2. Part A
• a) Identify the president associated
with each designation
• b) Key policies of his administration
with the motto
• c) Importance of the motto
2
3. 1. Square Deal
• a) Pres.Theodore Roosevelt
• b) 1.Congress passed the Elkins Act
2.The Antiquities Act of 1906
3.The Hepburn Act of 1906
4.The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
5.The Interstate Commerce Commission
• c) It aimed at helping middle class citizens and
involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts,
and protecting business from the most
extreme demands of organized labor.
3
4. 2. Dollar Diplomacy
a) Pres. William Howard Taft
b) In 1912, Taft sent marines to Nicaragua
to help stop a rebellion against the
government because it was friendly to
American business interests.
• c) Dollar Diplomacy increased the actions
that America would take to help protect
its business interests and investors.
4
5. 3. Modern Republicanism
• a) Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower
b) 1. Pres. Eisenhower supported Social Security Act
2. Simultaneously, Pres.Eisenhower attempted to direct
many
new initiatives in state and local governments. Also,
he created the Department of Health, Education and
Welfare.
3. He also supported government construction of low-
income housing.
4. Pres. Eisenhower focused on reducing the federal
budget
5. Two major public works projects — the St. Lawrence
Seaway and the interstate highway system.
6. The Interstate Highway Act, passed in 1956.
• c) President Eisenhower's “Modern Republicanism" brought a
sense of security and honor to an uncertain America.
5
6. 4. New Freedom
• a) Pres. Woodrow Wilson
• b) The key policies of his administration associated
with the motto, the Triple Wall of Privilege. His policies
included attacks on the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
Example of these policies were the Underwood-
Simmons Act of 1913, which reducing tariff rates;
Federal Reserve Act, which made the currency more
flexible; and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, which
specifically named certain business tactics illegal and
declared strikes legal.
c) The motto’s importance was that it showed Wilson’s
desire to break up monopolies in order to implement
the “New Freedom” for small businesses and
individuals so that they could gain more power in
American politics. Wilson supported the progressives in
the Progressive Era.
6
7. 5. New Deal
• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• The key policies were the three R’s – relief,
recovery, and reform, which sought to help the
nation out of the Great Depression. Its concern
was to relieve the suffering of the people, help
business and industry to recover and reform
legislation to solve the economic problem.
The New Deal was the relationship between the
government and the people to develop and bring
the country out of the Great Depression. It sought
to restructure American capitalism by using direct
federal relief for individuals to revive the economy
and reduce unemployment rates.
7
8. 6. Manifest Destiny
• a) Pres. James K. Polk
• b) The key policies of his administration were to
complete the country’s expansion westward to
the Pacific Ocean through the acquisition of the
Oregon territory, Texas, and parts of Mexico after
the Mexican war. He, like other Americans,
believed that they had a God-given right to
expand American territory and institutions.
c) Its importance was that it gave Americans the
desire to win over the territories in the west such
as Texas, Oregon, and Mexico. By increasing
public support for American territorial expansion,
America was able to gain more territories during
the mid -19th century. 8
9. 7. Rugged Individualism
• a) Pres. Herbert Hoover
• b) After the stock market crash,
Hoover believed that all individuals, or
nearly all individuals, can succeed on
their own and that government help
for people should be minimal.
c) This philosophy would do little to
pull the country out of the Great
Depression. 9
10. 8. Great Society
• a)Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson
• b) Two main goals of the Great Society
social reforms were the elimination of
poverty and racial injustice.
c) Programs included Civil Rights Act, “war
on poverty”, Voting Rights Act, Medicare,
Immigration Act, and Elementary and
Secondary Education Act.
10
11. 9. Fair Deal
• a)Pres. Harry S. Truman
• b) The Fair Deal was used to describe the
domestic reform agenda of the Truman
Administration, and marked a new stage in
the history of Modern liberalism in the
United States. It aimed to preserve and
extend the New Deal but got considerable
congressional opposition.
c) The Fair Deal's most important
proposals were to ensure national welfare
and social harmony during the Cold War.
11
12. 10. New Frontier
• a) Pres. John F. Kennedy
• b) The New Frontier looked for new
opportunities in space, medicine,
technology and social relations.
• c) After John F. Kennedy's
assassination, many of his proposals
for civil rights, poverty programs,
medicine and education became law.
12
13. Part B
• a) Source of the quotation
• b) When it was used & why was it
used
• c) Significance
13
14. 1. “A house divided against itself
cannot stand.”
