forest fire is a natural disaster consisting of a fire which
destroys a forested area, and can be a great danger to people
who live in forests as well as wildlife
•
Forest fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human
negligence or arson, and can burn thousands of square
kilometers
Detail discussion on Forest Fire with it's causes,effect and predictions. Which can be helpful to student to make their own presentation and reading Purpose.
about...Carbon sequestration, Co2 capture technology, types of carbon sequestration, Co2 separation, carbon sources and carbon sinks, benefits of soil sequestration of carbon, conclution.
A forest fire is a natural disaster consisting of a fire which
destroys a forested area, and can be a great danger to people
who live in forests as well as wildlife
•
Forest fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human
negligence or arson, and can burn thousands of square
kilometers
Detail discussion on Forest Fire with it's causes,effect and predictions. Which can be helpful to student to make their own presentation and reading Purpose.
about...Carbon sequestration, Co2 capture technology, types of carbon sequestration, Co2 separation, carbon sources and carbon sinks, benefits of soil sequestration of carbon, conclution.
Nearly 85 percent* of wildland fires in the United States are caused by humans. Human-caused fires result from campfires left unattended, the burning of debris, equipment use and malfunctions, negligently discarded cigarettes, and intentional acts of arson.
A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or more hazardous substances which could harm human health or the environment. Chemical hazards are systems where chemical accidents could occur under certain circumstances. Such events include fires, explosions, leakages or releases of toxic or hazardous materials that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
Mine Ventilation topic related to auxiliary ventilation. Only one type of auxiliary ventilation is discussed i.e., auxiliary fans and vent pipe because this method is more efficient as compared to other methods but method selection depends upon your problem and requirement means which method best suited to your needs.
National disaster management framework 2005Anjum Afroz
National Disaster management Framework is an outcome of National Disaster Management Act 2005 and consist of Institutional-Legal Framework , Financial Framework and Operational Framework which has been arranged and presented with very much clarity.
Nearly 85 percent* of wildland fires in the United States are caused by humans. Human-caused fires result from campfires left unattended, the burning of debris, equipment use and malfunctions, negligently discarded cigarettes, and intentional acts of arson.
A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or more hazardous substances which could harm human health or the environment. Chemical hazards are systems where chemical accidents could occur under certain circumstances. Such events include fires, explosions, leakages or releases of toxic or hazardous materials that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
Mine Ventilation topic related to auxiliary ventilation. Only one type of auxiliary ventilation is discussed i.e., auxiliary fans and vent pipe because this method is more efficient as compared to other methods but method selection depends upon your problem and requirement means which method best suited to your needs.
National disaster management framework 2005Anjum Afroz
National Disaster management Framework is an outcome of National Disaster Management Act 2005 and consist of Institutional-Legal Framework , Financial Framework and Operational Framework which has been arranged and presented with very much clarity.
Detection and prevention of spontaneous combustionSujit Surendran
"Coal Mining Industry has faced heavy losses due to spontaneous combustion of coal. The paper here presents the history , Literature review and attempts made to mitigate and detect it in India.
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
CHE 102 LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELSAn oil refinery or petrole.docxmccormicknadine86
CHE 102: LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELS
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, naptha, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and fuel oils.
Oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels are called "fossil" because these fuels are the preserved carbon-hydrogen remnants of ancient life. Coal is formed from plants that decomposed and accumulated in ancient swamps.
EXAMPLES: Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Coal is the primary fuel for the production of electricity and is responsible for about 40% of the electric power supply in the United States.
Oil: Oil is the primary source for the world's transportation.
Natural Gas: About 27% of U.S. energy is fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
CHEMISTRY: fossil fuel combustion.
One molecule of methane, combined with two oxygen molecules, react to form a carbon dioxide molecule, and two water molecules (usually given off as steam or water vapor) releasing energy. See Lecture 3 and figure below.
COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
NOTE: Geologists classify rocks into three main rock types. Rocks are either a single mineral or a combinations of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles (minerals or organic matter) at the Earth’s surface, subsequently followed by their cementation on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water. Examples: sandstone, limestone (see below).
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite (CaCO3).
and aragonite,
which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical changes. The precursor may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Examples: slate, marble.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite (see above) or dolomite. In Geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone. The Taj Mahal in the Indian city of Agra is entirely clad in marble.I was amazed to find that the limestone in the Taj Mahal structure is so transparent, the interior of this architectural masterpiece is “illuminated.”
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of lava (or magma) from vo ...
CHE 102 LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELSAn oil refinery or petrole.docxbissacr
CHE 102: LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELS
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, naptha, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and fuel oils.
Oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels are called "fossil" because these fuels are the preserved carbon-hydrogen remnants of ancient life. Coal is formed from plants that decomposed and accumulated in ancient swamps.
