The document provides an overview of fundamentals of CNC technology. It discusses the history of NC and CNC machines, components of a CNC machine like its control system and drive motors, how CNC machines work by precisely controlling axes movements, applications in various industries, and advantages like flexibility and precision over conventional machine tools. The document also covers establishing coordinate systems, different CNC machine types including lathes, milling machines and machining centers, and grinding processes.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types, constructional details, special features, machining centre, and part programming fundamentals CNC – manual part programming – micromachining – wafer machining
Electro Discharge Machining
Introduction
Process
Process Parameters
Dielectric
Advantages of EDM
APPLICATIONS
Power generator
Wire EDM
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE GRINDING (EDG)
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining is the process through which computers control machine-based processes in manufacturing. The kinds of machines controlled include lathes, mills, routers and grinders – all used for manufacturing of metal and plastic products.
Computer numerical control (CNC) is the automation of machine tools by means of computers executing per-programmed sequences of machine control commands. This is in contrast to machines that are manually controlled by hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone.
cnc, mesin cnc, fanuc, haas, makino, yaskawa, doosan, mesin bubut, mesin milling, mesin tapping, wirecut, mesin press, mesin pabrik, mesin otomotif, sparepart mesin cnc
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types, constructional details, special features, machining centre, and part programming fundamentals CNC – manual part programming – micromachining – wafer machining
Electro Discharge Machining
Introduction
Process
Process Parameters
Dielectric
Advantages of EDM
APPLICATIONS
Power generator
Wire EDM
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE GRINDING (EDG)
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining is the process through which computers control machine-based processes in manufacturing. The kinds of machines controlled include lathes, mills, routers and grinders – all used for manufacturing of metal and plastic products.
Computer numerical control (CNC) is the automation of machine tools by means of computers executing per-programmed sequences of machine control commands. This is in contrast to machines that are manually controlled by hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone.
cnc, mesin cnc, fanuc, haas, makino, yaskawa, doosan, mesin bubut, mesin milling, mesin tapping, wirecut, mesin press, mesin pabrik, mesin otomotif, sparepart mesin cnc
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
UPDATED VERSION (2011): http://www.slideshare.net/plamere/music-recommendation-and-discovery
As the world of online music grows, music 2.0 recommendation systems become an increasingly important way for music listeners to discover new music.
Commercial recommenders such as Last.fm and Pandora have enjoyed commercial and critical success. But how well do these systems really work? How good are the recommendations? How far into The Long Tail do these recommenders reach?
In this tutorial we look at the current stateof theart in music recommendation. We examine current commercial and research systems, focusing on the advantages and the disadvantages of the various recommendation strategies. We look at some of the challenges in building music recommenders and we explore some of the ways that MIR techniques can be used to improve future recommenders.
SlideShare now has a player specifically designed for infographics. Upload your infographics now and see them take off! Need advice on creating infographics? This presentation includes tips for producing stand-out infographics. Read more about the new SlideShare infographics player here: http://wp.me/p24NNG-2ay
This infographic was designed by Column Five: http://columnfivemedia.com/
No need to wonder how the best on SlideShare do it. The Masters of SlideShare provides storytelling, design, customization and promotion tips from 13 experts of the form. Learn what it takes to master this type of content marketing yourself.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
10 Ways to Win at SlideShare SEO & Presentation OptimizationOneupweb
Thank you, SlideShare, for teaching us that PowerPoint presentations don't have to be a total bore. But in order to tap SlideShare's 60 million global users, you must optimize. Here are 10 quick tips to make your next presentation highly engaging, shareable and well worth the effort.
For more content marketing tips: http://www.oneupweb.com/blog/
Are you new to SlideShare? Are you looking to fine tune your channel plan? Are you using SlideShare but are looking for ways to enhance what you're doing? How can you use SlideShare for content marketing tactics such as lead generation, calls-to-action to other pieces of your content, or thought leadership? Read more from the CMI team in their latest SlideShare presentation on SlideShare.