• Pres. Abraham Lincoln
• Lincoln delivered this famous speech, when
accepting the Republican nomination for U.S.
Senate from Illinois in June of 1858. In July of
that year, he challenged his Democratic
opponent, Stephen Douglas, to a series of
debates over admitting Kansas into the union
as a slave state. Lincoln represented the anti-
slavery position and wanted to preserve the
union.
This speech helped him get the Republican
Party's nomination for president in 1860, a
14
race which he won.
15. 2. “The power to tax involves the
power to destroy.”
Supreme Court Justice John Marshall,
McCulloch v. Maryland
• This quote is from a Supreme Court decision
written by Chief Justice John Marshall in the
early 19th Century. This is the judiciary saying
that the legislature cannot use excessive
taxation to deprive people of constitutional
liberties. The tax made by Maryland on the
Bank of United States was declared
unconstitutional.
• This limited the taxing power of states.
15
16. 3. “It is at the bottom of life we must
begin, not at the top.”
• Booker T. Washington
• Washington believed it would be better
for African-Americans to seek training
in society and gained economic
success rather than strive immediately
for equal rights.
• African-Americans should strengthen
their competitiveness in society in
order to secure greater rights. 16
17. 4. “Separate educational facilities
are inherently unequal.”
• Chief Justice Earl Warren
• In the 1956, Brown vs. Board of Education of
Topeka decision, Warren stated the
unanimous opinion of the court that it was
unconstitutional to establish separate public
schools for black and white students. The
decision overturned the Plessy v. Feguson
decision of 1896 which allowed state-
sponsored segregation.
De jure racial segregation was ruled a
violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution. This ruling paved the way for
integration and the civil rights movement.
17
18. 5. “We hold these truths to be self-
evident: that all men are created equal.”
• Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of
Independence,1776
• Thomas Jefferson first used the phrase in the
Declaration of Independence as a rebuttal to
the going political theory of the day: the
Divine Right of Kings.
This quote illustrated the idea of natural
rights, a philosophical concept borrowed from
the Enlightenment. It also has since been
considered a hallmark statement in
democratic constitutions and similar human
rights instruments. It showed that American
standard for judging processed toward 18
equality since 1776.
19. 6. “A war to end all wars.”
• Pres. Woodrow Wilson
• During World War I, Woodrow Wilson
embodied his conviction that America's
entry into the war was necessary to
preserve human freedom. He wanted
to end war for all time.
However, the war had not succeeded
in ending war.
19
20. 7. “All we ask is to be left alone.”
• Jefferson Davis, the President of
Confederate States of America
• During the civil war, the confederates
searched for the right to leave the
union and fought for that right.
It failed finally.
20
21. 8. “December 7, 1941—a date that
will live in infamy.”
• Pres. Franklin Roosevelt
• This was Roosevelt's war message to
Congress, when Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor.
• “Let the memories of Pearl Harbor
serve as a reminder to all Americans
that there has always been evil in the
world looking to harm.”
21
22. 9. “I have a dream that my four children will one day
live in a nation where they will not be judged by the
color of their skin but by the content of their
character.”
• Dr. Martin Luther King
• It sentence was part of Martin Luther King's
speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the
1963 March on Washington. It was also a
historic and momentous occasion that still
reverberates throughout the world. King was
asking that people be judged by who they are
and not what they look like.
This speech is the major factor in the
22
Passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964.
23. 10. “A law repugnant to the
Constitution is void.”
• John Marshall, Marbury vs. Madison
• In Marbury vs. Madison, John Marshall
explained that Congress could not expand or
contract the Supreme Court's original
jurisdiction as stated in the Constitution. The
Supreme Court does not have the authority
over presidential appointments.
• The decision in Marbury vs. Madison created
the concept of "judicial review," which allows
the Supreme Court to declare the actions of
Congress unconstitutional. 23
24. 11. “To make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into
execution the foregoing powers.”
• Article One of the United States
Constitution, section 8, clause 18
• The clause has been paired with the
Commerce Clause to provide the
constitutional basis for a wide variety of
federal laws
• It gave Congress the authority to use
implied powers.
24
25. 12. “We … covenant and combine
ourselves into a civil body politic.”
• Mayflower Compact (1620)
• The Mayflower Compact was written by
the Separatists who felt religious
persecution from James VI and I, and
was signed on November 11, 1620, by
41 of the ship's 101 passengers.
