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Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect stimuli and transduce them into nerve impulses. There are two main categories of sensory receptors: specialized nerve endings that detect general sensory information, and independent epithelial cells that detect special senses. Sensory receptors are also classified by their location, the type of stimulus they detect, and their structure.
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Receptors
1. Sensory receptors detect stimuli from both internal and external environments and transmit this information to the central nervous system via nerve impulses.
2. There are various types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus modality, origin of stimuli, and distribution in the body.
3. The general process of sensation involves stimulation of receptors, transduction of the stimulus into electrochemical signals, impulse generation and conduction to the CNS, and integration of the signals into a sensation.
Physiology of sensory systems
Sensory receptors convert different types of energy like touch, pressure, heat, and light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the central nervous system. There are several classes of sensory receptors including mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. The somatosensory system contains mechanoreceptors that detect touch, vibration, and proprioception. Sensory information is coded by modality, location, intensity and duration. Laws of specific nerve energies and projection state that sensation is determined by the receptor and referred to its location. Clinical tests of vibration sense and stereognosis examine somatosensory function.
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors located throughout the tissues of the masticatory system provide information to the central nervous system about the status of these tissues. Specialized receptors include nociceptors for pain and proprioceptors for position and movement. The four major sensory receptors are muscle spindles in muscles, Golgi tendon organs in tendons, Pacinian corpuscles in various tissues, and nociceptors throughout tissues. Muscle spindles monitor muscle stretch through intrafusal fibers innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.
Classification of Sensory receptor 1
This power point gives a brief introduction on the classification of sensory receptor based on their structures
Anatomical type of receptors
This document summarizes the different types of sensory receptors in the human body. It describes two main categories of receptors - non-capsulated receptors which include free nerve endings, Merkel discs, and hair follicle receptors, and capsulated receptors which include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, neuromuscular spindles, and neurotendinous spindles. For each type of receptor, it provides details on their anatomical structure, location in the body, and the type of sensation they detect.
Propagation of nerve impulses
This document summarizes the key aspects of nerve impulse propagation. It begins by describing the structure of a typical neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon endings. It then discusses the resting potential of neurons and how ion concentration gradients across the neuronal membrane contribute to a negative resting potential. Next, it explains how an action potential is generated when the membrane potential reaches threshold, driven by the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. It describes how action potentials propagate along axons via adjacent regions reaching threshold. Finally, it summarizes how action potentials are converted to chemical signals at synapses and how neurotransmitters trigger new action potentials in receiving neurons.
Sonsory receptors
Sonsory receptorsDr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan
Sensory receptors detect stimuli and transmit data about them to the brain. There are several types of sensory receptors located throughout the body that detect senses like touch, temperature, sound, smell, and taste. Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by generating receptor potentials that trigger action potentials along sensory neurons to the central nervous system. The main types of sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors. Specific receptors like Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, and Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors in the skin responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration.Sensory system review
Sensory receptors collect information from the environment and stimulate neurons to send impulses to the brain. There are specialized receptor cells that transform stimuli into electrical signals through transduction. Receptors act as detectors and transducers. The impulses travel along sensory pathways through the dorsal horn, dorsal columns or spinothalamic tract to the thalamus. They then project to the primary somatosensory cortex which has a somatotopic map of the body. The secondary somatosensory cortex integrates information from the primary cortex.
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Receptors
1. Sensory receptors detect stimuli from both internal and external environments and transmit this information to the central nervous system via nerve impulses.
2. There are various types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus modality, origin of stimuli, and distribution in the body.
3. The general process of sensation involves stimulation of receptors, transduction of the stimulus into electrochemical signals, impulse generation and conduction to the CNS, and integration of the signals into a sensation.
Physiology of sensory systems
Sensory receptors convert different types of energy like touch, pressure, heat, and light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the central nervous system. There are several classes of sensory receptors including mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. The somatosensory system contains mechanoreceptors that detect touch, vibration, and proprioception. Sensory information is coded by modality, location, intensity and duration. Laws of specific nerve energies and projection state that sensation is determined by the receptor and referred to its location. Clinical tests of vibration sense and stereognosis examine somatosensory function.