EXAMPLES: Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Coal is the primary fuel for the production of electricity and is responsible for about 40% of the electric power supply in the United States.
Oil: Oil is the primary source for the world's transportation.
Natural Gas: About 27% of U.S. energy is fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
CHEMISTRY: fossil fuel combustion.
One molecule of methane, combined with two oxygen molecules, react to form a carbon dioxide molecule, and two water molecules (usually given off as steam or water vapor) releasing energy. See Lecture 3 and figure below.
COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
NOTE: Geologists classify rocks into three main rock types. Rocks are either a single mineral or a combinations of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles (minerals or organic matter) at the Earth’s surface, subsequently followed by their cementation on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water. Examples: sandstone, limestone (see below).
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite (CaCO3).
and aragonite,
which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical changes. The precursor may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Examples: slate, marble.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite (see above) or dolomite. In Geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone. The Taj Mahal in the Indian city of Agra is entirely clad in marble.I was amazed to find that the limestone in the Taj Mahal structure is so transparent, the interior of this architectural masterpiece is “illuminated.”
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of lava (or magma) from vo.
Multispectral-TIR Data Analysis by Split Window Algorithm for Coal Fire Detec...inventionjournals
Coal fires are common and serious phenomena in most coal producing countries in the world. Coal fires not only burn valuable non-renewable coal reserves and severely affect the environment, but also sometimes cause loss of life and property. Thus, it is very important to monitor coal fire. Remote sensing provides a useful technique for investigating environmental degradation in general and detecting and monitoring of coal fires in particular. Jharia coal field is an exclusive store house of prime coking coal in the country. In this study, an attempt has been made to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) over Jharia coal field from ASTER multi-spectral TIR data sets acquired in 2006 and 2009 by split window algorithm. Land surface temperature (LST) is an important geophysical parameter used for precisely detecting thermal anomalous pixels. The water vapor content of the atmosphere and atmospheric transmittance in TIR region was determined from MODIS data. Thermal emissivity of the land surface was determined by a hybrid technique adopting NDVI based model and knowledge based approach. LST was determined by split window algorithm using ASTER TIR channels 13 and 14 where atmospheric transmittance and thermal emissivity of the land surface were used as essential inputs. Finally, histogram based separation of thermally anomalous pixels facilitates for detection and monitoring of coal fire affected areas. It is observed that the coal fire affected area has been increased substantially during the observation period (2006-2009).
When coal exposes to air it undergoes Oxidation which gives out various gases such as carbon monoxide, methane etc. along with the evaluation of heat. the reaction takes place even at normal atmospheric temperature but when the temperature and the heat evolved reached ignition temperature of coal, coal catches fire.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
2. The term "Coal fire" refers to a burning or smoldering
coal seam, coal storage pile or coal waste pile. Two
major causes have been identified for coal fires:
Natural causes:
coal seam or dust can be exposed by the erosion or a
subsidence event, strike by lightning or ignite by a
wildfire.
Human causes:
friction, electricity or oxygen can ignite coal peat or
dust during regular extraction, illegal mining,
transportation.
Introduction
6. 'spontaneous combustion' means that coal can
start to burn without any recognizable outer
influence.
Spontaneous combustion depends, amongst others:
on coal type
temperature
availability of oxygen
exposure to surface
thickness of coal seam
Spontaneous combustion
7. Based on barometric pressure, underground coal fire
development
Stage I: Cracks and fissures allow air to enter the
ground and reach abandoned mine workings or
sealed-off areas. Breathing starts as a result of
changing barometric pressure and residual coal is
supplied with sufficient
oxygen to ignite.
The process of
spontaneous combustion
has begun.
9. Stage II: Once sufficient draught has been created
by the spreading fire, areas of exclusive in- and out-
breathing develop. A continuous air circulation loop
forms that enables the fire to progress steadily
10. DETECTION OF SPONTANEOUS
COMBUSTION
Chemical Indication / Fire Ratios
The composites of gas concentration have been suggested
to assist in the interpretation of fire gases.
Some of these are as follows:
Graham's ratio [C0]/402
Willet's ratio CO2/[excess N2 + CO2 + combustibles]
As a thumb rule it can be taken that
• 0.4% or less indicates normal value
• 0.5% ___ necessity for a thorough a checkup
• 1% ____existence of heating
• 2% ____ serious heating approaches active fire
• 3% and above _____ action fire with certainty
11. CONTROL OF SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
three types of gases which have already been used
to fight mine fires.
a) Carbon dioxide b) inert gases c)Nitrogen
Inorganic Inhibitors
magnesium chloride, cadmium chloride &
trisodium
Sealant
Mica, rubber, bitumen
High Pressure Foam
12. Smoking Hills in Canada’s Northwest Territories
Cause: Auto-ignition of a lignite deposit
Starting date: Discovered in 1926 but probably started
burning centuries ago
Amplitude: Over time the sulfur dioxide from the smoke
has acidified the tundra biome of the whole area
-hundreds of hectares
13. Anna Waste Dump, Aachen Anthracite Coal Field,
Alsdorf, germany.