Numerical control (NC) machine tools - CNC: types, constructional details, special features - design considerations of CNC machines for improving machining accuracy -structural members - slide ways - linear bearings - ball screws - spindle drives and feed drives.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. Session objectives
• On completion of this session, the delegates
would have understood about
•
•
•
•
•
The history of NC and CNC machine
The components of CNC machine
Working of a CNC machine
Application and limitations of CNC machine
Merits and demerits of adopting CNC
3
4. What is a machine tool?
• The main function of a machine tool is to remove
metal from a piece of work to give the required
shape and size.
• This is accomplished by achieving proper relative
motion between the work-piece and the tool.
4
5. Conventional Machine Tool
• In conventional lathe the job is fixed between
centers and made to rotate by powering the
spindle.
• The tool motion is achieved by operating the
hand wheels and the feed rates are manually
controlled.
• The productivity and quality of the product
depends on the operator’s skill and attitude.
• These machines are characterized by low speed,
feed and metal removal rate.
• Producing complex part will be difficult
5
6. Today’s requirement
• In, recent times, the main requirement of the machining
industry is that the machine tool must be flexible, generally
suitable for batch production, capable of carrying out many
operations on single setting and high metal removal rate.
• The conventional machines don’t meet these requirements;
hence the machine tool with new concept was invented
6
7. Numerically Controlled
Machine Tools
• Numer ically cont r olled (NC) is t he t er m t o
descr ibe t he cont r ol of machine movement s
and var ious ot her f unct ions by inst r uct ions
expr essed as a ser ies of number s, let t er s or
symbols and init iat ed in an elect r oniccont r olled syst em.
Computer numerical control
• Comput er ized numer ical cont r ol (CNC) is t he
t er m used when t he cont r ol syst em includes a
comput er in t he loop (1970s)
7
8. History of NC machines
• 1947-U.S. air force has great need for automated machining of free
from surfaces.
• Late 1940’s- john person devices method involving drilling holes at
locations specified on punch cards.
• 1951 - Servo-mechanism Lab at MIT subcontracted to refine
system.
• 1952 lab demonstrates modified milling machine (first NC
machine).MEEM4403 Computer Aided Design Methods.
• 1970-computer controlled developed (called computer numerical
control – CNC
• 1980’s- direct numerical control
developed
• One mainframe
computer controls
many machines.
8
10. History of NC machine
• 1980’s – Dist r ibut ed numer ical cont r ol
(DNC) developed.
• Mainf r ame comput er sends pr ogr ams t o
PC cont r olling each NC machine.
10
11. Benefits of CNC
• Improved automation
• The operator invention related to producing work piece
can be reduced or eliminated.
• Many CNC machine can run attached during their entire
machining cycle ,freeing operator to do other tasks.
• Reduced operator fatigue
• Consistent and predictable machining time for each work
piece.
• Today’s CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy
and repeatability specifications.
• CNC machine tools are flexible. Since these machines are
run from program, running a different work piece is almost
as easy as loading a different program.
11
12. Any limitations of CNC?
Relatively few but…
• Initial cost and subsequent installation.
• Continuous working to meet cost.
• Steady flow of work is must.
• Operator skill and management.
• Lots of preplanning and high caliber
maintenance schedule.
12
13. Schematic of an NC machine tool
• MCU – machine control unit- controls the
motion of the NC machine tool
• DPU – data processing unit –reads and
interprets the part program; sends immediate
commands to CLU.
• CLU- control loop unit – reads position sensors
and sends control signals to motors.
13
17. CNC machine Basic Working
• Motion Control- The heart of CNC
- All forms of CNC equipment have to or more
direction of motion called axes.
- These axes can be precisely and automatically
positioned along their length of travel
• The two most common axis types are:
- Linear (driven along a straight path)
- Rotary (driven along a circular path)
17
18. Conventional Machine - Working
• A conventional machine’s slide is moved by an
operator turning the hand wheel
• Accurate positioning is accomplished by the
operator accounting the number of
revolutions made on the hand wheel, plus the
graduation on the dial
18
20. In CNC Machines
• CNC machines allow motions to be actuated
by servomotors under control of CNC, and
guided by part program.
• Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid,
linear and circular), the axes to move, the
amount of motion and notion rate (feed rate )
are programmable with almost CNC machine
tools.