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors located throughout the tissues of the masticatory system provide information to the central nervous system about the status of these tissues. Specialized receptors include nociceptors for pain and proprioceptors for position and movement. The four major sensory receptors are muscle spindles in muscles, Golgi tendon organs in tendons, Pacinian corpuscles in various tissues, and nociceptors throughout tissues. Muscle spindles monitor muscle stretch through intrafusal fibers innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.
Classification of Sensory receptor 1
This power point gives a brief introduction on the classification of sensory receptor based on their structures
Anatomical type of receptors
This document summarizes the different types of sensory receptors in the human body. It describes two main categories of receptors - non-capsulated receptors which include free nerve endings, Merkel discs, and hair follicle receptors, and capsulated receptors which include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, neuromuscular spindles, and neurotendinous spindles. For each type of receptor, it provides details on their anatomical structure, location in the body, and the type of sensation they detect.
Propagation of nerve impulses
This document summarizes the key aspects of nerve impulse propagation. It begins by describing the structure of a typical neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon endings. It then discusses the resting potential of neurons and how ion concentration gradients across the neuronal membrane contribute to a negative resting potential. Next, it explains how an action potential is generated when the membrane potential reaches threshold, driven by the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. It describes how action potentials propagate along axons via adjacent regions reaching threshold. Finally, it summarizes how action potentials are converted to chemical signals at synapses and how neurotransmitters trigger new action potentials in receiving neurons.
Sonsory receptors
Sonsory receptorsDr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan
Sensory receptors detect stimuli and transmit data about them to the brain. There are several types of sensory receptors located throughout the body that detect senses like touch, temperature, sound, smell, and taste. Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by generating receptor potentials that trigger action potentials along sensory neurons to the central nervous system. The main types of sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors. Specific receptors like Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, and Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors in the skin responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration.Sensory system review
Sensory receptors collect information from the environment and stimulate neurons to send impulses to the brain. There are specialized receptor cells that transform stimuli into electrical signals through transduction. Receptors act as detectors and transducers. The impulses travel along sensory pathways through the dorsal horn, dorsal columns or spinothalamic tract to the thalamus. They then project to the primary somatosensory cortex which has a somatotopic map of the body. The secondary somatosensory cortex integrates information from the primary cortex.
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Sensory receptors are structures that detect changes in the environment called stimuli. They are classified by their location, the stimulus they detect, and their structure. The main types are exteroceptors that detect external stimuli, interoceptors that detect internal stimuli, and proprioceptors that detect body position. Receptors are also classified by the stimulus they detect, such as mechanoreceptors for touch, thermoreceptors for temperature, photoreceptors for light, and chemoreceptors for chemicals. Vertebrates have specialized receptors like taste buds that detect the four basic tastes, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity that detect smells.
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1. Specificity - Each sensory pathway is labeled to identify its origin and modality.
2. Strength of stimulus - Stronger stimuli activate more receptors, including those with lower thresholds.
3. Adaptation - Sensitivity decreases over long stimulation, like a hot shower feeling comfortable after feeling hot initially. Receptors adapt through sodium channel inactivation.
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3. The types and classifications of muscles as well as the roles of agonist and antagonist muscles.
4. Key aspects of muscle anatomy and the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
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This document provides a summary of the action potential in excitable tissues like nerves and muscles. It explains that excitable cells maintain a resting membrane potential with a negative charge inside and positive outside due to potassium ion leakage and intracellular proteins. An action potential is triggered by stimuli and causes rapid depolarization as sodium ions enter the cell, repolarization as potassium ions exit, returning the membrane to its resting potential. Precise ion channel openings and closings enable impulse transmission and functions like muscle contraction. Sodium-potassium pumps then restore ion gradients using ATP.
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The document summarizes key concepts related to the sensory system and pain perception. It discusses:
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- Ascending pathways that transmit sensory information from receptors to the brain
- Theories of pain perception including specificity, pattern, and gate control theories
- Modulation and inhibition of pain at different levels including presynaptic inhibition and descending pathways from the brain
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors are sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli in the internal or external environment of an organism. When stimulated, sensory receptors initiate sensory transduction by creating electrical signals in the same or adjacent cells. There are different types of sensory receptors that respond to various stimuli, such as pressure, chemicals, electromagnetic radiation, temperature changes, and mechanical stress. These receptors include baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors.
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1. Reflexes are rapid, involuntary motor responses to stimuli that may involve only peripheral nerves and spinal cord or higher brain centers as well. A reflex arc has 5 components: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector.