•Cause: Self ignition certainly due to high pressures of a high
grade coal waste dump
•Starting date: 1850
•Amplitude: 42 hectares
14. CAUSES OF DISASTER IN COAL MINE
1. Explosion
2. Roof fall
3. Fire
•presence of explosive mixture
Firedamp alone
Coal dust alone
•suitable source of ignition
•presence of explosive mixture
Firedamp alone
Coal dust alone
•suitable source of ignition
(I) Accidental fire
(II)Spontaneous heating
15. (||) Spontaneous Heating:
Coal undergoes slow oxidation on exposure to air at
ambient temperatures with the evolution of heat, gases
and moisture.
The heat generated, if not dissipated, gives rise to an
increase the temperature of the coal which in turn
increases the rate of oxidation.
• The higher the inherent moisture, the higher the heating
tendency.
• The lower the ash content, the higher the heating
tendency.
• The higher the oxygen content in the coal, the higher the
heating tendency.
16. Oaks Colliery explosion is the deadliest coal mine disaster in
the United Kingdom after the disaster at Senghenyd Colliery.
The disaster took place on 12 December 1866 at the Oaks
Colliery, South Yorkshire
17. The Courrieres mine disaster in France, with a total death
toll of 1,099, is the deadliest coal mining disaster in history.
The coal mining catastrophe occurred on 10 March 1906
due to a massive explosion sparked by an underground fire
in one of the pits of the Courrieres Colliery
18. The Senghenydd Colliery disaster is the worst ever mining
tragedy in the United Kingdom. The disaster, also known as
the Senghenydd Explosion, occurred at the Universal
Colliery in Senghenydd, Wales, on 14 October 1913
19. Impact on atmospheric environment
Release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is one of
the major cause to climate change and global warming,
according to the IPCC.
Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made
increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.
According to Guan et al., coal fires in northern China
discharge into the atmosphere each year:
490,200 t of carbon monoxide (CO),
514,700 t of sulfur dioxide (SO2),
300,000 t of nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
112,000 t of dust,
as well as other harmful gases such as carbon dioxide
(CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
20. Impact on soil environment
Soil moisture and air have a great impact on plant
growth. Coal fires change the physico-chemical
properties of soil. Yellow burned soil is omnipresent
in coal fire areas
Soil becomes fragile and prone to crumbling, with
very low organic matter content and only small
numbers of microorganisms
21. Impact on human health
Coal tar is a respiratory carcinogen identified by the
International Cancer Research Institution of the
World Health Organization.
Arsenic contained in coal fire discharge can cause
chronic intoxication with after-effects such as
pigment deficiency, over-pigmentation, and skin
cancer.
22. Coal fire mitigation
• Trench cutting and filling with incombustible
materials;
• Surface sealing with soil (soil with high water-
retaining capacity);
• Creation of water pools on the surface, water
circulation under pressure, flooding of fire areas;
• Inert gas and/or foam infusion;
• Cementing and grouting, flushing with bentonite
and/or fly ash;
It was found that a 10 cm layer of bentonite can
reduce air permeation by up to 90 %.
23. Opencast mining- a blazing fire
at the gallery mouth.
The chemicals ultimately used in Shatabdi
Opencast Mine were phosphoric acid, boric
acid, sodium chloride, sodium silicate,
Diammonium phosphate (DAP), and silica gel
in varying proportions.
1.A water admix with phosphoric acid (0.05 to
0.10 %) was sprayed onto the flames. They die
down within 5 to 7 min.
24. DAP (0.03 to 0.1 %) was sprayed with a fog fighter.
After spraying, temperatures in the debris dropped
from 450 to 60 °C and below within 10 to 12 h
overlying rock strata, they fell from 250 to 80°C
within fifteen to twenty days
Silica gel, a mixture of sodium silicate and DAP,
was applied afterwards to form an impervious
coating on the coal surface and thus reduce the risk
of re-ignition.
26. A more-controlled version of a natural coal seam fire
produces primarily hydrogen and CO2, with lesser
amounts of carbon monoxide, methane, and trace
amounts of other gases
syngas and can be combusted directly to produce
heat
greatly reduce the impacts associated with coal
mining, coal dust, and the emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrous oxides
Groundwater Contamination- leach out into
surrounding groundwater.
27. Conclusion
India coal mining industry strive
toward zero disaster
proper Vigilance
Environmental tele-monitoring in fire
prone areas.