The document discusses the closing of the American Western frontier in the late 19th century, highlighting several key tensions and groups that played a role. It addresses the issues between native Americans and newcomers like ranchers, farmers, miners, and the railroad industry. It also examines the romanticization of the West in American culture through figures like cowboys, gunslingers, and the myths and legends that emerged about the frontier experience.

1. The Western Frontier

2. Essential Questions What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier? Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination? In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?

3. Key Tensions Native Americans Buffalo Hunters Railroads U. S. Government Cattlemen Sheep Herders Ranchers Farmers

4. Key Tensions Ethnic Minorities Nativists Environmentalists Big Business Interests [mining, timber] Local Govt. Officials Farmers Buffalo Hunters Lawlessness of the Frontier “ Civilizing” Forces [The “Romance” of the West]

5. the Railroad builders

6. Railroad Construction

7. “ The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford Collis Huntington

8. Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

9. the cowboys

10. The Bronc Buster Frederick Remington

11. the GUNSLINGERS

12. Colt .45 Revolver God didn’t make men equal. Colonel Colt did!

13. Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers Jesse James Billy the Kid

14. Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890

15. the MINERS

16. Prospecting

17. Mining Centers: 1900

18. The Cattlemen & the Sheep herders

19. Land Use: 1880s

20. New Agricultural Technology “ Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

21. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

22. The Range Wars Sheep Herders Cattle Ranchers

23. Minority groups in the West

24. Black “Exoduster” Homesteaders

25. Blacks Moving West

26. The “Chinese Question” Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion Act - Chinese Exclusion Act

27. The Tong Wars: 1850s-1920s Began in San Francisco in 1875.

28. The Farmers

29. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890

30. Homesteads From Public Lands

31. What is the Message of this Picture?

32. The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

33. Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)

34. the plains indians

35. Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

36. Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

37. Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874

38. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong Custer

39. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)

40. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

41. Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890

42. Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

43. Indian Reservations Today

44. the myth & legend of the west

45. The Traditional View of the West

46. William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show

47. Legendary Female Western Characters Calamity Jane Annie Oakley

48. The Fall of the Cowboy Frederick Remington

49. what were the long-term effects of the westward experience?

50. Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo.

51. Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.

52. National Parks

53. Conservation Movement John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt

54. Sierra Club Founded in 1892