2. There are different types of reflexes including superficial, deep, segmental, intersegmental, suprasegmental, flexor, extensor, monosynaptic, and polysynaptic. Stretch reflexes and deep tendon reflexes help maintain healthy muscle tone through muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs.
3. Abnormal muscle tone includes hypertonia (too much tone) seen
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Properties of receptors
Receptors are specialized structures that convert stimuli into electrical signals. They are classified based on the type of stimulus they respond to, including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and photoreceptors. Receptors have properties like excitability, specificity, intensity discrimination, and adaptation. They convert stimuli into receptor potentials that can trigger action potentials in afferent nerve fibers, though the brain interprets sensations based on conditioning to particular receptors and pathways.
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Receptors properties
Receptors have several key properties:
1. Specificity - Each sensory pathway is labeled to identify its origin and modality.
2. Strength of stimulus - Stronger stimuli activate more receptors, including those with lower thresholds.
3. Adaptation - Sensitivity decreases over long stimulation, like a hot shower feeling comfortable after feeling hot initially. Receptors adapt through sodium channel inactivation.
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This document summarizes muscle physiology, including:
1. The functions of muscle tissue such as movement, stability, and respiration.
2. The properties of muscle tissue including excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
3. The types and classifications of muscles as well as the roles of agonist and antagonist muscles.
4. Key aspects of muscle anatomy and the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
Action potential
This document provides a summary of the action potential in excitable tissues like nerves and muscles. It explains that excitable cells maintain a resting membrane potential with a negative charge inside and positive outside due to potassium ion leakage and intracellular proteins. An action potential is triggered by stimuli and causes rapid depolarization as sodium ions enter the cell, repolarization as potassium ions exit, returning the membrane to its resting potential. Precise ion channel openings and closings enable impulse transmission and functions like muscle contraction. Sodium-potassium pumps then restore ion gradients using ATP.
General Physiology - Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes
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Classification of somatic sensation
Follow Atifa Ambreen:
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/atifaambreen786/
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https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7
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SUBSCRIBE ...
.
Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
Physiology of Smell.pptx
1. The olfactory membrane lies in the superior part of each nostril and contains olfactory cells that are receptor cells for smell. These cells have cilia that project into nasal mucus and react to odors in the air.
2. When an odorant binds to receptor proteins in the cilia, it stimulates the olfactory cells. This causes sodium ions to enter the cells, generating an electrical signal that is transmitted to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory bulb and tract.
3. The olfactory system adapts rapidly to smells. It has a high sensitivity, detecting some odors in concentrations of trillionths of grams. Pathways transmit smell signals to areas involved in basic behaviors and conscious
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It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
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The document discusses the human sensory system. It describes the different types of sensory receptors, including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors. It explains how stimuli are detected by receptors and transmitted as nerve impulses to the central nervous system. Key aspects covered include the transduction of stimuli into electrical signals, classification of nerve fibers, sensory pathways, and the perception and modulation of sensations.
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The physiological unit of the nervous system is the reflex arc, which involves an afferent neuron, interneuron, and efferent neuron. Sensory receptors detect stimuli, convert the energy into electrical responses, and transmit nerve impulses to the CNS. There are different types of receptors classified based on the stimulus detected, such as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors. Receptors have properties like specificity, excitability, adaptation, impulse discharge, and coding of sensory information. They inform the CNS about stimulus information through impulse discharge patterns.
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2) The motor system which controls effectors like muscles and glands to produce responses based on sensory input.
3) How sensory information is processed and integrated in the CNS to produce appropriate mental and motor responses via areas like the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus and cerebral cortex.
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Cns 3
- 1. Sensory Receptors Perceptions of the world are created by the brain (CNS) from info derived from the sensory receptors (neurons or epithelial cells) of the PNS. Receptors transduce (change) different forms of sensation into nerve impulses.
- 16. Simple Receptors: Encapsulated Table 13.1.2
- 17. Simple Receptors: Encapsulated Table 13.1.3
- 18. Simple Receptors: Encapsulated Table 13.1.4
- 22. a a Deformation of the nerve ending results in opening of Na+ channels. Pressure Pacinian Corpuscle If depolarization above Threshold = AP
- 29. Sensory Modality Lateral inhibition
Editor's Notes
- Sensory Receptor Physiology VMED 5171/NS6/S99/AFL