• The Mayflower Compact became the
first document of self-government in
the English colonies. 25
26. 13. “Fifty-four forty or fight.”
• James K. Polk’s campaign theme
• This quote was used as a campaign slogan in
the presidential election of 1844 by Democrat
James K. Polk, who was elected. He
suggested that the United States might
demand all of the Oregon territory to the
southern border of Alaska.
• “Fifty-four forty or fight” rang out across the
land, implying the United States would go to
war for what is now much of British Columbia.
It left room for compromising with the British
later over the land.
26
27. 14. “Free trade and sailors’ rights.”
• a) A cry throughout the United States
• b) Before the War of 1812, the British started the
impressments of American sailors in the Atlantic
sea. Both French and British vessels tried to
prevent the US from trading with their enemies.
• c) It was one of the cause of the War of 1812 with
Great Britain. Many American sailors were
impressed into the service of the British. The
American ships were stopped by the British in
order for them to search American merchant ships
and reimpress the deserters of the impressments.
27
28. 15. “You shall not crucify mankind
upon a cross of gold.”
• a) William Jennings Bryan
• b) July 9, 1896. Bryan said this “Cross of Gold”
speech in Democratic National Convention in
Chicago. The farmers started to support the free
silver movement to increase inflation for them to
raise their prices. They promoted bimetallism,
which was the use of both silver and gold as
currency at the ratio of 16 to 1. The Populist Party
gained support from the farmers because of this
position.
• c) Due to this speech, Bryan won the Democratic
nomination and the Democratic convention
adopted a pro-silver program, which led to the
support by the Populist Party in 1896 presidential
28
election. But Bryan lost the election.
29. 16. “God made us neighbors. Let
justice make us friends.”
• a) Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt
• b) It was used to express his Good
Neighbor Policy.
• c) The Good Neighbor policy led to good
diplomatic and economic relations with
Latin America. It shifted from the use of
military force to the use of economic
influence in intervening with the other
nations. It eased tensions between the US
and its neighbors. Latin America became
the most important targets of the new
policy of trade reciprocity.
29
30. 17. “And so, my fellow Americans: Ask not
what your country can do for you, but what
you can do for your country.”
• a) Pres. John F. Kennedy
• b)The phrase was part of John F.
Kennedy’s January 20, 1961 inaugural
address. In the election of 1960, JFK
defeated Richard M. Nixon by 0.1 percent
of the popular vote.
• c) It was one of the most famous political
speeches in history. This speech led to the
creation of the Peace Corps, which is an
American volunteer program run by the US
government. It inspired young people to
contribute to their country.
30
31. 18. “We must be the great arsenal
of democracy.”
• a)Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt
• b) During World War II , the British army needed
more supply from the US and it could not meet the
cash-and-carry requirements the US had in the
Neutrality Acts. FDR created the Lend-Lease
Program in 1940 to lend the weapons to the British
to help the war.
• c) It brought the US from neutrality to intervention
into WWII. Because of the Lend-Lease Act, the US
had to make sure that the supplies would actually
reach Great Britain. It thrust the US closer to WWII
because of the Germans tries to sink American
ships using unrestricted submarine warfare. 31
32. 19. “With malice toward none, with
charity for all….”
• a) Pres. Abraham Lincoln
• b) This phrase was contained in Abraham
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural address of March
4, 1865. Lincoln won his reelection in 1864
due to several Northern military victories
over the Confederates during the Civil War.
• c) The Union was on the verge of wining
the Civil War. Lincoln wanted the people
not to blame those confederates and those
who practiced slavery. It started the
Reconstruction in the South and united the
United States again. 32
33. 20. “It is our policy to stay clear of
permanent alliances.”
• a) Pres. George Washington.
• b) Washington’s April 22, 1793 Proclamation of
Neutrality. The new French Government, created
by the revolution of 1789, went to war with Great
Britain and its allies, but Washington didn’t want
the US to enter the conflict. So he declared the
United State’s neutrality.
• c) In order to maintain the newly established
United States, Washington kept the US out of the
European war. He believed that America shouldn’t
get entangled in the internal affairs of other
nations, so he issued the Proclamation of 33
Neutrality.
34. 21. “John Marshall has made his
decision; now let him enforce it.”
• a) Pres. Andrew Jackson
• b) Jackson’s 1832 response to the Supreme Court
case “Worcester v. Georgia.” Georgia laws
attempted to regulate access by US citizens to
Cherokee country. John Marshall invalidated those
laws. It expanded the rights of the tribes to remain
free from the authority of state governments.