20
31. Machining Centers
• The latest developments in the CNC machine
tools are the versatile machining center.
• This is a single machine capable of doing a
number of operations such as drilling, reaming
tapping, milling and boring.
• All types of tools are mounted on a drum/ chain
or egg box type magazine which are put into the
spindle by automatic tool changer (ATC) under
the control of tool selection instruction.
31
32. Establishing coordinate system
• Establish coordinate systems- Tool path coordinate system must
match machine tool coordinate system
• Z-direction-: same as tool spindle rotation or work-piece rotation
axis. + ve --- tool moves away from work-piece
• Y- direction: chosen to give right hand coordinate system
Some machine tools have secondary slide motion labeled u, v, and w.
• Some machine tool have rotational motion about x, y, and z axes
labeled a, b, and c respectively
• 2- axis machine allows controlling two motion simultaneously a 3axis machine allows controlling three motion simultaneously ,etc.
• 2-axis, 3-axis ,4-axis and 5-axis machines are most popular; 9 axis is
also available
32
32
34. Electric drives
• Drive motor are required to perform the
following functions:
• To drive the main spindle (spindle drive)
• To drive the saddle or carriage(Axis drive)
34
35. Spindle drive
• In CNC machines, large variation in cutting speed is
required
• The cutting may vary from 10 meters per minutes to
1000meters per minutes
• The cutting speed are provided by rotation of main spindle
with the help of an electric motor through suitable gear
mechanism
• To obtained optimum cutting speed and feeds, the drive
mechanism should be such as to provide infinitely variable
speed between the upper and the lower limits.
• The infinitely variable speed system used CNC machines
employ either electrical motors (AC or DC) or fluid motors
35
36. Drive Motors
• The drive may be direct from the motor to
machine spindle or indirect, through belt or gear
transmission
• If belt drive is employed, Toothed Belts are used
and if gear drives are employed, is constant
meshing type of gear box where gears giving
various ratio are usually in constant mesh and are
operated by remote controlled electro magnetic
or hydraulic clutches
• Stepper motor drives have limited use in CNC
machines
36
37. Drive Motors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
AC induction motors are used to drive main spindle directly
The AC induction motor are more reliable, easily
Maintainable and less costly compared to other electrical motors
Speed variation in AC motors can be obtained by pole change method
The step-less speed variation can also be obtained by varying the
frequency of the help of frequency converters
DC motors are being extensively used for step less speed variation of
spindle
The step-less variation of speed is obtained by varying the D.C. voltage
applied to the motor
Fluid motor are also being used for driving the spindle
Pressurized oil or air supplier by a pump running at constant speed is
directed on to the blades of the motor, which are capable of giving very
high rotational speed
37
39. Session objectives
• By the end of session ,the delegates would
have understood:
• Principles of grinding
• Classification of grinding processes
• Grinding wheel specifications
• Detail of abrasive wheel parameters
• Different wheel forms
• Dressing of grinding wheels
39
40. GRINDING
Definition: Another material removal process, in
which abrasive particles are contained in bonded
grinding wheel, that operates at very high surface
speed.
the grinding wheel is usually in disk shaped and
is precisely balanced for high rotational speeds.
Process characteristics:
• Dimensional accuracy: 0.3 to 0.5 µm
• Surface finish: Ra = 0.15 to 1.25 µm
• Specific energy for grinding: 50 j/mm3 (other
processes: 2 to 5 j/mm3)
40
44. Chip formation
• In grinding, the chips are small but are formed by the
same basic mechanism of compration and shear.
• Burning chips are the sparks observed during grinding
with no cutting fluid, because the chips have heat
energy to burn or melt I the atmosphere.
• The feed and the depth of cut in grinding are small,
while the cutting speed is high.
grinding may be classified as non-precision or
precision, according to the purpose and procedure.
44
45. Non-precision grinding
The common form called, snagging and off-hand grinding.
Both are done primarily to remove stock that can not be
taken of as conveniently by other methods.
The work is pressed hard against the wheel or vice versa.
The accuracy and surface finish are of secondary
importance.
Precision grinding
It’s concern with producing good surface finished and
accurate dimension.
3 types of precision grinding exists
External cylindrical grinding
internal cylindrical grinding
surface grinding
45
46. Grinding wheel
• A grinding wheel is made of abrasive grins held
together by bond.
• These grains cut like teeth when the wheel is
revolved at high speed and is brought to bear
against a work piece.
• The properties of a wheel that determine how it
acts are the kind and size of abrasive, how closely
the grains packed together and amount of
bonding material.
46
47. Grinding wheel specifications
• All grinding wheel manufacturers use substantially the
same standard wheel making system.
• This system uses numbers and letters to specify
abrasive type, grit size, grade structure, and bonding
material.
• However, properties of the wheels are determined to a
large extent by the way the wheels are made.
• The processes vary from one plant to another, and
wheels carrying the same symbols but made by
different manufacturers are not necessarily identical.
47
49. American national standard institute's
marking system for standard wheels
Prefix-Abrasive type-Abrasive grain size-Grade-structureBond-type-Manufacture record
Ex: 51-A-36-L-5-v-23
Prefix : Manufacturer symbol indicating exact kind of
abrasive (use optional)
Abrasive type: A: aluminum oxide
C: silicon carbide
B: boron nitride
D: diamond
Grain size: coarse:8-24,medium:30-60,fine:70-180,very
fine:>220
49
50. American national standard institute's marking
system for standard wheels(continue….)
Grade : ranges from A-Z, where A represent soft , Z
represent hard wheel grade.
Structure : Scale is numerical. 1: very dense and 15 very
open.
Bond type : B : Resinoid
E : Shellac
R : Rubber
S : Silicate
V : Vitrified
Manufacturer record : Manufacture’s private marking to
identify the wheel.
50
52. Abrasive materials
• Different abrasive materials are appropriate
for grinding different work material.
• Abrasive are hard substances used in various
forms as tool for grinding and other surface
finishing operations.
• They are also able to cut materials which are
too hard for other tools and give better
finishes and hold closer tolerances.
52
53. Common abrasive materials
1. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) known as Alundum or
Aloxide. Various substances may be added to
enchance hardness, toughness, etc. plain is Al2O3
white, and used to grind steel ferrous , high
strength alloys.
2. Silicon carbide (SiC) known in trade as
Carborundum and Crystalon. Harder than Al2O3,
but not tough. Used to grind : aluminum, brass,
stainless steel, cast iron, certain brittle ceramics
53
54. Common abrasive materials(continue)
• Boron Nitride in the forms of single-crystal
cubic boron nitride (CBN) and microcrystalline
cubic boron nitride (MCBN) under trade
names such as Boraszon or Borpax . Used for
hard materials such as hardened tool steels
and aerospace alloys.
• Diamond a pure form of carbon. Used on hard
materials such as ceramics cemented carbide
and glass.
54
56. Bonding materials
To get wide range of properties needed in grinding
wheels, abrasive materials bonded by using
organic or inorganic materials.
Inorganic bonds :
1. Vitrified bond: clay bond melted to a porcelain or
glass like consistency.
it can be made strong and rigid for heavy grinding
and not affected by water ,oil , acids.
2. Silicate bond: essentially water glass hardened
by baking. It holds grains more loosely than a
vitrified bond gives closer cut .
56
59. Wheel shape and sizes
The principal dimensions that designate the size
of grinding wheel are the outside diameter,
width, hole diameter. Standard wheel shapes
are made in certain sizes only, but variety is
large.
59
66. Honing Process
• Honing is a low abrading which uses bonded
abrasive wheel sticks for removing stock from
metallic and non metallic cylindrical surfaces as
well as flat surface.
• Performed as a final operation to correct the
errors that have occurred from the previous
machining operations.
Objective:
Correction of geometrical accuracy – out of
roundness, taper, axial distortion
Dimensional accuracy
66
67. Session Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Principles of grinding
Classification of grinding processes
Grinding wheel specifications
Details of abrasive wheel parameters
Different wheel forms
Dressing of grinding wheels
A brief outline of honing process
have been discussed
67