• c) Although John Marshall had issued this
decision, the Supreme Court didn’t have the power
to enforce the decision. And President Jackson
who disagreed with the decision would not enforce
it.
34
35. 22. “Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.”
• a) Daniel Webster
• b) This was stated by Daniel Webster during January
1830, Webster-Hayne Debate over the issue of the
Tariff of Abominations. This quote came from his
“Second Reply to Hayne.”John C. Calhoun and Robert
Y. Hayne wanted to nullify the 1828 Tariff of
Abominations. They believed that the states had the
right to nullify the federal laws, because the states
made up the federal government. But Webster argued
with him by saying that by staying together as a union,
liberty would be ensured for all.
•
c) This quote was support by President Jackson in the
Democratic Party, when Jackson said to Calhoun, “Our
Federal Union—It must be preserved”. Calhoun
answered, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear”.
This led to the nullification crisis, because Jackson
35
insisted that nullification was treason.
36. 23. “Millions for defense, but not
one cent for tribute.”
• a) Robert Goodloe Harper
• b)In response to the XYZ Affair. Harper said this in
1798 to John Marshall when Marshall returned
from France. Marshall, Pinckney, and Gerry went
to France to negotiate with France because
French vessels imprisoned American crews and
captured American ships.
• c) After President Adams heard of the incident, he
began the preparation of war. America cut all the
trade with French, and became an ally of Britain in
the war against France. France agreed to a treaty
with the US that established new commercial
arrangements. The “Quasi War” ended.
36
37. 24. “My paramount object in this
struggle is to save the Union.”
• a)Pres. Abraham Lincoln
• b)This statement is contained in Lincoln’s
August 22, 1862 letter to Horace Greeley.
The Civil War had already begun.
• c) It stated that during this time of Civil War,
Lincoln’s primary goal was to save the
Union. This showed Lincoln desired to
combine the Confederate states and the
Union together again as one nation. 37
38. 25. “Peace without victory.”
• a) Pres. Woodrow Wilson
• b) January 22, 1917. Before WWI was
over, Wilson presented this plan for a
postwar order in which the US would help
maintain peace through a permanent
league of nations.
• c) This phrase showed Wilson’s desires to
end the war peacefully without any winners
or losers. But this couldn’t happen because
the German started the unrestricted
submarine warfare, and also because of
the Zimmermann telegram, which led to the
38
US declaration of war in 1917.
39. 26. “Remember the Alamo.”
• a) This quote became famous after the
Alamo was conquered by the Mexicans.
After the Alamo was destroyed
• b) American settlers in Texas proclaimed
their independence from Mexico in 1836.
Santa Anna, the Mexican General, led a
large army into Texas. American forces at
the Alamo mission in San Antonio was
annihilated by Mexican forces.
• c) General Sam Houston defeated the
Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto
on April 23, 1836. The troops captured
General Santa Anna and Texas became 39
40. 27. " Remember the Maine."
• a) A slogan of the Spanish-American war
• b). On the evening of February 15,1898.
The American battleship MAINE was sunk in
Havana Harbor. It was believed at that time the
Spanish were responsible
• C) The yellow press and American
imperialists demanded firm action.
"REMEMBER THE MAINE, TO HELL
WITH SPAIN!" was the battle cry. On April 11,
1898,
Pres. McKinley asked the Congress for
permission to go to war with Spain.
40
41. 28. " Speak softly and carry a
big stick, you will go far."
• a) Roosevelt first used the phrase in a speech at
the Minnesota State Fair on September 2, 1901
• b) Reference to U.S. President Theodore
Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:
Roosevelt explained his foreign diplomacy with Latin
America.
• c) Big Stick Diplomacy soon became synonymous with
imperialism and aggressiveness, as his policy often
took advantage of smaller and weaker nations.
Eventually, the phrase “Big Stick” was used in
reference to any foreign policy that included
diplomacy backed by the possible threat of military
force. 41
42. 29. " The ideals and traditions of our nations demanded
that we come to the aid of Greece and Turkey and that
we put the world on notice that it would be our policy to
support the cause of freedom, wherever it was
threatened....."
• a) Pres. Harry S. Truman
• b) President Truman received word that the British
could no longer afford to support the Greek
Government, then under attack by Communist
rebels.
• c) Truman presented Truman Doctrine in 1947. It
called for financial aid for countries which were
threatened by communism, to prevent further
spread of communism. It is significant because it
committed the US to the role of fighting and
resisting communism worldwide.
42
43. 30. " The only thing we have to fear is fear
itself”
• a) FDR
• b) FDR's first Inaugural Address in
1933.
• c) It called for the Americans to not be
fearful about the Depression; the
strength of our nation and our laws
would bring us through.
43
44. 31. " We hold these truths to be self-evident: that
all men and women are created equal; that they
were endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights."
• a) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• b) Declaration of Sentiments was presented to the
first women's rights convention held in Seneca
Falls, New York, in 1848.
• c) The seeds of Women’s Rights Movement
were planted at the Seneca Falls
Convention, as reflected to the Declaration
of Independence. It stated that women has
the equal rights as men.
44
45. 32. " The American continents, by the free and
independent condition which they have assumed
and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered
as subject for future colonization by any European
powers."
• a) Pres. James Monroe
• b) Monroe Doctrine ,1823
• c) The Western Hemisphere was
henceforth closed to further
European colonization. 45
46. 33. "And, by virtue of the power and for the purpose
aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held
as slaves within these said designed States and parts
of States are, and henceforward shall be free."
• a)Pres. Abraham Lincoln
b) Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863, during
the Civil War
• C)1. Proclamation freed slaves in Southern territories
was controlled by the Union army.
2.The proclamation represented a shift in the war
objectives of the North—reuniting the nation was no
longer the only goal, gave Northerners a moral
justification to continue fighting.
3. In addition, many ex-slaves from Southern
territories and free blacks from the North joined the
Union army.
4. It also represented a major step toward the ultimate
abolition of slavery in the United States and a "new birth
of freedom". 46
47. 34. " We the people, in order to
form a more perfect Union,....."
• a) Gouverneur Morris.
b) 1787 Preamble to the Constitution.
• c) It adds to interpretations of the
Constitution as a whole. To briefly state
the purpose for which the document is
being written and it does influence the
way in which the terms and legal
definitions offered up elsewhere in the
Constitution might apply.
47
48. 35. " No one can make you feel
inferior without your consent."
• a) Eleanor Roosevelt
b)Because all people are equal, no
one can make you feel less than you
are unless you agree to allow them to
do so.
• c) Speech in favor of equal rights for
Blacks and women.
48
49. 36. " Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which
its possessor is bound to administer in his
lifetime for the good of the community."
• a) Andrew Carnegie
• b) Gospel of Wealth,1889. During the Gilded Age
and the Progressive Era.
• c) 1.Carnegie stressed the importance
of recirculation of money in the society.
2. He suggested that the rich should use
their money in a way that could improve the
living conditions of the poor and needy.
3. Carnegie believed that the rich should come
forward and take the responsibility for charity.
49
50. 37. " The advance of the frontier has meant a steady
movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady
growth of independence on American lines. And to study
this advance... is to study the really American part of our
history."
• a) Frederick Jackson Turner
b) At the 1893 World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago, Turner thesis or
Frontier thesis.
• c) 1.the beginning of a new stage in
American life and that the United
States must expand overseas.
2. The impetus for a new wave in the
history of United States imperialism.
3. The Westward Expansion helped to created the
character of the American nation and its people. Such as,
optimism, individualism and dislike of strong government
authority. 50
51. 38. "What hath God wrought!"
• a) American inventor Samuel F.B. Morse
• b) On May 24, 1844, Samuel Morse sends the first
telegraph message "What hath God wrought?"
from the Supreme Court chamber in the Capitol in
Washington, D.C., to the B & O Railroad Depot in
Baltimore, Maryland.
c) Before the internet and e-mail, before radio and
before the telephone, American Morse Telegraph
became the first commonly available means of
communications that was faster than a person
could walk, ride horseback or sail a boat.
51
52. 39. " Government is not the solution
to our problem. Government is the
problem."
• a) Pres. Ronald Reagan
• b) This phrase was contained in his
January 20, 1981, inaugural address.
c) This is a philosophy of the conservative
Republican party. Reagan was for small
government. He believed the reason we
have so much problems is because the
government is too involved in people’s
lives.
52
53. 40. " Women of the world unite! You
have nothing to lose but your
vacuum cleaner."
• a) Betty Friedman
• b) This phrase is found in 1963 book
The Feminist Mystique.
• c) Betty Friedman was one of the
important spokes women for the
Women’s Rights Movement.
53
